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AB>@8O 8 A>2@5<5==>5 A>AB>O=85 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 A;C61K >1@07>20=8O 19  1905 3>4C 8=8AB5@AB2> >1@07>20=8O $@0=F88 >1@0B8;>AL : 8=5 A ?@>AL1>9 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8 8AA;54>20BL ?@>1;5<C 45B59, :>B>@K5 =5 2 A>AB>O=88 >1CG0BLAO 2 H:>;5 ?> >1I59 ?@>3@0<<5.  @57C;LB0B5 MB>3> 8AA;54>20=8O ?>O28;AO 7=0<5=8BK9 B5AB 8=5 !8<>=0, ?>72>;ONI89 2KO2;OBL 45B59 A 7045@6:>9 C<AB25==>3> @0728B8O. 0 MB8< ?>A;54>20;> >B:@KB85 A?5F80;L=KE H:>;L=KE :;0AA>2 4;O B0:8E 45B59, 0 2 1909 3>4C >B:@K;0AL ?5@20O 2> $@0=F88 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=0O H:>;L=0O ?A8E>;>38G5A:0O A;C610.  1947 3>4C 2 0@865 =0G0;0 @01>B0BL 3@C??0 H:>;L=KE ?A8E>;>3>2 ?>4 @C:>2>4AB2>< ?@>D5AA>@0 . 0;;>=0.  >B;8G85 >B B5E 7040G, :>B>@K5 AB028; ?5@54 H:>;L=>9 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 A;C61>9 . 8=5, . 0;;>= ?>;030;, GB> 55 F5;L =5 2 A5;5:F88 45B59 ?> :0:8<-;81> ?@87=0:0<, 0 2 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 ?><>I8 :064><C @515=:C, 2 A>740=88 >?B8<0;L=KE CA;>289 >1CG5=8O 8 2>A?8B0=8O 2A5E 157 8A:;NG5=8O 45B59.  1951 3>4C 8=8AB5@AB2> >1@07>20=8O $@0=F88 2?5@2K5 ?@54AB028;> >?8A0=85 DC=:F89 H:>;L=KE ?A8E>;>3>2. -B>B 4>:C<5=B 1K; >A=>2>9 48A:CAA88 =0 I 8 II 564C=0@>4=KE :>;;>:28C<0E ?> H:>;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388, >@30=87>20==KE .! 2 0<1C@35 A>>B25BAB25==> 2 1952 8 1954 3>40E. 4=0:> 2 A8;C 87<5=5=8O ?>;8B8:8 2 >1@07>20=88 45OB5;L=>ABL A;C61K 2> $@0=F88 1K;0 ?@8>AB0=>2;5=0, 0 H:>;L=K5 ?A8E>;>38 ?5@52545=K =0 4>;6=>AB8 CG8B5;59 =0G0;L=KE :;0AA>2. >B@51=>ABL 2 H:>;L=KE ?A8E>;>30E =0 ?@>BO65=88 50-60-E 3>4>2 =0@0AB0;0 ?@5645 2A53> 2A;54AB285 7=0G8B5;L=>3> C25;8G5=8O :>;8G5AB20 45B59 A 7045@6:0<8 C<AB25==>3> @0728B8O 8 4@C38<8 =0@CH5=8O<8. 8=8AB5@AB2> >1@07>20=8O >1@0B8;>AL : ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 =0C:5, ?> ACI5AB2C, 2=>2L 70 ?A8E><5B@8G5A:8<8 <5B>40<8 A F5;LN >B1>@0 45B59, =5 A?>A>1=KE >1CG0BLAO 2 <0AA>2>9 H:>;5. -B> >1JOA=O5BAO B5<, GB> ?A8E>;>38G5A:0O A;C610 >1@07>20=8O 1K;0 A>A@54>B>G5=0 8<5==> 2 =0G0;L=>9 H:>;5, :>340 B0:>9 >B1>@ 45B59 4;O >1CG5=8O 2 @07=KE B8?0E H:>; =081>;55 0:BC0;5=. ;O @5H5=8O MB8E 7040G 2 1960 3>4C >B:@K205BAO G5BK@5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E F5=B@0  2 0@865, >@4>, @5=>1;5 8 57>=A>=5. 4=0:> =0G8=0O A 1970 3>40 ?@5>1;040NI59 >@30=870F8>==>9 D>@<>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 H:>;L=>9 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 A;C61K 2> $@0=F88 AB0=>2OBAO B0: =07K205<K5 3@C??K ?A8E>;>3>-?5403>38G5A:>9 ?><>I8, :0640O 87 :>B>@KE ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 :><0=4C, A>AB>OICN 87 >4=>3> A?5F80;8AB0 ?> H:>;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388, >4=>3> A?5F80;8AB0 ?> ?A8E>;>388 >1CG5=8O, >4=>3> A?5F80;8AB0 ?> ?A8E><>B>@=><C @0728B8N. 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uillemard G. E. School Psychology in Franc // International Perspectives on Psychology in the School. - New Jersey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"0:, 45B8 G0AB> 8A-=KBK20NB A5@L57=K5 70B@C4=5=8O 2 >4=>9 A8BC0F88, => CA?5H=> A?@02;ONBAO A 4@C38<8 A8BC0F8O<8. 0?@8<5@, C =8E <>3CB =01;N40BLAO =0@CH5=8O ?>2545=8O 2 H:>;5, 0 4><0 >=8 254CB A51O =>@<0;L=>, 8;8 =0>1>@>B. # 1>;LH8=AB20 45B59 2 B5 8;8 8=K5 ?5@8>4K ?>4 2;8O=85< >?@545;5==KE A8BC0F89 <>3CB ?>O28BLAO =0@CH5=8O M<>F8>=0;L=>9 AD5@K 8;8 ?>2545=8O. 0?@8<5@, <>3CB 2>7=8:=CBL 15A?@8G8==K5 AB@0E8, =0@CH5=8O A=0, =0@CH5=8O, A2O70==K5 A ?@85<0<8 ?8I8, 8 ?@. # =5:>B>@KE 65 45B59 MB8 =0@CH5=8O ?@>O2;ONBAO G0AB>, C?>@=> 8 ?@82>4OB : A>F80;L=>9 457040?B0F88. 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locus minoris resistentiae (<5AB0 =08<5=LH53> A>?@>B82;5=8O), 2K428=CB0O :;0AA8:0<8 ?A8E80B@88, 2 G0AB=>AB8 . . 0==CH:8=JH (1964, A. 116), 8 ?>;CG82H0O 7=0G8B5;L=>5 @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 2 ?>A;54=85 3>4K (8G:> . ., 1977,1979; -94<8;;5@ -. ., .AB8F:89 . ., 1983, 8 4@.).  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"0:8< >1@07><, >A=>2C ?A8E8G5A:>3> 74>@>2LO A>AB02;O5B ?>;=>F5==>5 ?A8E8G5A:>5 @0728B85 @515=:0 =0 2A5E MB0?0E >=B>35=570. <5==> @0728B85 2KAH8E ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89 >15A?5G8205B ?A8E8G5A:>5 74>@>2L5. 0@CH5=8O ?A8E8G5A:>3> 74>@>2LO, 0 A;54>20B5;L=> 8 =5>1E>48<>ABL 2 :>@@5:F8>==>9 @01>B5 2>7=8:0NB B>340, :>340 A2>52@5<5==> =5 @50;87CNBAO 2>7@0AB=K5 8 8=48284C0;L=K5 2>7<>6=>AB8, =5 A>740NBAO CA;>28O 4;O D>@<8@>20=8O 2>7@0AB=KE ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =>2>>1@07>20=89 8 O@:8E 8=48284C0;L=KE >A>15==>AB59 C 2A5E 45B59 8 H:>;L=8:>2, =0E>4OI8EAO =0 B>< 8;8 8=>< MB0?5 >=B>35=570. >MB><C A>740=85 ?A8E>;>3>-?5403>38G5A:8E CA;>289, >15A?5G820NI8E B0:>5 @0728B85, O2;O5BAO F5;LN ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 A;C61K >1@07>20=8O, => =5 548=AB25==>9. 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"0:, 2> 2A5E @01>B0E . 0A;>C ?8A0; 3;02=K< >1@07>< > 42CE A>AB02;ONI8E B0:>3> 74>@>2LO. -B>, 2>-?5@2KE, AB@5<;5=85 ;N459 1KBL 2A5<, G5< >=8 <>3CB, @072820BL 25AL A2>9 ?>B5=F80; G5@57 A0<>0:BC0;870F8N. 5>1E>48<>5 CA;>285 A0<>0:BC0;870F88, ?> 53> <=5=8N,  =0E>645=85 G5;>25:>< 25@=>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O A0<>3> A51O. ;O MB>3> =C6=> ?@8A;CH0BLAO : 3>;>AC 8<?C;LA0, ?>A:>;L:C 1>;LH8=AB2> 87 =0A G0I5 ?@8A;CH820NBAO =5 : A0<8< A515, 0 : 3>;>AC ?0?K, <0<K, : 3>;>AC 3>AC40@AB25==>3> CAB@>9AB20, 2KH5- 1 &8B. ?>: $@0?:; . '5;>25: 2 ?>8A:0E A<KA;0.  ., 1990.  !. 93. 2 !<.: 88G5=:> . ., >@?/=>2 . . '5;>25: @072820NI89AO.  ., 1994.  !. 273. ?@54<5B 8 7040G8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 A;C61K >1@07>20=8O__________________53 AB>OI8E ;8F, 2;0AB8, B@048F89 8 B. 4. (1971, A. 112). > >4=>3> 25@=>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O > A515 =54>AB0B>G=>. '5;>25: 4>;65= @50;87>20BL 0 GB> 70;>65=> 2 =5< ?@8@>4>9, 0 ?5@5AB@>9:0 >1I5AB20 4>;6=0 25AB8AL ?CB5< A>740=8O 4;O ;N459 2>7<>6=>AB59 : 8E A0<>0:BC0;870F88. 0 2B>@0O A>AB02;ONI0O ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> 74>@>2LO  AB@5<;5=85 : 3C<0=8AB8G5A:8< F5==>ABO<. . 0A;>C AG8B0;, GB> A0<>0:BC0;878@CNI59AO ;8G=>AB8 ?@8ACI8 B0:85 :0G5AB20, :0: ?@8=OB85 4@C38E, 02B>=><8O, A?>=B0==>ABL, GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL : ?@5:@0A=><C, GC2AB2> N<>@0, 0;LB@C87<, 65;0=85 C;CGH8BL G5;>25G5AB2>, A:;>==>ABL : B2>@G5AB2C(1970). 5A:>;L:> 8=>9, => 2 B>< 65 :>=B5:AB5 @0728B8O 7@5;>9 ;8G=>AB8, ?>4E>4 : @5H5=8N ?@>1;5<K ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> 74>@>2LO <K 2848< C =5:>B>@KE 4@C38E :@C?=KE CG5=KE. "0:, 8:B>@ $@0=:; ?8H5B: # :064>3> 2@5<5=8 A2>8 =52@>7K... !53>4=O <K, ?> ACB8, 8<55< 45;> C65 A D@CAB@0F859 =5 A5:AC0;L=KE ?>B@51=>AB59, :0: 2> 2@5<5=0 $@5940, 0 A D@CAB@0F859 ?>B@51=>AB59 M:78AB5=F80;L=KE. !53>4=OH=89 ?0F85=B C65 =5 AB>;L:> AB@0405B >B GC2AB20 =5?>;=>F5==>AB8, :0: 2> 2@5<5=0 . 4;5@0, A:>;L:> >B 3;C18==>3> GC2AB20 CB@0BK A<KA;0, :>B>@>5 A>548=5=> A >ICI5=85< ?CAB>BK... (1990, A. 24). = ?@82>48B 2KA:07K20=85 . -9=HB59=0, :>B>@K9 70<5B8;, GB> B>B, :B> >ICI05B A2>N 687=L ;8H5==>9 A<KA;0, =5 B>;L:> =5 AG0AB;82, => 8 2@O4 ;8 687=5A?>A>15=. . $@0=:; 2 B>;:>20=88 8458 AB@5<;5=8O : A<KA;C A>;840@878@C5BAO A (0@;>BB>9 N;;5@, A>3;0A=> B5>@88 :>B>@>9 ?>;=>B0, AB5?5=L A0<>8A?>;=5==>AB8 7028AOB >B A?>A>1=>AB8 8=482840 AB028BL B0:85 F5;8, :>B>@K5 =081>;55 045:20B=K 53> 2=CB@5==59 ACB8. "0:0O A?>A>1=>ABL =07K205BAO C N;;5@ A0<>>?@545;5=85<. '5< ?>=OB=55 G5;>25:C 53> ?@8720=85, B. 5. G5< >BG5B;8255 2K@065=> A0<>>?@545;5=85, B5< 25@>OB=55 A0<>>ACI5AB2;5=85. <5==> >1;040=85 B0:8<8 687=5==K<8 F5;O<8 O2;O5BAO CA;>28O<8 A>E@0=5=8O ?A8E8G5A:>3> 74>@>2LO. @8G5< ?>4 A0<>>ACI5AB2;5=85< (. N;;5@ 8<55B 2 284C >ACI5AB2;5=85 A<KA;0, 0 =5 >ACI5AB2;5=85 A51O, 8;8 A0<>0:BC0;870F8N. !0<>0:BC0;870F8O  MB> =5 :>=5G=>5 ?@54=07=0G5=85 G5;>25:0, CB25@6405B . $@0=:;. = ?8H5B: 8HL 2 B>9 <5@5, 2 :0:>9 G5;>25:C #405BAO >ACI5AB28BL A<KA;, :>B>@K9 >= =0E>48B 2> 2=5H=5< <8@5, >= >ACI5AB2;O5B 8 A51O... 8 ?@>4>;605B: >4>1=> B><C, :0: 1C<5@0=3 2>72@0I05BAO : 1@>A82H5<C 53> >E>B=8:C, ;8HL 5A;8 >= =5 ?>?0; 2 &5;L, B0: 8 G5;>25: 2>72@0I05BAO : A0<><C A515 8 >1@0I05B A2>8 ?><KA;K : A0<>0:BC0;870F88, B>;L:> 5A;8 >= ?@><0E=C;AO <8<> A2>53> ?@8720=8O... (1990, A. 59). 54________________'0ABL I. 2545=85 2 ?@0:B8G5A:CN ?A8E>;>38N >1@07>20=8O = 65 CB25@6405B, GB> A<KA;  MB> 2AO:89 @07 A<KA; :>=:@5B=>9 A8BC0F88 8 =5B B0:>3> G5;>25:0, 4;O :>B>@>3> 687=L =5 45@60;0 =03>B>25 :0:>5-=81C4L 45;>. 04> =09B8 MB> 45;>, MB>B A<KA;, 0 C @515=:0 =04> 2>A?8BK20BL 3>B>2=>ABL : =0E>645=8N A<KA;0 687=8. >7<>6=>ABL >ACI5AB28BL A<KA; 2A5340 C=8:0;L=0, 8 G5;>25:, :>B>@K9 <>65B 55 @50;87>20BL, 2A5340 =5?>2B>@8< ($@0=:; ., 1990, A. 39-40). > ACI5AB2C, MBC 65 <KA;L 2KA:07K205B !. . C18=HB59=, 3>2>@O > B><, GB> 8450;  MB> 845O, A>45@60=85 :>B>@>9 2K@0605B =5GB> 7=0G8<>5 4;O G5;>25:0, 8 8450;L=K9 G5;>25:  MB> G5;>25:, 2 :>B>@>< @50;87>20=K 2A5 53> 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?> ?@81;865=8N : 8450;C (1976, A. 363-365). 5 22>4O 2 A2>5 ?>25AB2>20=85 B5@<8= ?A8E>;>38G5A:>5 74>@>2L5, 8<5==> > B0:>< 74>@>2L5 15A?>:>8;AO /. >@G0:, :>340 ?8A0;: A5 A>2@5<5==>5 2>A?8B0=85 =0?@02;5=> =0 B>, GB>1K @515=>: 1K; C4>15=, >=> ?>A;54>20B5;L=>, H03 70 H03><, AB@5<8BAO CAK?8BL, ?>4028BL, 8AB@518BL 2A5, GB> O2;O5BAO 2>;59 8 A2>1>4>9 53> 4CE0, A8;>9 53> B@51>20=89 8 =0<5@5=89. 56;82, ?>A;CH5=, E>@>H, C4>15=, 8 <KA;8 =5B > B><, GB> 1C45B 2=CB@5==5 1572>;5= 8 687=5==> =5<>I5= (1990, A. 24). 7@>A;K5 =5 G0AB> 704C<K20NBAO =04 B5<, @048 :0:8E F5==>AB59 1C45B 68BL 2 1C4CI5< A53>4=OH=89 <0;KH, @515=>:, ?>4@>AB>:, N=>H0, 2 G5< 1C45B =0E>48BL 8;8 C65 =0E>48B A<KA; A2>53> ACI5AB2>20=8O. >;57=> ?@8A;CH0BLAO : . . 5@4O52C, :>B>@K9 >B<5G0;, GB> 2KAH85 F5;8 687=8 =5 M:>=><8G5A:85 8 =5 A>F80;L=K5, 0 4CE>2=K5. 5;8G85 =0@>40, 53> 2:;04 2 8AB>@8N G5;>25G5AB20 >?@545;O5BAO =5 <>3CI5AB2>< 3>AC40@AB20, =5 @0728B85< M:>=><8:8, 0 4CE>2=>9 :C;LBC@>91. >MB><C ?A8E>;>38G5A:0O A;C610 >1@07>20=8O =0?@02;5=0 =0 A>740=85 ?A8E>;>3>-?5403>38G5A:8E CA;>289, >15A?5G820NI8E 4CE>2=>5 @0728B85 :064>3> @515=:0, 53> 4CH52=K9 :><D>@B, GB> ;568B 2 >A=>25 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> 74>@>2LO. A8E>;>38G5A:>5 74>@>2L5 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> G5;>25: =0E>48B 4>AB>9=>5 A 53> B>G:8 7@5=8O, C4>2;5B2>@ONI55 53> <5AB> 2 ?>7=0205<><, ?5@568205<>< 8< <8@5, >B=>H5=8O A :>B>@K< 30@<>=878@CNBAO =0 :064>9 2>7@0AB=>9 ABC?5=8. "0:, 4;O 74>@>2LO @515=:0 206=> =5 B>;L:> B>, GB> 2 H:>;5 C4>2;5B2>@ONBAO 53> ?>7=020B5;L=K5 ?>B@51=>AB8, => 8 A>F80;L=K5 ?>B@51=>AB8 2 >1I5=88, ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 ?>B@51=>AB8 2 C2065=88 : A2>5<C 1 5@4O52 . . !C4L10 >AA88. - ., 1990. - !. 274. ?@54<5B 8 7040G8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 A;C61K >1@07>20=8O__________________55 G5;>25G5A:><C 4>AB>8=AB2C, : 53> GC2AB20< 8 ?5@56820=8O<, 8=B5@5A0< 8 A?>A>1=>ABO< (=5 B>;L:> 2 CG51=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8). 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A=>2=K<8 A@54AB20<8 4>AB865=8O 3;02=>9 F5;8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 A;C61K >1@07>20=8O O2;ONBAO A>740=85 8 A>1;N45=85 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E CA;>289, >15A?5G820NI8E ?>;=>F5==>5 ?A8E8G5A:>5 8 ;8G=>AB=>5 @0728B85 :064>3> @515=:0. 4;O A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 @01>BK 61 "5<K 4;O A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 @01>BK 1. 1I85 B5=45=F88 @0728B8O ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 A;C61K >1@07>20=8O 2 @07;8G=KE AB@0=0E <8@0. 2. 708<>459AB285 =0C:8 8 ?@0:B8:8 2 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 A;C615 >1@07>20=8O. 3. !>>B=>H5=85 2>7@0AB=>3> 8 8=48284C0;L=>3> @0728B8O C 45B59 8 H:>;L=8:>2. 4. A>15==>AB8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> 74>@>2LO 45B59 =0 @07=KE 2>7@0AB=KE MB0?0E. 5. !>G5B0=85 >1I8E 8 A?5F80;L=KE 7040G ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 A;C61K 2 CG@5645=8OE >1@07>20=8O @07=>3> B8?0 (=0?@8<5@, 2 45BA:>< A04C, H:>;5, ;8F55, :>;;5465, 8=B5@=0B5 4;O 45B59, ;8H5==KE ?>?5G5=8O @>48B5;59, 8 4@.). 8B5@0BC@0 1O70B5;L=0O 1. 06>2K< . . 71@0==K5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 B@C4K.  ., 1995. 2. @C=5@6. A8E>;>38O ?>7=0=8O.  ., 1977. 3. K3>BA:89 . !. !>1@. A>G.:  6 B.  ., 1984. 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f& 2>-?5@2KE, :>=B@>;L 48=0<8:8 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O 45B59, >1CG0NI8EAO 8 2>A?8BK20NI8EAO 2 45BA:8E CG@5645=8OE, 8 :>@@5:F8N @0728B8O A F5;LN A>740=8O >?B8<0;L=KE 2>7<>6=>AB59 8 CA;>289 @0728B8O 4;O A;01KE 8 A8;L=KE CG0I8EAO, ?>4BO3820=8O 8E =0 1>;55 2KA>:89 C@>25=L, 0 B0:65 CAB0=>2;5=8O ?@028;L=>3> =0?@02;5=8O @0728B8O 45B59, >1=0@C6820NI8E >A>1K5 A?>A>1=>AB8; f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(:>;L=8:8 E>BOB ?>;CG8BL C ?A8E>;>30 >B25BK =0 2>?@>AK: :0: >2;045BL >?@545;5==K<8 CG51=K<8 C<5=8O<8 8 =02K:0<8, :0: ?@5>4>;5BL A;>6=>AB8 2 >1I5=88 A> A25@AB=8:0<8, 2> 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE A CG8B5;O<8 8 @>48B5;O<8, :0: @072820BL B5 8;8 8=K5 ;8G=>AB=K5 :0G5AB20, :0: A>AB028BL ?@>3@0<<C A0<>2>A?8B0=8O, :0:CN ?@>D5AA8N 2K1@0BL 8 B. 4. N1>9 70?@>A O2;O5BAO 4;O ?A8E>;>30 A83=0;>< B>3>, GB> C @515=:0, ?>4@>AB:0, 2>7<>6=>, ACI5AB2C5B :0:0O-B> ?@>1;5<0. !;54C5B >B<5B8BL, GB> 2> <=>38E A;CG0OE 60;>1K =>AOB G@572KG09=> @0A?;K2G0BK9, =5>?@545;5==K9 E0@0:B5@. >MB><C 4;O 2KG;5=5=8O B>G=>AB8 70?@>A0, 4;O =0?>;=5=8O :>=:@5B=K< A>45@60=85< ?@>1;5<K 8;8 A><=5=8O =5>1E>48<> ?@>2545=85 A?5F80;L=>9 15A54K A G5;>25:><, A45;02H8< 70?@>A. 5A540 8<55B 8 4>?>;=8B5;L=>5 7=0G5=85  >=0 A;C68B 4;O A1>@0 ?5@28G=>9 8=D>@<0F88 >1 CG0I5<AO, ?><>305B ?@>OA=8BL 53> B@C4=>AB8 ?5@54 2708<>459AB285< A =8< ?A8E>;>30. A8E>;>3, CA;>2=> 3>2>@O, <>65B A45;0BL 70?@>A A0<><C A515 ?> ?>2>4C :0:>3>-;81> :>=:@5B=>3> @515=:0 8;8 3@C??K 45B59, 5A;8 >A>15==>AB8 ?>2545=8O, >1I5=8O, CG5=8O ?@82;5:CB 53> 2=8<0=85, >15A?>:>OB 53> 8 >= ?>GC2AB2C5B =5>1E>48<>ABL 2KOA=8BL 8E ?@8G8=K A F5;LN :>@@5:F88 8;8 @0728B8O. 2. 0?@>A 8;8 B@51>20=85, ?@54JO2;O5<K5 ?@0:B8:>9, ?A8E>;>3 ?5@52>48B 8 ?@5>1@07C5B 2 ?A8E>;>38G5A:CN ?@>1;5<C. @>1;5<0 D>@<C;8- ?A;2=K5 284K 45OB5;L=>AB8 ?@0:B8G5A:>3> ?A8E>;>30 >1@07>20=8O________109 C5BAO =0 >A=>20=88 87CG5=8O 2A59 8=D>@<0F88 > @515=:5. !1>@ 8=D>@<0F88 >1KG=> ?@>8AE>48B ?@8 =01;N45=88 70 @515=:>< 2> 2@5<O =OB89, @+) ?5@5<5=, 2=5:;0AA=KE <5@>?@8OB89, 15A54 A 2>A?8B0B5;O<8, :;0AA=K< @C:>2>48B5;5<, 4@C38<8 CG8B5;O<8, @>48B5;O<8, B>20@8I0<8. A8E>;>3 >1O70B5;L=> >1@0I05BAO 8 : 40==K< ;8G=>3> 45;0 @515=:0, 2 :>B>@>< D8:A8@CNBAO 2A5 @57C;LB0BK ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E >1A;54>20=89, A;CG08 >1@0I5=89, E>4 8 @57C;LB0BK 4803=>AB8G5A:>9, @072820NI59 8;8 :>@@5:F8>==>9 @01>BK. G5=L 206=>, GB>1K ?A8E>;>3 8<5; 40==K5 >1 8AB>@88 @0728B8O @515=:0, :>B>@0O 4>;6=0 AB0BL >A=>2=K< 8AB>G=8:>< 2A5E 40;L=59H8E A2545=89, D>=>< 8AA;54>20=8O. 1I8< 8 ACI5AB25==K<,  ?8A0; . !. K3>BA:89,  4;O A>AB02;5=8O =0CG=>9 8AB>@88 @0728B8O @515=:0 O2;O5BAO B@51>20=85, GB>1K 2AO MB0 8AB>@8O @0728B8O 8 2>A?8B0=8O 1K;0 ?@8G8==K< 687=5>?8A0=85<.  >B;8G85 >B ?@>AB>9 8AB>@88, >B ?@>AB>3> ?5@5G8A;5=8O >B45;L=KE A>1KB89 (2 B0:>< 3>4C A;CG8;>AL B>-B>, 0 2 B0:><  B>-B>) ?@8G8==>5 >?8A0=85 ?@54?>;0305B B0:>5 87;>65=85 A>1KB89, :>B>@>5 AB028B 8E 2 ?@8G8==>-A;54AB25==CN 7028A8<>ABL, 2A:@K205B 8E A2O78 8 @0AA<0B@8205B 40==K9 ?5@8>4 687=8 @515=:0 :0: 548=>5, A2O7=>5, 4286CI55AO F5;>5. 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BAN40 C =0A 65 A0<8E  :CG0 >184, :><?;5:A>2, @07>G0@>20=89. . . @8H28= =5 A;CG09=> >B<5G0;, GB> 25;8G09H55 AG0ABL5 =5 AG8B0BL A51O >A>15==K<, 0 1KBL :0: 2A5 ;N48. 2. #< ?A8E>;>30 01>B0 2 A8AB5<5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 A;C61K ?@54JO2;O5B >G5=L 2KA>:85 B@51>20=8O : C<C G5;>25:0. !0<>AB>OB5;L=>ABL <KH;5=8O 2A5340 AG8B0;0AL >4=8< 87 206=59H8E 87<5@5=89 ;8G=>AB8. "0:, $. . >AB>52A:89 ?@>B82>?>AB02;O5B ;8G=>ABL 8 157;8G=>ABL ?@5645 2A53> ?> A?>A>1=>AB8 8;8 =5A?>A>1=>AB8 A0<>AB>OB5;L=> <KA;8BL. @0:B8G5A:><C ?A8E>;>3C =54>AB0B>G=> B>;L:> ?@8@>4=>9 A8;K C<0  5<C =5>1E>48< 1>;LH>9 70?0A 7=0=89, 0 B0:65 2KA>B0 8 @07=>AB>@>==OO :C;LBC@0 <KA;8. 07;8G0NB C< B5>@5B8G5A:89 8 C< ?@0:B8G5A:89. A>15==>AB8 B>3> 8 4@C3>3> C<0 1;5ABOI5 @0A:@K; . . "5?;>5 2 A2>59 @01>B5 #< ?>;:>2>4F0, :>B>@CN E>B5;>AL 1K ?>@5:><5=4>20BL ?@0:B8G5A:><C ?A8E>;>3C 2 :0G5AB25 =0AB>;L=>9 :=838. . . "5?;>5 ?8H5B: B;8G85 <564C MB8<8 42C<O B8?0<8 <KH;5=8O =5;L7O 8A:0BL 2 @07;8G8OE A0<8E <5E0=87<>2 <KH;5=8O, 2 B><, GB> BCB 459AB2CNB "420 @07=KE 8=B5;;5:B0". =B5;;5:B C G5;>25:0 >48=, 8 548=K >A=>2=K5 <5E0=87<K <KH;5=8O, => @07;8G=K D>@<K <KA;8B5;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, ?>A:>;L:C @07;8G=K 7040G8, AB>OI85 2 B>< 8 4@C3>< A;CG05 ?5@54 C<>< G5;>25:0 (1985, B. 1, A. 224). . . "5?;>5 ?>:070;, GB> B5>@5B8G5A:>5 8 ?@0:B8G5A:>5 <KH;5=85 ?>-@07=><C A2O70=K A ?@0:B8:>9.  45;> =5 2 B><, GB> >4=> 87 =8E A2O70=> A ?@0:B8:>9, 0 4@C3>5 =5B, 0 2 B><, GB> E0@0:B5@ MB>9 A2O78 @07;8G5=. 01>B0 ?@0:B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O 2 >A=>2=>< =0?@02;5=0 =0 @07@5H5=85 G0AB=KE, :>=:@5B=KE 7040G ;N1>3> <0AHB010. 01>B0 B5>@5B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O =0?@02;5=0 2 >A=>2=>< =0 =0E>645=85 >1I8E 70:>=><5@=>AB59 8 ?@8=F8?>2 @0728B8O, >@30=870F88 8 ?@. 5 A;CG09=> . . 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(20=F0@0 A?5F80;L=> >1@0I05B 2=8<0=85 =0 B>, GB> 8=B5@?@5B0F8O 2A5E 8<5NI8EAO A2545=89 O2;O5BAO ?@5645 2A53> DC=:F859 A8=B5B8G5A:8E A?>A>1=>AB59 ?A8E>;>30 8 =8:>340 =5 <>65B 2KB5:0BL 87 2A53> ?@>F5AA0 2 2845 =5:>53> <5E0=8G5A:>3> ?@>4C:B0 ?>AB>O==>9 4803=>AB8G5A:>9 AE5<K (1978). -BC 65 <KA;L ?>4G5@:820; .!. K3>BA:89: ...2 4803=>AB8:5 @0728B8O 7040G0... 70:;NG05BAO =5 B>;L:> 2 CAB0=>2;5=88 8725AB=KE A8<?B><>2 8 8E ?5@5G8A;5=8O 8;8 A8AB5<0B870F88 8 =5 B>;L:> 2 3@C??8@>2:5 O2;5=89 ?> 8E 2=5H=8<, AE>4=K< G5@B0<, => 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 2 B><, GB>1K A ?><>ILN <KA;8B5;L=>9 >1@01>B:8 MB8E 2=5H=8E 40==KE ?@>=8:=CBL 2> 2=CB@5==NN ACI=>ABL ?@>F5AA>2 @0728B8O (1983, B. 5, A. 302-303). . !. K3>BA:89 A?5F80;L=> >1@0I0; 2=8<0=85 =0 B>, GB> CAB0=>2;5=85 A8<?B><>2 =8:>340 02B><0B8G5A:8 =5 ?@82>48B : 4803=>7C, GB> 8AA;54>20B5;L =8 2 :>5< A;CG05 =5 4>;65= 4>?CA:0BL M:>=><8N 70 AG5B <KA;59, 70 AG5B B2>@G5A:>3> 8AB>;:>20=8O A8<?B><>2 (1984, B. 4).  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Theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework / Psychology: A Study of a Science. V. 3. - N. Y., 1959. 32. Yanow L. Interviewing Children // Handbook of Research Methods in Child Development (Ed. P. H. Mussen). - N. Y 1960. '0ABL II "!/  "'!/ !%/ 0745; I >H:>;L=>5 45BAB2> ;020 1. 1I0O E0@0:B5@8AB8:0 2>7@0AB0 1. A>15==>AB8 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O  >B5G5AB25==>9 ?A8E>;>388 4>H:>;L=K< 45BAB2>< ?@8=OB> AG8B0BL ?5@8>4 >B 3 4> 7 ;5B. <C ?@54H5AB2CNB ?5@8>4K <;045=G5AB20 (>B 0 4> 1 3>40) 8 @0==53> 45BAB20 (>B 1 4> 3 ;5B). 5@8>4 <;045=G5AB20 >B;8G05BAO B5<, GB> @0728B85 @515=:0 845B 2 >A=>2=>< ?> ?CB8 >2;045=8O <0=8?C;OB82=>9 45OB5;L=>ABLN, 4;O ?>O2;5=8O :>B>@>9 =5>1E>48<K ?@54?>AK;:8, @072820NI85AO 2 ?5@2>< ?>;C3>488 687=8: A>A@54>B>G5=85, A;565=85, >IC?K20=85, ?@8A;CH820=85, 7@8B5;L=>-<>B>@=K5 :>>@48=0F88 8 B. 4.  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F5;>< ?@8 A2>52@5<5==>9 8 045:20B=>9 :>@@5:F8>==>9 @01>B5 7045@6:8 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O >1@0B8<K. E AB>9:>ABL 7028A8B >B B>3>, ;560B ;8 2 8E >A=>25 M<>F8>=0;L=0O =57@5;>ABL (?A8E8G5A:89 8=D0=B8;87<); =87:89 ?A8E8G5A:89 B>=CA (4;8B5;L=0O 0AB5=8O); =0@CH5=8O ?>7=020B5;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, A2O70==K5 A> A;01>ABLN ?0<OB8, 2=8<0=8O, ?>4286=>AB8 ?A8E8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2, 45D8F8B=>ABLN >B45;L=KE :>@:>2KE DC=:F89. 5@2K5 425 D>@<K 7045@6:8 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O O2;ONBAO =081>;55 ;53:8<8 8 ?@5>4>;8<K<8, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: =0@CH5=8O ?>7=020B5;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 254CB : 7045@6:5 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O, 3@0=8G0I59 A 4518;L=>ABLN; >1CG05<>ABL MB8E 45B59 7=0G8B5;L=> A=865=0. 08;CGH85 @57C;LB0BK 2 ?;0=5 :>@@5:F88 7045@6:8 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O 4>AB830NBAO 2.B>< A;CG05, 5A;8 @01>B0 A @515=:>< =0G0B0 2 <0:A8<0;L=> @0==85 A@>:8.  A>60;5=8N, 2 ?5@8>4 4>H:>;L=>3> 45BAB20 >:@C60NI85 @515=:0 27@>A;K5 70G0ABCN =5 ?@840NB 7=0G5=8O B5< 8;8 8=K< >A>15==>ABO< 53> @0728B8O, AG8B0O 8E 8=48284C0;L=K<8 20@80=B0<8 =>@<K 8 ?>;030O, GB> @515=>: 2A5 A2>8 B@C4=>AB8 ?@>AB> ?5@5@0AB5B. "@52>3C =0G8=0NB 18BL ;8HL B>340, :>340 ?>ABC?82H89 2 ?5@2K9 :;0AA <0AA>2>9 H:>;K @515=>: >:07K205BAO =5 2 A>AB>O=88 >A2>8BL H:>;L=CN ?@>3@0<<C, >2;045BL =5>1E>48<K<8 ?>2545=G5A:8<8 =02K:0<8. A;8 ?><>IL, >:07K205<0O 45BO< A 7045@6:>9 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O 2 :;0AA0E 2K@02=820=8O, 405B E>@>H85 ?;>4K, B> =5B@C4=> ?@54?>;>68BL, =0A:>;L:> @57C;LB0B82=55 <>3;0 1K 1KBL F:>;L=8:8 3@C??K @8A:0___________________________________________231 8=D8F8@>20==0O ?><>IL, ?>;CG5==0O 45BL<8 2 4>H:>;L=>< 2>7-0AB5 (#;L5=:>20 #. ., 1990). C<AB25==0O >BAB0;>ABL 2 >B;8G85 >B 7045@6:8 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @07-B8O =>A8B =5>1@0B8<K9 E0@0:B5@, B0: :0: 2 MB>< A;CG05 AB>9:>5 @CH5=85 ?>7=020B5;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 >1CA;>2;5=> >@30=8G5A:8< ?>@065=85< 8;8 =54>@0728B85< :>@K 3>;>2=>3> <>730. # 45B59->;83>D@5=>2 =0@CH5=8O A;>6=KE ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:F89 >1=0@C6820NBAO =0 ?@>BO65=88 2A53> 8E @0728B8O, ?@8G5< =0 :064>< 2>7@0AB=>< MB0?5 >=8 ?@8=8<0NB @07=K5 D>@<K. # 45B59 65 A =0@CH5=85< B5<?0 @0728B8O 7045@6:8 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O 2 40;L=59H5< ?@5>4>;520NBAO ( C18=HB59= !. /., 1979; 51548=A:89 . ., 1985). 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"5<K 4;O A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 @01>BK 1- @>1;5<0 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O 8 >1CG5=8O 45B59 4>H:>;L=>3> 2>7@0AB0. 2. >;L 4>H:>;L=>3> 45BAB20 2 687=8 G5;>25:0. 1 234________________________________'0ABL II. 5BA:0O ?@0:B8G5A:0O ?A8E>;| 3. ;NAK 8 <8=CAK >1CG5=8O 45B59 @0==53> 2>7@0AB0. 4. 'B> 2E>48B 2 ?>=OB85 3>B>2=>AB8 @515=:0 : 45BA:><C A04C? 5. >340 =0G8=0BL 3>B>28BL @515=:0 : H:>;5? 6. @>1;5<0 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 3>B>2=>AB8 A5<L8 : A>F80;870F88 @515=:0. 7. !B0=5B ;8 B@C4=K9 4>H:>;L=8: B@C4=K< H:>;L=8:><? 8. 'B> B0:>5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:0O ?>445@6:0 @515=:0 2 A5<L5? 8B5@0BC@0 1O70B5;L=0O 1. @:8= . . 515=>: 2 4>H:>;L=K5 3>4K.  ., 1968. 2. 5B5@ . ., 5B5@ . . >B>2 ;8 0H @515=>: : H:>;5.  ., 1994. 3. 5B5@ . ., 5B5@ . . ><0H=OO H:>;0.  ., 1994. 4. >?@>AK ?A8E>;>388 @515=:0 4>H:>;L=>3> 2>7@0AB0.  ., 1948. 5. K3>BA:89 . !. !>1@. A>G.:  1 B.  ., 1984. ". 2, 4. 6. 0@1C7>2 . . 5@2=K5 45B8.  ., 1990. 7. >B>2=>ABL : H:>;5: C:>2>4AB2> ?@0:B8G5A:>3> ?A8E>;>30/ >4 @54. . . C1@>28=>9.  ., 1995. 8. CAL:>20 ". ., ;038=0 . . 8G=>AB=K5 =>2>>1@07>20=8O C 45B59 2 ?5@8>4 :@878A0 B@5E ;5B // >?@>AK ?A8E>;>388, 1987.  !5. 9. 02K4>2 . . @>1;5<K @072820NI53> >1CG5=8O.  ., 1986. 10. 0?>@>65F . . 71@0==K5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 B@C4K.  ., 1986. 11. >@G0:/. 5403>38G5A:>5 =0A;5485.  ., 1991. 12. 51548=A:89 . . 0@CH5=8O ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O C 45B59.  ., 1985. 13. 5H;8 . 0: @01>B0BL A <0;5=L:8<8 45BL<8, ?>>I@OBL 8E @0728B85 8 @5H0BL 8E ?@>1;5<K.  ., 1991. 14. 8A8=0 . . 1I5=85 45B59 A> 27@>A;K<8 8 A25@AB=8:0<8: >1I55 8 @07;8G=>5 // AA;54>20=8O ?> ?@>1;5<0< 2>7@0AB=>9 8 ?5403>38G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388.  ., 1980. 15. 8A8=0 . . @>1;5<K >=B>35=570 >1I5=8O.  ., 1986. 16. 8@ 45BAB20. >H:>;L=8: / >4 @54. . . %@8?:>2>9.  ., 1979. 17. CE8=0 . !. A8E>;>38O 4>H:>;L=8:0.  ., 1975. 18. >44JO:>2 .. KH;5=85 4>H:>;L=8:0.  ., 1977. 0728B85 ;8G=>AB8 2 >=B>35=575.  ., 1987. 833)2 235 >?>;=8B5;L=0O 1. 245520 . ., 5I5@O:>20 !. .. K 8 <;045=5F: # 8AB>:>2 >1I5=8O. - ., 1991. 2. 5@=HB59= . . $878>;>38O 42865=89 8 0:B82=>ABL.  ., 1990. 3. >3>O2;5=A:89 . . A8E>;>38O CA2>5=8O >@D>3@0D88.  ., 1966. 4. >3CA;02A:0O 3. ., !<8@=>20 . . 072820NI85 83@K 4;O 45B59 <;04H53> 4>H:>;L=>3> 2>7@0AB0.  ., 1991. 5. NB=5@ . 8BL A 03@5AA82=K<8 45BL<8.  ., 1991. 6. K3>BA:89 . !. 71@0==K5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O.  ., 1956. 7. 0;83C7>20 . ., !<8@=>20 . . !BC?5=8 >1I5=8O >B 3>40 8 4> A5<8 ;5B.  ., 1992. 8. 2>7452 . . $>@<8@>20=85 C @515=:0 3@0<<0B8G5A:>3> AB@>O @CAA:>3> O7K:0.  ., 1949. 9. CB:8=0 . . A8E>;>38G5A:0O 3>B>2=>ABL : H:>;5.  ., 1996. 10. 02K4>2 . . 84K >1>1I5=8O 2 >1CG5=88.  ., 1972. 11. 5B8 A 2@5<5==K<8 7045@6:0<8 @0728B8O / >4 @54. ". . ;0A>2>9, . !. 527=5@.  ., 1971. 12. 5B8 A >B:;>=5=8O<8 2 @0728B88 / >4 @54. . !. 527=5@.  ., 1966. 13. ;038=0 . . ;8O=85 =5:>B>@KE >A>15==>AB59 >1I5=8O =0 2>7=8:=>25=85 0:B82=>9 @5G8 2 @0==5< 2>7@0AB5 // >?@>AK ?A8E>;>388, 1977. - ! 2. 14. C?0= !. >25@L 2 A2>5 48BO.  ., 1993. 15. 0A0@C 1C:0. >A;5 B@5E C65 ?>74=>.  ., 1991. 16. 5=G8=A:0O . . >?@>AK C<AB25==>3> @0728B8O @515=:0.  ., 1970. 17- 8@ 45BAB20. >H:>;L=8: / >4 @54. . . %@8?:>2>9.  ., 1979. 18. 8:8B8= . . 072820NI85 83@K.  ., 1985. 1 236________________________________'0ABL II. 5BA:0O ?@0:B8G5A:0O ?A8E>;| 19. 8:8B8= . ., 8:8B8=0 . . K 8 =0H8 45B8.  ., 1991. 20. 1CG5=85 8 @0728B85 / >4 @54. . . 0=:>20.  ., 1975. 21. 0;038=0 . . @54<5B=0O 83@>20O 0:B82=>ABL 2 @0==5< 45BAB25 // >?@>AK ?A8E>;>388, 1992.  ! 5-6. 22. 0BB5@ . ><>IL B@C4=K< 45BO<.  ., 1987. 23. C18=HB59= !. /. A8E>;>38O C<AB25==> >BAB0;>3> H:>;L=8:0.  ., 1979. 24. #;J5=:>20 #. . (5AB8;5B=85 45B8 A 7045@6:>9 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O. - ., 1990. 25. $;5925;; . 5=5B8G5A:0O ?A8E>;>38O . 8065.  ., 1967. 26. '59?8 . >B>2=>ABL : H:>;5.  ., 1992. 27. 'C?@8:>20 . . #<AB25==>5 @0728B85 8 >1CG5=85. A8E>;>38G5A:85 >A=>2K @072820NI53> >1CG5=8O.  , 1995. @0745; II >ABC?;5=85 @515=:0 2 H:>;C  ;020 1. A8E>;>38G5A:0O 3>B>2=>ABL : H:>;5 1. >=OB85 ?A8E>;>38G5A:0O 3>B>2=>ABL : H:>;5 (:>;L=0O 7@5;>ABL (schoolmaturity), 3>B>2=>ABL : H:>;5 (school readiness) 8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:0O 3>B>2=>ABL : H:>;5  MB8 ?>=OB8O 8A?>;L7CNBAO 2 ?A8E>;>388 4;O >1>7=0G5=8O C@>2=O ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O @515=:0, ?> 4>AB865=88 :>B>@>3> ?>A;54=53> <>6=> CG8BL 2 H:>;5. /2;ONBAO ;8 >=8 A8=>=8<0<8? @8 A0<>< >1I5< @0AA<>B@5=88 =0 MB>B 2>?@>A <>65B 1KBL 40= CB25@48B5;L=K9 >B25B, B0: :0: 2A5 MB8 ?>=OB8O >1>7=0G0NB =0;8G85 C @515=:0 ?@54?>AK;>: : >1CG5=8N 2 H:>;5. 07;8G8O ?@>O2;ONBAO ?@8 0=0;875 C:070==KE ?@54?>AK;>:. "5@<8= H:>;L=0O 7@5;>ABL 8A?>;L7C5BAO ?A8E>;>30<8, AG8B0NI8<8, GB> @0728B85 ?A8E8:8 @515=:0 >?@545;O5B 2>7<>6=>AB8 >1CG5=8O. >MB><C, 3>2>@O > H:>;L=>9 7@5;>AB8, 2 >A=>2=>< 8<5NB 2 284C DC=:F8>=0;L=>5 A>7@520=85 ?A8E8:8 @515=:0. "0:8< >1@07><, DC=:F8>=0;L=>5 A>7@520=85 ?A8E8:8 O2;O5BAO 745AL ?@54?>AK;:>9 : >1CG5=8N 2 H:>;5. "@048F8>==> 2K45;ONBAO B@8 0A?5:B0 H:>;L=>9 7@5;>AB8: 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K9, M<>F8>=0;L=K9 8 A>F80;L=K9 (Hetzer H., 1936; Kern A., 1951; Strebel !, 1957; Jirasek J 1970, 1978, 8 4@.). 1 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 7@5;>AB8 AC4OB ?> A;54CNI8< ?@87=0:0<: f& 48DD5@5=F8@>20==>5 2>A?@8OB85 (?5@F5?B82=0O 7@5;>ABL), 2:;NG0NI55 2K45;5=85 D83C@K 87 D>=0; f& :>=F5=B@0F8O 2=8<0=8O; f& 0=0;8B8G5A:>5 <KH;5=85, 2K@060NI55AO 2 A?>A>1=>AB8 ?>AB865=8O >A=>2=KE A2O759 <564C O2;5=8O<8; f& ;>38G5A:>5 70?><8=0=85; % f& A5=A><>B>@=0O :>>@48=0F8O; f& C<5=85 2>A?@>872>48BL >1@075F; f& @0728B85 B>=:8E 42865=89 @C:8. 238________________________________'0ABL II. 5BA:0O ?@0:B8G5A:0O ?A8E>;3,3 >6=> A:070BL, GB> ?>=8<05<0O B0:8< >1@07>< 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=0 7@5;>ABL 2 ACI5AB25==>9 <5@5 >B@0605B DC=:F8>=0;L=>5 A>7@520F8 AB@C:BC@ 3>;>2=>3> <>730. -<>F8>=0;L=0O 7@5;>ABL ?@54?>;0305B: f& C<5=LH5=85 8<?C;LA82=KE @50:F89; f& 2>7<>6=>ABL 4;8B5;L=>5 2@5<O 2K?>;=OBL =5 >G5=L ?@82;5:0B5;L=>5 7040=85.  A>F80;L=>9 7@5;>AB8 A2845B5;LAB2CNB: f& ?>B@51=>ABL @515=:0 2 >1I5=88 A> A25@AB=8:0<8 8 C<5=85 ?>4G8=OBL A2>5 ?>2545=85 70:>=0< 45BA:8E 3@C??; f& A?>A>1=>ABL 8A?>;=OBL @>;L CG5=8:0 2 A8BC0F88 H:>;L=>3> >1CG5=8O. >=OB85 3>B>2=>ABL : H:>;5 =5>4=>7=0G=>. !CI5AB2C5B <=>65AB2> @01>B (?@54AB02;5==KE 1>;LH59 G0ABLN 0<5@8:0=A:8<8 ?A8E>;>30<8), 2 :>B>@KE ?>4 3>B>2=>ABLN : H:>;5 ?>=8<05BAO =0;8G85 C @515=:0 ?@54?>AK;>: : >1CG5=8N 2 2845 22>4=KE =02K:>2 (A<. =0-AB078 ., 1982). >A;54=85 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 =5>1E>48<K5 4;O E>@>H53> >A2>5=8O H:>;L=>9 ?@>3@0<<K C<5=8O, 7=0=8O, A?>A>1=>AB8, <>B820F8N. @C3>5 ?>=8<0=85 3>B>2=>AB8 : H:>;5 ?@54AB02;5=> 2 @01>B0E ?A8E>;>3>2, :>B>@K5 2A;54 70 . !. K3>BA:8< AG8B0NB, GB> >1CG5=85 2545B 70 A>1>9 @0728B85. -B>B B578A ?>72>;O5B 8< CB25@640BL, GB> >1CG5=85 <>6=> =0G8=0BL, :>340 70459AB2>20==K5 2 >1CG5=88 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 DC=:F88 5I5 =5 A>7@5;8, 0 ?>B><C DC=:F8>=0;L=0O 7@5;>ABL ?A8E8:8 =5 @0AA<0B@8205BAO :0: ?@54?>AK;:0 : >1CG5=8N. @><5 B>3>, 02B>@K MB8E 8AA;54>20=89 ?>;030NB, GB> 4;O CA?5H=>3> >1CG5=8O 2 H:>;5 8<55B 7=0G5=85 =5 A>2>:C?=>ABL 8<5NI8EAO C @515=:0 7=0=89, C<5=89 8 =02K:>2, 0 >?@545;5==K9 C@>25=L 53> ;8G=>AB=>3> 8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> @0728B8O, :>B>@K9 8 @0AA<0B@8205BAO :0: ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 ?@54?>AK;:8 : >1CG5=8N 2 H:>;5.  A2O78 A MB8< AG8B05< F5;5A>>1@07=K!* ?>A;54=55 ?>=8<0=85 3>B>2=>AB8 : H:>;5 >1>7=0G8BL :0: ?A8E>;>38G5A:0O 3>B>2=>ABL : H:>;5, 401K >B45;8BL 53> >B ?@54K4CI53>. . . >6>28G (1968) @0AA<0B@8205B 420 0A?5:B0 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 3>B>2=>AB8 : H:>;5: ;8G=>AB=CN 8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=CN 3>B>2=>ABL. @8 E0@0:B5@8AB8:5 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 3>B>2=>AB8 : H:>;5 0:F5=B 45;05BAO =5 =0 :>;8G5AB25==K9 70?0A ?@54AB02;5=89 @515=:0, 0 =0C@~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| 2 CG51=K9 ?@>F5AA 2 :0G5AB25 AC1J5:B0 45OB5;L=>AB8, GB> 2K@0605BAO 2 A>7=0B5;L=>< D>@<8@>20=88 8 8A?>;=5=88 =0<5@5=89 8 F5;59, 8;8 4@C38<8 A;>20<8, ?@>872>;L=>< ?>2545=88 CG5=8:0. 4=>9 87 ?@54?>AK;>: : H:>;L=><C >1CG5=8N O2;O5BAO 2>7=8:0NI55 : :>=FC 4>H:>;L=>3> 2>7@0AB0 (?@81;878B5;L=> : 7 3>40<) C<5. =85 @515=:0 A>?>4G8=OBL <>B82K A2>53> ?>2545=8O 8 45OB5;L=>AB8 (>6>28G. ., 1968). @>872>;L=>5 ?>2545=85 @>6405BAO 2 :>;;5:B82=>9 @>;52>9 83@5 ?>72>;ONI59 @515=:C ?>4=OBLAO =0 1>;55 2KA>:CN ABC?5=L @0728B8O G5< 83@0 2 >48=>G:C. >;;5:B82 :>@@5:B8@C5B =0@CH5=8O 2 ?>4@060=88 ?@54?>;0305<><C >1@07FC, B>340 :0: A0<>AB>OB5;L=> >ACI5AB28BL B0:>9 :>=B@>;L @515=:C 1K205B 5I5 >G5=L B@C4=>. $C=:F8O :>=B@>;O 5I5 >G5=L A;010 8 G0AB> 5I5 B@51C5B ?>445@6:8 A> AB>@>=K A8BC0F88, A> AB>@>=K CG0AB=8:>2 83@K.  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"5<K 4;O A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 @01>BK 1. >;L 83@K 2 ?>O2;5=88 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 3>B>2=>AB8 : H:>;5. 2. =CB@5==OO ?>78F8O H:>;L=8:0 :0: =>2>>1@07>20=85 <;04H53> H:>;L=>3> 2>7@0AB0. 3. >B820F8>==0O 3>B>2=>ABL : H:>;5: A>45@60=85 8 A?>A>1K @0728B8O. 8B5@0BC@0 1O70B5;L=0O 1. >6>28G . , 8G=>ABL 8 55 D>@<8@>20=85 2 45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5. -., 1968. 2. >6>28G . . @>1;5<0 @0728B8O <>B820F8>==>9 AD5@K @515=:0 // 7CG5=85 <>B820F88 ?>2545=8O 45B59 8 ?>4@>AB:>2.  -1972. 48 B5@0@/ ____________________________________________________2 3. K3>BA:89 . !. KH;5=85 8 @5GL // !>1@. A>G.  ., 1982. ". 2. 4. K3>BA:89 . !. AB>@8O @0728B8O 2KAH8E ?A8E8G5A:8E DC=:-' F89 // !>1@. A>G. - , 1983. ". 3. 5. K3>BA:89 . !. 5403>38G5A:0O ?A8E>;>38O.  ., 1991. 6. >B>2=>ABL 45B59 : H:>;5. 803=>AB8:0 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O 8 :>@@5:F8O 53> =51;03>?@8OB=KE 20@80=B>2.  ., 1992. 7. >B>2=>ABL : H:>;5 / >4 @54. . . C1@>28=>9.  ., 1995. 8. CB:8=0 . . A8E>;>38G5A:0O 3>B>2=>ABL : H:>;5.  3-5 874., ?5@5@01. 8 4>?.  ., 2000. 9. CB:8=0 . . 803=>AB8G5A:0O ?@>3@0<<0 ?> >?@545;5=8N ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 3>B>2=>AB8 45B59 6-7 ;5B : H:>;L=><C >1CG5=8N.  3-5 874., ?5@5@01. 8 4>?.  ., 2002. 10. CB:8=0 . . =AB@C<5=B0;L=K9 <5B>4 2 45BA:>9 ?@0:B8G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388 // >?@>AK ?A8E>;>388, 2003.  ! 1. 11. C1@>28=0 . . (:>;L=0O ?A8E>;>38G5A:0O A;C610.  ., 1991. 12. 803=>AB8:0 C<AB25==>3> @0728B8O 4>H:>;L=8:>2.  ., 1978. 13. 8@0A5: /. 803=>AB8:0 H:>;L=>9 7@5;>AB8 // 803=>AB8:0 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O.  @030, 1978. 14. @02F>20 . . A8E>;>38G5A:85 ?@>1;5<K 3>B>2=>AB8 45B59 : >1CG5=8N 2 H:>;5.  ., 1991. 15. A>15==>AB8 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O 45B59 6-7-;5B=53> 2>7@0AB0 / >4 @54. . . -;L:>=8=0, . . 5=35@0.  ., 1988. 16. C18=HB59= !. /. -:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K5 <5B>48:8 ?0B>?A8E>;>388. - ., 1970. 17. C18=HB59= !. /. A8E>;>38O C<AB25==> >BAB0;>3> H:>;L=8:0.  ., 1986. 18. !0;<8=0 . . =0: 8 A8<2>; 2 >1CG5=88.  ., 1988. 19. %5:E0C75= X. >B820F8O 8 45OB5;L=>ABL. ". I, .  ., 1986. 20. (20=F0@0 . 8 4@. 803=>AB8:0 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O.  @030, 1978. 21. -;L:>=8= . . A8E>;>38O 83@K.  ., 1978. 22. -;L:>=8= . . 71@0==K5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 B@C4K.  ., 1989. >?>;=8B5;L=0O 1. =0AB078 . A8E>;>38G5A:>5 B5AB8@>20=85.  ., 1982. 2. >6>28G . ., >@>7>20 . ., !;028=0 . !. 0728B85 <>B82>2 CG5=8O C A>25BA:8E H:>;L=8:>2 // 725AB8O  !$! .  K?. 36. 1951. 272 '0ABL II. 5BA:0O ?@0:B8G5A:0O ?A8E>;>38 3. 5B5@ . . 803=>AB8:0 >@85=B8@>2:8 =0 A8AB5<C B@51>20=89 2 <;04H5< H:>;L=>< 2>7@0AB5 // 803=>AB8:0 CG51=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> @0728B8O 45B59.  ., 1981. 4. CB:5 .., >;@01 #. 803=>AB8G5A:85 ?@>3@0<<K :0: 20@80=B B5AB>2 >1CG05<>AB8 // A8E>4803=>AB8:0: B5>@8O 8 ?@0:B8:0.  ]vj 1986. 5. 02K4>2 . . 84K >1>1I5=8O 2 >1CG5=88.  ., 1972. 6. 01@0<=0O !. . 03;O4=K9 <0B5@80; 4;O ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> >1A;54>20=8O 45B59 2 <548:>-?5403>38G5A:8E :><8AA8OE.  M4 1985. 7. 20=>20 . /. 1CG05<>ABL :0: ?@8=F8? >F5=:8 C<AB25==>3> @0728B8O 45B59.  ., 1976. 8. 0;<K:>20 3. . 1CG05<>ABL 8 ?@8=F8?K ?>AB@>5=8O <5B>4>2 55 4803=>AB8:8 // @>1;5<K 4803=>AB8:8 C<AB25==>3> @0728B8O CG0I8EAO.  ., 1975. 9. 0;<K:>20 3. . @>4C:B82=>5 <KH;5=85 :0: >A=>20 >1CG05<>AB8. - ., 1981. 10. 5MA./.  @07@01>B:5 4803=>AB8G5A:8E B5AB>2 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> @0728B8O H5AB8;5B=8E 45B59 // >?@>AK ?A8E>;>388, 1983.  !6. 11. >AB8:>20 . . =0;87 CA;>289 ?@5>4>;5=8O 45BL<8 70B@C4=5=89 ?@8 2K?>;=5=88 7040=89 :0: >48= 87 <5B>4>2 >?@545;5=8O 3>B>2=>AB8 : H:>;L=><C >1CG5=8N //803=>AB8G5A:0O 8 :>@@5:-F8>==0O @01>B0 H:>;L=>3> ?A8E>;>30.  ., 1987. 12. 0@:>20 . . $>@<8@>20=85 <>B820F88 CG5=8O 2 H:>;L=>< 2>7@0AB5.  ., 1983. 13. 0BNE8=0 . . >B820F8O CG5=8O <;04H8E H:>;L=8:>2.  ., 1984. 14. 8653>@>4F520 . ., (04@8:>2 . . ><?;5:A=0O 4803=>AB8:0 3>B>2=>AB8 45B59 : >1CG5=8N 2 H:>;5.  /@>A;02;L, 1999. 15. 8653>@>4F520 . ., (04@8:>2 . . 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"0;;8==, 1982. 21. &5E0=A:0O. . 803=>AB8:0 AB5?5=8 >2;045=8O =5:>B>@K<8 ?@54?>AK;:0<8 CG51=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 // 803=>AB8:0 C<AB25==>3> @0728B8O 4>H:>;L=8:>2.  ., 1978. 22. -;L:>=8= . . 5:>B>@K5 2>?@>AK 4803=>AB8:8 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O 45B59 // 803=>AB8:0 CG51=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> @0728B8O 45B59.  ., 1981. 0745; III (:>;L=>5 45BAB2>, 8;8 <;04H89 H:>;L=K9 2>7@0AB ;020 1. 1I0O E0@0:B5@8AB8:0 2>7@0AB0 1. A>15==>AB8 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O 0G0;> <;04H53> H:>;L=>3> 2>7@0AB0 >?@545;O5BAO <><5=B>< ?>ABC?;5=8O @515=:0 2 H:>;C.  ?>A;54=85 3>4K 2 A2O78 A ?5@5E>4>< : >1CG5=8N A 6 ;5B 8 22545=85< G5BK@5E;5B=59 =0G0;L=>9 H:>;K =86=OO 3@0=8F0 40==>3> 2>7@0AB=>3> MB0?0 ?5@5<5AB8;0AL 8 <=>385 45B8 AB0=>2OBAO H:>;L=8:0<8 =0G8=0O =5 A 7 ;5B, :0: ?@5645, 0 A 6. !>>B25BAB25==> 3@0=8FK <;04H53> H:>;L=>3> 2>7@0AB0, A>2?040NI85 A ?5@8>4>< >1CG5=8O 2 =0G0;L=>9 H:>;5, CAB0=02;820NBAO 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O A 6-7 4> 9-10 ;5B.  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'B> 7=0G8B C<5BL CG8BLAO B0:, =0?><=8<, GB> 2 <;04H5< H:>;L=>< 2>7@0AB5 254CI59 AB0=>28BAO CG51=0O 45OB5;L=>ABL, 2 ?@>F5AA5 :>B>@>9 A>25@H05BAO ?@8>1I5=85 @515=:0 : 4>AB865=8O< G5;>25G5A:>9 :C;LBC@K, CA2>5=85 7=0=89 8 C<5=89, =0:>?;5==KE ?@54H5AB2CNI8<8 ?>:>;5=8O<8. #A2>5=85 @515=:>< G5;>25G5A:>3> >?KB0 ?@>8AE>48B 8 2 4@C38E 2840E 45OB5;L=>AB8: 2 83@5, >1I5=88 A> 27@>A;K<8 8 A25@AB=8:0<8, ?@8>1I5=88 : B@C4C. > ;8HL 2 CG51=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 >=> ?@8>1@5B05B >A>1K9 E0@0:B5@ 8 A>45@60=85.  ?@>F5AA5 CG51=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 @515=>: ?>4 @C:>2>4AB2>< CG8B5;O >2;045205B A>45@60=85< @0728BKE D>@< >1I5AB25==>3> A>7=0=8O (=0C:8, 8A:CAAB20, =@02AB25==>AB8, ?@020) 8 C<5=8O<8 459AB2>20BL 2 A>>B25BAB288 A 8E B@51>20=8O<8. !>45@60=85 MB8E D>@< >1I5AB25==>3> A>7=0=8O 8<55B B5>@5B8G5A:89 E0@0:B5@ (02K4>2 . ., 1990, A. 11-12). @8 ?5@5E>45 : H:>;L=><C >1CG5=8N ?@54<5B>< CA2>5=8O AB0=>2OBAO B5>@5B8G5A:85 7=0=8O, GB> 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L 8 >?@545;O5B @072820NI89 E0@0:B5@ CG51=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. . !. 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nw CG5=8O, D>@<8@CNBAO B>;L:> 2 E>45 0:B82=>3> >A2>5=8O CG51=>9 5/B5;L=>AB8, 0 =5 2=5 55. >MB><C 8<5==> >@30=870F8O ?>;=>F5==>9 55=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 O2;O5BAO 3;02=K< CA;>285<, >15A?5G820NI8< 0728B85 =081>;55 459AB25==KE CG51=>-?>7=020B5;L=KE <>B82>2, 70;>65==KE 2 A0<>9 CG51=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8.  ?@0:B8:C >1CG5=8O 0:B82=> 2=54@ONBAO @07;8G=K5 A8AB5<K @07520NI53> >1CG5=8O (. . -;L:>=8=, . . 02K4>2, . . 0=:>2 8 4@.), 8==>20F8>==K5 CG51=K5 ?@>3@0<<K. =8 ?>AB@>5=K =0 ?@8=F8?80;L=> 8=>< ?>4E>45 : >?@545;5=8N A>45@60=8O >1CG5=8O 8 A?>A>1>2 53> >@30=870F88, GB> ?>72>;O5B 2 1>;LH59 <5@5 @50;87>20BL 2>7@0AB=K5 2>7<>6=>AB8 <;04H8E H:>;L=8:>2 2 CA2>5=88 A8AB5<K =0CG=KE 7=0=89 8 A?>A>1AB2C5B @0728B8N C 45B59 CAB>9G82KE CG51=>-?>7=020B5;L=KE <>B82>2.  :>=FC <;04H53> H:>;L=>3> 2>7@0AB0 >B<5G05BAO >BG5B;82>5 A=865=85 CG51=>9 <>B820F88. -B> >1AB>OB5;LAB2> ?@5?OBAB2C5B 40;L=59H5<C >A2>5=8N ?>;=>F5==>9 CG51=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 8, :@><5 B>3>, ?@>B82>@5G8B 5AB5AB25==><C E>4C @0728B8O ?>7=020B5;L=KE ?>B@51=>AB59 8 8=B5@5A>2 2 45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5. 54L, =0?@>B82, : :>=FC <;04H53> H:>;L=>3> 2>7@0AB0 70:>=><5@=> 1K;> 1K >6840BL ?>O2;5=8O =>2>3> C@>2=O @0728B8O <>B820F88 CG5=8O, >15A?5G820NI53> 2>7<>6=>ABL ?5@5E>40 : 1>;55 A;>6=K< D>@<0< ?>7=020B5;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. @8B5@85< =>2>3> C@>2=O @0728B8O CG51=>9 <>B820F88 <;04H53> H:>;L=8:0 <>65B A;C68BL 2>7=8:=>25=85 ?>78F88 CG0I53>AO. 515=>: 2KAB@08205B ?>78F8N CG0I53>AO, :>340 ?5@5AB05B DC=:F8>=8@>20BL 2 CG51=>9 A8BC0F88 :0: H:>;O@, B. 5. 7=0NI89, :0: =04> 45;0BL (45;0BL =04> B0:, :0: A:070;0 CG8B5;L=8F0). -B> 7=0G8B, GB> ?@8 2AB@5G5 A 7040G59 =>2>3> B8?0 @515=>: ?@5:@0I05B 459AB2>20BL ?> AB0@K<, =5?@83>4=K< >1@07F0< 8 =0G8=05B ?>8A: =>2KE A?>A>1>2 459AB289 8 (8;8) =0G8=05B AB@>8BL =>2K5 >B=>H5=8O A> 27@>A;K<8 8 (8;8) A 4@C38<8 CG0I8<8AO, 2<5AB5 A :>B>@K<8 >= A<>65B =09B8 =54>AB0NI85 A?>A>1K 59AB28O. 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| 5H0NI0O @>;L 2 B0:>9 4803=>AB8:5 ?@8=04;568B C<5;> 7040F-=K< 2>?@>A0<. =8 <>3CB :0A0BLAO >B45;L=KE 7040=89 8;8 C?@0-=5=89, =0?@8<5@:  70G5< =C6=> B0:>5 C?@06=5=85? 'B> >A208205IL :>340 53> 45;05HL?  :0:85 A;>20 BCB 27OBK 2 A:>1:8? 8 B. ?. >?@>AK <>3CB 1KBL =0?@02;5=K =0 A@02=5=85 @07=KE 7040=89 8 C?@06=5=89, >B=>AOI8EAO : >4=><C ?@028;C 8;8, =0?@>B82, : @07=K< ?@028;0<, 8 B. 4. 0: ?>:07K205B ?@0:B8:0, =0CG8BL <;04H53> H:>;L=8:0 2K45;OBL CG51=CN 7040GC 4>AB0B>G=> ;53:>. 06=> B>;L:> ?><=8BL > 25@>OB=>AB8 B0:>3> @>40 70B@C4=5=89 8 >1@0I0BL A?5F80;L=>5 2=8<0=85 =0 @53C;O@=>5 2K45;5=85 CG8B5;5< =0 C@>:0E A>>B25BAB2CNI8E CG51=KE 7040G. 5>1E>48<CN ?><>IL ?@8 MB>< <>3CB >:070BL 8 @>48B5;8, :>=B@>;8@CO @515=:0 ?@8 2K?>;=5=88 4><0H=8E 7040=89.  A;CG05 A8AB5<0B8G5A:8E =5C40G @5:><5=4C5BAO 8A?>;L7>20BL 83@>2K5 A8BC0F88, ?><>30NI85 @515=:C >A2>8BL =5>1E>48<>5, => ?>:0 =54>AB0B>G=> ?>=OB=>5 5<C CG51=>5 7040=85 (0@48= . ., 1987). #G51=K5 459AB28O. K?>;=5=85 CG51=>9 7040G8 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO A ?><>ILN CG51=KE 459AB289, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@KE H:>;L=8:8 2>A?@>872>4OB 8 CA20820NB >1@07FK >1I8E A?>A>1>2 459AB28O (02K4>2 . ., 1973). !>AB02 CG51=KE 459AB289 =5>4=>@>45=. 4=8 87 =8E ?@8<5=ONBAO 4;O CA2>5=8O ;N1>3> CG51=>3> <0B5@80;0 (=0?@8<5@, 459AB28O, ?>72>;ONI85 87>1@060BL 7040==K5 >1@07FK B5< 8;8 8=K< A?>A>1><: 3@0D8G5A:8, 2 2845 <>45;59 8;8 A;>25A=KE >?8A0=89 8 4@.). @C385 CG51=K5 459AB28O E0@0:B5@=K 4;O @01>BK 2=CB@8 40==>3> CG51=>3> ?@54<5B0, B@5BL8  4;O 2>A?@>872545=8O ;8HL >B45;L=KE G0AB=KE >1@07F>2. #A2>5=8N :064>3> DC=40<5=B0;L=>3> ?>=OB8O ?@8 87CG5=88 B>3> 8;8 8=>3> CG51=>3> ?@54<5B0 A>>B25BAB2C5B >?@545;5==0O A8AB5<0 CG51=KE 459AB289. "0:, 4;O ?>;=>F5==>3> CA2>5=8O 3@0<<0B8G5A:8E ?>=OB89 > AB@>5=88 A;>2 8 7=0G5=88 <>@D5< <;04H85 H:>;L=8:8 4>;6=K: f& 87<5=8BL 8AE>4=>5 A;>2> 8 ?>;CG8BL 53> 20@80=B=K5 D>@<K 8;8 @>4AB25==K5 A;>20; f& A@02=8BL 7=0G5=85 8AE>4=>3> A;>20 8 =>2KE A;>2; f& A>?>AB028BL D>@<K 8AE>4=>3> A;>20 8 2K45;8BL <>@D5<K; f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B@048F8>==>9 ?@0:B8:5 H:>;L=>3> >1CG5=8O DC=:F8O >F5=820=8O ?>;=>ABLN 2>7;>65=0 =0 CG8B5;O: >= ?@>25@O5B @01>BC H:>;L=8:0, A@02=8205B 55 A >1@07F><, =0E>48B >H81:8, C:07K205B =0 =8E, 2KA:07K205B AC645=85 > @57C;LB0B0E CG51=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 B. 4. #G5=8: 65, :0: ?@028;>, >A2>1>645= >B MB>3>, 8 53> A>1AB25==0O >F5=>G=0O 0:B82=>ABL =5 D>@<8@C5BAO. >MB><C <;04H85 H:>;L=8:8 =5@54:> 70B@C4=ONBAO AC48BL > B><, ?>G5<C CG8B5;L ?>AB028; BC 8;8 8=CN >B<5B:C.  1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG0" 52 45B8 MB>3> 2>7@0AB0 =5 284OB A2O78 <564C >B<5B:>9 8 A>1AB25==K<8 7=0=8O<8 8 C<5=8O<8 (0BNE8=0 . ., 1984). 7=0G8B C<5BL CG8BLAO________________________________________291 B0:8< >1@07><, 5A;8 @515=>: =5 CG0AB2C5B 2 >F5=820=88 @57C;LB0B>2 A2>48 CG51=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, A2O7L <564C >B<5B:>9 8 >A2>5=85< A>45@60;0 CG51=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 >AB05BAO 4;O =53> A:@KB>9. 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A>15==>AB8 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O <;04H8E H:>;L=8:>2, 2>A?8BK20NI8EAO 2=5 A5<L8. A8E>;>38G5A:85 ?@>1;5<K =5CA?5205<>AB8 <;04H8E H:>;L=8:>2. A8E8G5A:>5 @0728B85 <0;LG8:>2 8 452>G5: <;04H53> H:>;L=>3> 2>7@0AB0. "@C4=>AB8 <;04H8E H:>;L=8:>2 2 >2;045=88 >A=>2=K<8 CG51=K<8 =02K:0<8 (?8AL<>, GB5=85, AG5B). 366________________________________'0ABL II. 5BA:0O ?@0:B8G5A:0O ?A8E>|, 8B5@0BC@0 1O70B5;L=0O 1. <>=0H28;8 (. . >A?8B0B5;L=0O 8 >1@07>20B5;L=0O DC=:F8O >F5=:8 CG5=8O H:>;L=8:>2.  ., 1984. 2. >6>28G . . 8G=>ABL 8 55 D>@<8@>20=85 2 45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5. - ., 1968. 3. K3>BA:89 . !. @878A A5<8 ;5B // !>1@. A>G.:  6 B.  ., 1984 ". 4. 4. K3>BA:89 . !. KH;5=85 8 @5GL // !>1@. A>G.:  6 B.  ., 1984 ". 2. 5. K3>BA:89 . !. 54>;>38O ?>4@>AB:0 // !>1@. A>G.:  6 B.  . 1984. ". 4. 6. 02K4>2 . . @>1;5<K @072820NI53> >1CG5=8O.  ., 1986. 7. A8E8G5A:>5 @0728B85 <;04H8E H:>;L=8:>2 / >4 @54. . . 02K4>20. - ., 1990. 8. 01>G0O :=830 H:>;L=>3> ?A8E>;>30.  ., 1995. 9. 0BB5@ . ><>IL B@C4=K< 45BO<.  ., 1987. 10. !;028=0 . !. 5B8 A 0DD5:B82=K< ?>2545=85<.  ., 1966. 11. !;028=0 . !. "@C4=K5 45B8.  .; >@>=56, 1998. 12. (20=F0@0 . 8 4@. 803=>AB8:0 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O.  @030, 1978. 13. -;L:>=8= . . 71@0==K5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 B@C4K.  ., 1989. >?>;=8B5;L=0O 1. ;5:A0=4@>2A:0O -. . !>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:85 :@8B5@88 040?B0F88 : H:>;5 // (:>;0 8 ?A8E8G5A:>5 74>@>2L5 CG0I8EAO.  ., 1988. 2. :8<>20 . ., >7;>20 . ". #?@06=5=8O ?> @0728B8N <KA;8B5;L=KE =02K:>2 <;04H8E H:>;L=8:>2.  1=8=A:, 1993. 3. :8<>20 . ., >7;>20 . ". 5CA?520NI85 45B8 // 01>G0O :=830 H:>;L=>3> ?A8E>;>30 / >4 @54. . . C1@>28=>9.  ., 1995. 4. =0=L52 . . A8E>;>38O ?5403>38G5A:>9 >F5=:8// 71@0=, ?A8-E>;. B@C4K. -  1980. ". 2. 5. 018G . . 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(:>;0 8 ?A8E8G5A:>5 74>@>2L5 CG0I8EAO / >4 @54. !. . @><-10E0. - ., 1988. 74. /:>1A>= !. ., @>:8=0 . $. @30=87>20==>ABL 8 CA;>28O 55 D>@<8@>20=8O C <;04H8E H:>;L=8:>2.  ., 1967. 75. /:>2;520 . . 0@:>20 . . 803=>AB8:0 8 :>@@5:F8O 2=8<0=8O 8 ?0<OB8 H:>;L=8:>2. @0745; IV B@>G5AB2> 0O ;020 1. 1I0O E0@0:B5@8AB8:0 2>7@0AB0 1. A>15==>AB8 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O B@>G5AB2>  MB0? >=B>35=570, =0E>4OI89AO <564C 45BAB2>< 8 @0==59 N=>ABLN. = >E20BK205B ?5@8>4 >B 10-11 4> 13-14 ;5B, A>2?040NI89 2 A>2@5<5==>9 @>AA89A:>9 H:>;5 A> 2@5<5=5< >1CG5=8O 45B59 bV-VIII :;0AA0E. >=OB85 >B@>G5AB20 >1J548=O5B <;04H89 8 A@54=89 ?>4@>AB:>2K9 2>7@0AB0, 0 B0:65 =0G0;> AB0@H53> ?>4@>AB:>2>3> 2>7@0AB0. 0G0;> >B@>G5AB20 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO ?>O2;5=85< @O40 A?5F8D8G5A:8E G5@B, 206=59H8<8 87 :>B>@KE O2;ONBAO: f& AB@5<;5=85 : >1I5=8N A> A25@AB=8:0<8; f& ?>O2;5=85 2 ?>2545=88 ?@87=0:>2, A2845B5;LAB2CNI8E > AB@5<;5=88 CB25@48BL A2>N A0<>AB>OB5;L=>ABL, =57028A8<>ABL, ;8G=>AB=CN 02B>=><8N. 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"0:8< >1@07><, MDD5:B82=>ABL :>@@5:F8>==>9 8 @072820NI59 @01>BK 2 MB>9 AD5@5 2> <=>3>< 7028A8B >B B>3>, =0A:>;L:> >=0 ?>72>;O5B @50;87>20BL 8 A?>A>1AB2C5B C4>2;5B2>@5=8N 206=59H8E ?>B@51=>AB59 ?>4@>AB:0 2 >1I5=88 8 A0<>CB25@645=88, >B B>3>, =0A:>;L:> >=0 2:;NG5=0 2 H8@>:89 :>=B5:AB >1I53> ;8G=>AB=>3> @0728B8O ?>4@>AB:0.  A@54=8E :;0AA0E H:>;K E>@>H> 70@5:><5=4>20;8 A51O A?5F80;L=K5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 ?@85<K 8 A?>A>1K D>@<8@>20=8O <>B820F88, ?@54=07=0G5==K5 4;O ?@>2545=8O ?5403>30<8 8 >@30=8G5A:8 2:;NG05<K5 2 CG51=K9 ?@>F5AA (0@:>20 . ., 0B8A ". ., @;>2 . ., 1990; %0<1;8= ., 1986), >2;045BL :>B>@K<8 ?5403>3 <>65B A ?><>ILN ?A8E>;>30. -DD5:B82=K<8 O2;ONBAO B0:65 A>1AB25==> ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 B@5=8=38 CG51=>9 <>B820F88, ?@>2>48<K5 ?A8E>;>3>< 8 ?>4:@5?;O5<K5 1 >3=>2=K5 =0?@02;5=8O @01>BK ?A8E>;>30 2 A@54=5< ?>4@>AB:>2>< 2>7@0AB5 415 A>>B25BAB2CNI59 @01>B>9 CG8B5;59 2 :;0AA5 (0@:>20 . . 8 4@., j990; %5:E0C75= X., 1986). 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(:>;L=0O ?A8E>;>38G5A:0O A;C610.  ., 1991. 7. ;55 . A8E>;>38O ?>4@>AB:0.  ., 1991. 8. >= . !. A8E>;>38O @0==59 N=>AB8.  ., 1989. 9. @093 . A8E>;>38O @0728B8O. 074. 6. >4@>AB:>2K9 8 N=>H5A:89 2>7@0AB.  !1., 2000. 10. 8G:>. . >4@>AB:>20O ?A8E80B@8O.  ., 1985. [1. 0AA5= . X. 8 4@. 0728B85 ;8G=>AB8 @515=:0.  ., 1987. L2. 1CE>20 . $. 5BA:0O ?A8E>;>38O: B5>@88, D0:BK, ?@>1;5<K.  ., 1995. 13. A8E>;>38G5A:0O A;C610 H:>;K / >4 @54. . . C1@>28=>9.  ., 1995. 14. 01>G0O :=830 H:>;L=>3> ?A8E>;>30 / >4 @54. . . C1@>28=>9. - ., 1995. 15. 095 $. A8E>;>38O ?>4@>AB:>2>3> 8 N=>H5A:>3> 2>7@0AB0.  !1., 2000. L6. 0BB5@ . ><>IL B@C4=K< 45BO<.  ., 1987. 17. 5<H<84B X. >4@>AB:>2K9 8 N=>H5A:89 2>7@0AB: @>1;5<K AB0=>2;5=8O ;8G=>AB8.  ., 1994. 18. -;L:>=8= . . 71@0==K5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 B@C4K.  ., 1989. >?>;=8B5;L=0O 1. 940:>20 . #@>:8 ?A8E>;>388 2 H:>;5: !>7840B5;L=0O B5@0?8O. - ., 1993. 2. 9=E>@= . "@C4=K9 ?>4@>AB>:.  ., 2001. 3. :8<>20 . ., >7;>20 . ". >@@5:F8>==>-@072820NI85 C?@06=5=8O 4;O CG0I8EAO III V :;0AA>2: >A>185 4;O CG8B5;59 8 H:>;L=KE ?A8E>;>3>2.  1=8=A:, 1993. 4. 09O@4 . "., 09O@4 6. 0H 15A?>:>9=K9 ?>4@>AB>:.  ., 1991. 5. 0=4C@0 ., #>;B5@5 . >4@>AB:>20O 03@5AA8O.  ., 2000. 6. 59BA>= . 8 A>02B.  B5>@88 H87>D@5=88 // >A:>2A:89 ?A8E>B5@0?52B8G5A:89 6C@=0;, 1993.  ! 1,2. 7. 5@578= !. ., 8A5F:89 . !. A8E>;>38O @0==59 =0@:><0=88.  . - !0<0@0, 2000. 8. >6>28G . . 8G=>ABL 8 55 D>@<8@>20=85 2 45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5.  ., 1968. 474________________________________'0ABL II. 5BA:0O ?@0:B8G5A:0O ?A8E>;>? 9. >@8A>20 . ., >38=>20 . . >@@5:F8>==>-@072820NI85 C?@06=5=8O 4;O CG0I8EAO VI VIII :;0AA>2: >A>185 4;O CG8B5;59 8 H:>;L=KE ?A8E>;>3>2.  1=8=A:, 1993 (1993, 1994). 10. @0BCAL . !. =><0;88 ;8G=>AB8.  ., 1988. 11. 0AA5@<0= . ., >@L:>20O . ., ><8FK=0 . . A8E>;>38G5A:0O <5B>48:0 >4@>AB:8 > @>48B5;OE 8 55 ?@0:B8G5A:>5 ?@8<5=5=85: 5B>48G5A:>5 ?>A>185 // A8E>4803=>AB8:0 45B59 8 ?>4@>AB:>2. - .; !1., 1994. 12. >7@0AB=0O D878>;>38O: C:>2>4AB2> ?> D878>;>388 / B2. @54. . . '5@=83>2A:89.  ., 1975. 13. >>1@078 A515. >83@05<-?><5GB05<.  ., 1994. 14. 0@1C7>2 . . @0:B8G5A:0O ?A8E>B5@0?8O.  !1., 1994. 15. 8??5=B@59B5@ .. . 1I0BLAO A @515=:><. 0:?  ., 1997. 16. 59=>C (. 0: ?5@568BL >?0A=K9 2>7@0AB 20H8E 45B59.  ., 1995. 17. 5BA:89 B5AB 803=>AB8:0 M<>F8>=0;L=KE >B=>H5=89 2 A5<L5: 5B>48G5A:>5 @C:>2>4AB2> / >4 @54. . . 845@A0, . . =8-A8<>2>9.  1=8=A:, 1993. 18. 68=>BB %.6. 564C @>48B5;5< 8 ?>4@>AB:><.  ., 2000. 19. >;K?> $. 0 AB>@>=5 ?>4@>AB:0.  ., 1997. 20. @<>;052 . .., 0@NB8=0 ". ., 5H:>20 ". . =8<0=85 H:>;L=8:0. - ., 1987. 21. 0E0@>2 . . =52=K5 8 =>G=K5 AB@0E8 C 45B59.  !1., 2000. 22. 0E0@>2 . . 52@>7K C 45B59 8 ?A8E>B5@0?8O.  !1., 1998. 23. 8<10@4> $. 0AB5=G82>ABL.  ., 1991. 24. A:CAAB2> 8 45B8: MAB5B8G5A:>5 2>A?8B0=85 70 @C156>< / 54.-A>AB. . (5AB0:>2. - ., 1968. 25. ;8=8G5A:0O 8 AC451=0O ?>4@>AB:>20O ?A8E80B@8O/ >4 @54. . . C@L52>9. ., 2001. 26. >20;52 !. . >43>B>2:0 AB0@H5:;0AA=8:>2 : A5<59=>9 687=8.  ., 1991. 27. >20;52 !. . !5<L H03>2 >B ?@>?0AB8. @8<5=5=85  2 B5@0?88 =0@:><0=88. 28. >;5A>2 . . #G8B5;N > =0@:><0=88.  ., 1998. 29. >= . !.  ?>8A:0E A51O. - ., 1984. 30. >GN=0A . A=>2K ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> :>=AC;LB8@>20=8O.  ., 2000. 31. C;0:>2 !. . A8E>?@>D8;0:B8:0 8 ?A8E>B5@0?8O 2 A@54=59 H:>;5. - !1, 1996. B5@0BC@0 475 32. C;0:>2 !. . A8E>B5@0?8O 8 ?A8E>?@>D8;0:B8:0 0448:B82=>3> ?>2545=8O C ?>4@>AB:>2: "5<0B8G5A:>5 ?@8;>65=85 ! 1 : C@=0;C ?@0:B8G5A:>3> ?A8E>;>30.  .; !1, 1996. 33. 5 (0= -. >340 20H @515=>: A2>48B 20A A C<0.  ., 1990. 34. 51548=A:0O . !. 8 4@. >4@>AB:8 A =0@CH5=8O<8 2 0DD5:B82=>9 AD5@5.  ., 1988. 35. 528B8=0 !. !. >6=> ;8 C?@02;OBL 2=8<0=85< H:>;L=8:0?  ., 1980. 36. 59B5A . !. >7@0AB=K5 >A>15==>AB8 @0728B8O A:;>==>AB59 // @>1;5<K >1I59, 2>7@0AB=>9 8 ?5403>38G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388.  ., 1978. 37. 59B5A . !. #<AB25==K5 A?>A>1=>AB8 8 2>7@0AB.  ., 1971. 38. 5>=>20 . . A8E>;>38G5A:0O 4803=>AB8:0 8 @53C;OF8O DC=:F8>=0;L=KE A>AB>O=89 CG0I8EAO // #G8B5;O< 8 @>48B5;O< > ?A8E>;>388 ?>4@>AB:0.  ., 1990. 39. 8G:> . . A8E>?0B88 8 0:F5=BC0F88 E0@0:B5@0 C ?>4@>AB:>2.  !1, 1999. 40. >CM= . $878G5A:0O 48=0<8:0 AB@C:BC@ E0@0:B5@0.  ., 1996. 41. 0@:>20 . . 8 4@. $>@<8@>20=85 <>B820F88 CG5=8O.  ., 1990. 42. 5=>2I8:>2 . .. A=>2K ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> :>=AC;LB8@>20=8O.  ., 1998. 43. 8=CE8= !, $8H<0= '. "5E=8:8 A5<59=>9 B5@0?88.  ., 1998. 44. M9 . A:CAAB2> ?A8E>;>38G5A:>3> :>=AC;LB8@>20=8O.  ., 1994. 45. 1I0O ?A8E>4803=>AB8:0: #G51=>5 ?>A>185 / >4 @54. . . >-40;520, . . !B>;8=0.  ., 1987. 46. A>15==>AB8 >1CG5=8O 8 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O H:>;L=8:>2 13-17 ;5B / >4 @54. . . C1@>28=>9, . !. @C3;>20. - ., 1988. 47. 0=0AN: . .. 40?B8@>20==K9 20@80=B <5B>48:8 . 5:A;5@0.  ., 1973. 48. 0B0:8 $. 5:>B>@K5 :>3=8B82=K5 0A?5:BK /->1@070 / A8E>;>38G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O ?>7=020B5;L=KE ?@>F5AA>2 8 ;8G=>AB8.  , 1983. 49. 0B>E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:89 4803=>AB8G5A:89 >?@>A=8: 4;O ?>4@>AB:>2 8 >?KB 53> ?@0:B8G5A:>3> 8A?>;L7>20=8O / >4 @54. . . 8G:> 8 . /. 20=>20. - ., 1976. 50. @8E>60= . . 0728B85 C25@5==>AB8 2 A515 8 A?>A>1=>AB8 : A0<>?>7=0=8N C 45B59 10-12 ;5B: @>3@0<<0 :C@A0 70=OB89 // 07- 476________________________________'0ABL II. 5BA:0O ?@0:B8G5A:0O ?A8E>;03K 2820NI85 8 :>@@5:F8>==K5 ?@>3@0<<K 4;O @01>BK A <;04IF11 H:>;L=8:0<8 8 ?>4@>AB:0<8.  .; "C;0, 1993. 51. @8E>60= . ., ">;ABKE . . >4@>AB>: 2 CG51=8:5 8 2 687=8. - ., 1990. 52. A8E>;>38G5A:0O 4803=>AB8:0: #G51. ?>A>185/ 0CG=. @54. . . C-@528G.  89A:, 1993. 53. A8E>;>38G5A:0O :>@@5:F8O C<AB25==>3> @0728B8O CG0I8EAO / B2. @54. . . C@528G, . . C1@>28=0.  ., 1990. 54. A8E>;>38G5A:0O @5018;8B0F8O 45B59 8 ?>4@>AB:>2 / >4. @54. . . C1@>28=>9.  0;C30, 1994. 55. A8E>;>38O A>2@5<5==>3> ?>4@>AB:0 / >4 @54. . . $5;L4I-B59=0.  ., 1987. 56. 0728B85 B2>@G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8 H:>;L=8:>2/>4 @54. . . 0-BNH:8=0.  ., 1991. 57. >465@A .  3@C??0E 2AB@5G.  ., 1993. 58. >645AB25=A:0O . . 0: ?>=OBL ?>4@>AB:0.  ., 1995. 59. >B5=15@3 . !, >=40@5=:> !. . >73. 1CG5=85. 4>@>2L5.  ., 1999. 60. C:>2>4AB2> ?@0:B8G5A:>3> ?A8E>;>30. A8E>;>38G5A:85 ?@>3@0<<K @0728B8O ;8G=>AB8 2 ?>4@>AB:>2>< 8 AB0@H5< H:>;L=>< 2>7@0AB5/ >4 @54. . . C1@>28=>9.  ., 1997. 61. C:>2>4AB2> : ?@8<5=5=8N 3@C??>2>3> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> B5AB0 (") 4;O <;04H8E ?>4@>AB:>2 / . . :8<>20, . . >@8A>20 8 4@.  1=8=A:, 1993. 62. C:>2>4AB2> : ?@8<5=5=8N B5AB0 AB@C:BC@K 8=B5;;5:B0 C4>;LD0 <BE0CM@0.  1=8=A:, 1993. 63. !0<>?>=8<0=85, A0<>2>A?8B0=85, A0<>?><>IL, A0<>>1;040=85, A0<>@0728B85, A0<>@50;870F8O ?>4@>AB:0 / >4 @54. . . C1@>28=>9.  . >23>@>4, 1995. 64. !0B8@ . 0: AB@>8BL A51O 8 A2>N A5<LN.  ., 1992. 65. !;028=0 . !. "@C4=K5 45B8.  .; >@>=56, 1998. 66. !<84 . @C??>20O @01>B0 A ?>4@>AB:0<8.  ., 1999. 67. !=0945@ . C@A 2K6820=8O 4;O ?>4@>AB:>2.  ., 1995. 68. !>:>;>20 . ". !0<>A>7=0=85 8 A0<>>F5=:0 ?@8 0=><0;8OE ;8G=>AB8. - ., 1989. 69. !?820:>2A:0O . !. 0: 1KBL @>48B5;O<8.  ., 1986. 70. !B>;8= . . !0<>A>7=0=85 ;8G=>AB8.  ., 1983. 71. $5;L4HB59= . . A8E>;>38O AB0=>2;5=8O ;8G=>AB8.  ., 1994. 48B5@0BC@0 477 72. $5;J4HB59= . . !>F80;L=>5 @0728B85 2 ?@>AB@0=AB25-2@5<5=8 45BAB20.  ., 1997. 73. $;5925;; 6. X. 5=5B8G5A:0O ?A8E>;>38O 0=0 8065.  ., 1967. 74. $;59:-%>1A>= ., >18=A>= . ., !:8= . 8@ 2E>4OI5<C: 0728B85 @515=:0 8 53> >B=>H5=89 A >:@C60NI8<8.  ., 1992. 75. $>@<8@>20=85 8=B5@5A0 : CG5=8N C H:>;L=8:>2 // >4 @54. . . 0@:>2>9. - ., 1986. " 76. $>@<8@>20=85 ;8G=>AB8 2 ?5@5E>4=K9 ?5@8>4: B ?>4@>AB:>2>3> : N=>H5A:><C 2>7@0ABC / >4 @54. . . C1@>28=>9.  ., 1987. 77. %0<1;8= . $>@<8@>20=85 CG51=KE =02K:>2.  ., 1986. 78. &C:5@<0= . . 5AOB8-425=04F0B8;5B=85 H:>;L=8:8: =8GLO 75<;O 2 2>7@0AB=>9 ?A8E>;>388 // >?@>AK ?A8E>;>388, 1998.  ! 3. 79. &C:5@<0= . ., 0AB5@>2 . . A8E>;>38O A0<>@0728B8O.  ., 1995. . 80. (20=F0@0 . 8 4@. 803=>AB8:0 ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O.  @030, 1978. 81. (@09=5@ . 0: A=OBL AB@5AA: 30 A?>A>1>2 C;CGH8BL A2>5 A0<>GC2AB285 70 3 <8=CBK.  ., 1993. % 82. -945<8;;5@ -. . 5B>4K A5<59=>9 4803=>AB8:8 8 ?A8E>B5@0?88. - !1., 1996. " 83. -945<8;;5@ -. ., .AB8F:89 . . !5<59=0O ?A8E>B5@0?8O.  ., 1990. 184. -:<0= . >G5<C 45B8 ;3CB?  ., 1993. |85. -@8:A>= -. 45=B8G=>ABL: .=>ABL 8 :@878A.  ., 1996. 86. /:>2;520 . . 803=>AB8:0 8 :>@@5:F8O 2=8<0=8O 8 ?0<OB8 H:>;L=8:>2 // . . 0@:>20, . . 845@5, . . /:>2;520. 803=>AB8:0 8 :>@@5:F8O C<AB25==>3> @0728B8O 2 H:>;L=>< 8 4>H:>;L=>< 2>7@0AB5.  ., 1992. 0745; V 0==OO N=>ABL .=>H5A:89 2>7@0AB  ?5@8>4 687=8 G5;>25:0 <564C ?>4@>AB:>2K< 2>7@0AB>< 8 27@>A;>ABLN.  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"@C4=>AB8 8 >B:;>=5=8O 2 @0728B88 2 @0==59 N=>AB8. 8B5@0BC@0 1O70B5;L=0O 1. >6>28G . . -B0?K D>@<8@>20=8O ;8G=>AB8 2 >=B>35=575 (III) // 71@0==K5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 B@C4K.  , 1995. 2. >= . !. A8E>;>38O @0==59 N=>AB8.  ., 1989. 3. C4@8:. .  2>A?8B0=88 AB0@H5:;0AA=8:>2.  ., 1981. 4. @O6=8:>2 . !. @>D5AA8>=0;L=>5 8 ;8G=>AB=>5 A0<>>?@545;5=85.  .; >@>=56, 1996. 5. 08A $. A8E>;>38O ?>4@>AB:>2>3> 8 N=>H5A:>3> 2>7@0AB0.  !1., 2000. 6. 01>G0O :=830 H:>;L=>3> ?A8E>;>30 / >4 @54. . . C1@>28=>9. - ., 1990. 7. 5<H<84B X. >4@>AB:>2K9 8 N=>H5A:89 2>7@0AB. @>1;5<K AB0=>2;5=8O ;8G=>AB8.  ., 1994. 8. !=0945@ . C@A 2K6820=8O 4;O ?>4@>AB:>2  ., 1995. 9. $;M9:-%>1A>= ., >18=A>= . ., !:8= . 8@ 2E>4OI5<C.  ., 1992. 10. $>@<8@>20=85 ;8G=>AB8 AB0@H5:;0AA=8:0 / >4 @54. . . C1@>28=>9.  ., 1989. . -@8:A>= -. 45=B8G=>ABL: N=>ABL 8 :@878A.  ., 1996. >?>;=8B5;L=0O 1. ;5:A0=4@>2 . . &5;8 8 7040G8 ?A8E>B5@0?88 ?@8 >A=>2=KE B8?0E 45;8=:25=B=>3> ?>2545=8O C ?>4@>AB:>2 // >7@0AB=K5 0A?5:BK 3@C??>2>9 ?A8E>B5@0?88 ?@8 =5@2=>-?A8E8G5A:8E 701>;520=8OE  ., 1988. 2. 04<052 !. . A8E>;>38G5A:0O :>@@5:F8O >B:;>=ONI53>AO ?>2545=8O H:>;L=8:>2.  ., 1993. 3. 5@= -. 3@K, 2 :>B>@K5 83@0NB ;N48. N48, :>B>@K5 83@0NB 2 83@K. - ., 1988 (1992, 2000, 2002). 8B5@0BC@0____________________________________________________529 4. >6>28G . . 8G=>ABL 8 55 D>@<8@>20=85 2 45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5.  ., 1968. 5. ;0AA5@ #. (:>;K 157 =5C40G=8:>2.  ., 1991. 6. C1@>28=0 . . A8E>;>38G5A:0O 3>B>2=>ABL : A0<>>?@545;5=8N  >A=>2=>5 =>2>>1@07>20=85 @0==59 N=>AB8 // $>@<8@>20=85 ;8G=>AB8 AB0@H5:;0AA=8:0.  ., 1989. 7. 0@20A0@A:89 . . A8E>B5@0?8O.  ., 1985. 8. ;55 . A8E>;>38O ?>4@>AB:0. A8E>A5:AC0;L=>5 @0728B85.  ., 1991. 9. >= . !. 2545=85 2 A5:A>;>38N.  ., 1988. 10. @093 . >4@>AB:>2K9 8 N=>H5A:89 2>7@0AB // A8E>;>38O @0728B8O. - !1., 2000. - !. 557-647. 11. Lifeline 8 4@C385 =>2K5 <5B>4K ?A8E>;>388 687=5==>3> ?CB8 / >4 @54. . . @>=8:0.  ., 1993. 12. 5;81@C40 ./  "+  +: ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 2>7<>6=>AB8 C;CGH5=8O >1I5=8O.  ., 1986. 13. 5B>48:0 4803=>AB8:8 A>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 040?B0F88 . >465@A0 8 . 09<>=4 (>?@>A=8: !) // @0:B8G5A:0O ?A8E>4803=>AB8:0.  !0<0@0, 1998.  !. 457-465. 14. 8;;5@ . . @>B82>?@02=>5 ?>2545=85 =5A>25@H5==>;5B=8E: 35=578A 8 @0==OO ?@>D8;0:B8:0.  852, 1985. 15. >;>456=K9 @5=5AA0=A.  ., 1990. 16. O;> . . @5<O 2K1>@0.  ., 1991. 17. 52A:89 . . AB@K5 C3;K 2>A?8B0=8O.  8=A:, 1990. 18. 0B0:8 $. 5:>B>@K5 ?@>1;5<K 45280=B=>3> (>B:;>=ONI53>AO) ?>2545=8O // A8E>;>38G5A:89 6C@=0;, 1987.  ". 8.  ! 4. 19. 0B>E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O C ?>4@>AB:>2 / >4 @54. . . 8G:>, . /. 20=>20. - ., 1981. 20. >4@>AB:>2K9 8 N=>H5A:89 2>7@0AB (>B 11 4> 19 ;5B) // A8E>;>38O G5;>25:0 >B @>645=8O 4> A<5@B8. / >4 @54. . . 50=0.  !1.; ., 2002. 21. >=><0@GC: . ., ">;ABKE . . !@54=55 >1@07>20=85: 425 :@8B8G5A:85 B>G:8 A>2@5<5==>9 H:>;K // !>F8>;>38G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O, 1994. - ! 12. 22. @O6=8:>2 . ! @>D5AA8>=0;L=>5 8 ;8G=>AB=>5 A0<>>?@545;5=85.  .; >@>=56, 1996. 23. A8E>;>38G5A:85 ?@>1;5<K 2KO2;5=8O 8 :>@@5:F88 >B:;>=ONI53>AO ?>2545=8O H:>;L=8:>2 / >4 @54. . . $5;L4HB59=0.  ., 1990. IS 'OC 74fi '0ABL II. 5BA:0O ?@0:B8G5A:0O ?A8E>;>38O 24. C18=HB59= !. . "5>@5B8G5A:85 2>?@>AK ?A8E>;>388 8 ?@>1;5<0 ;8G=>AB8 // A8E>;>38O ;8G=>AB8. "5:ABK.  ., 1982. 25. C45AB0< . @C??>20O ?A8E>B5@0?8O. A8E>;>38G5A:85 3@C??K B5>@8O 8 ?@0:B8:0.  ., 1990. 26. !0<>?>=8<0=85, A0<>2>A?8B0=85, A0<>?><>IL, A0<>>1;040=85 A0<>@0728B85, A0<>@50;870F8O ?>4@>AB:0.  86=89 >23>@>4 1995. 27. !0<>C:8=0 . . 3@K, 2 :>B>@K5 83@0NB...: A8E>;>38G5A:89 ?@0:B8:C<.  >AB>2 =/., 2000. 28. !2O4>I. . 5=A:0O A5:A>?0B>;>38O.  ., 1974. 29. !=538@520 ". . 5B>48:0 87<5@5=8O >A>15==>AB59 ;8G=>AB=>9 A0<>@53C;OF88 // 803=>AB8G5A:0O 8 :>@@5:F8>==0O @01>B0 H:>;L=>3> ?A8E>;>30.  ., 1987. 30. !>1:8= . !. !B0@H5:;0AA=8: 2 <8@5 ?>;8B8:8.  ., 1997. 31. !>1:8= . !, C7=5F>20 . . >AA89A:89 ?>4@>AB>: 90-E: 42865=85 2 7>=C @8A:0.  ., 1998. 32. !B>??0@4 . >;57=K5 A>25BK 452CH:0<.  ., 1991. 33. ">;ABKE . . >4@>AB>: 2 =5D>@<0;L=>9 3@C??5.  ., 1991. 34. ">;ABKE . . ?KB :>=:@5B=>-8AB>@8G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388 ;8G=>AB8. - !1., 2000. 35. "><M . "5>@5B8G5A:85 8 M<?8@8G5A:85 >A=>2K ?A8E>;>388 @0728B8O G5;>25G5A:>9 687=8 // @8=F8? @0728B8O 2 ?A8E>;>388.   1978. 36. "@C4=K5 AC4L1K ?>4@>AB:>2  :B> 28=>20B?  ., 1991. 37. $5;L4HB59= . . @>1;5<K 2>7@0AB=>9 8 ?5403>38G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388.  ., 1995. 38. $>@<8@>20=85 ;8G=>AB8 2 ?5@5E>4=K9 ?5@8>4 >B ?>4@>AB:>2>3> : N=>H5A:><C 2>7@0ABC / >4 @54. . . C1@>28=>9.  ., 1987. 39. -945<8;;5@ -. ., .AB8F:89 . . A8E>;>38G5A:0O :>@@5:F8O 45;8=:25=B=>3> ?>2545=8O C ?>4@>AB:>2 A >B:;>=5=8O<8 E0@0:B5@0 // AA;54>20=8O <5E0=87<>2 8 MDD5:B ?A8E>B5@0?88 ?@8 =5@2=>-?A8E8G5A:8E 701>;520=8OE.  ., 1982. 40. -@8:A>= -. >;>4>9 NB5@.  ., 1996. 41. .=>ABL: D878G5A:>5 8 C<AB25==>5 @0728B85, A>F80;870F8O // 0728B85 ;8G=>AB8 @515=:0.  ., 1987. '0ABL III   !%  (  MB>9 G0AB8 <K E>B8< >1@0B8BL 20H5 2=8<0=85 =0 5I5 >48= 25AL<0 ACI5AB25==K9 0A?5:B ?@0:B8G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 ?A8E>;>30, 0 8<5==> =0 2>7<>6=>ABL ?@5?>4020=8O ?A8E>;>388 :0: CG51=>3> ?@54<5B0 2 >1I5>1@07>20B5;L=>9 H:>;5. >=5G=>, ?@5?>4020=85 ?A8E>;>388 2 H:>;5 =8 2 :>59 <5@5 =5 70<5=O5B @01>BC ?@0:B8G5A:>3> ?A8E>;>30. -B> ;8HL 5I5 >4=> =0?@02;5=85 2708<>459AB28O =0CG=>9 8 ?@0:B8G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388 A A8AB5<>9 A>2@5<5==>3> >1@07>20=8O1. ;020 1. A8E>;>38O :0: CG51=K9 ?@54<5B >1I5>1@07>20B5;L=>9 H:>;K 725AB=>, GB> ?@>D5AA8O ?A8E>;>3  >G5=L H8@>:>5 ?>=OB85. (:>;L=K9 ?A8E>;>3 (8;8 ?5403>3-?A8E>;>3, ?@0:B8G5A:89 ?A8E>;>3 >1@07>20=8O), ?A8E>;>3-8AA;54>20B5;L (=0CG=K9 @01>B=8:), ?@5?>4020B5;L ?A8E>;>388 2 2C75 8 CG8B5;L ?A8E>;>388 2 H:>;5  MB> B5A=> A2O70==K5, 2708<>>1CA;>2;5==K5, => @07=K5 A?5F80;L=>AB8, :0640O 87 :>B>@KE B@51C5B A?5F80;L=>9 8 ?@>4>;68B5;L=>9 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 ?>43>B>2:8. 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CABL G0I5 1C4CB A;KH=K =0 C@>:0E 2>73;0AK 45B59: # =0A ?>;CG8;>AL!, -2@8:0! 5. !8BC0F8O 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> =0?@O65=8O.  ;N1>< 45;5 CA?5E =5 405BAO 157 ?>AB>O==>3>, =0?@O65==>3> 8 A8AB5<0B8G5A:>3> B@C40. #G51=0O 45OB5;L=>ABL, 2 >A=>25 :>B>@>9 ;568B C<AB25==K9 B@C4, =5 O2;O5BAO 8A:;NG5=85<. . . #H8=A:89 >1@0I0; 2=8<0=85 =0 B>, GB> C<AB25==K9 B@C4 5420 ;8 =5 A0<K9 BO65;K9 B@C4 4;O G5;>25:0, GB> <5GB0BL ;53:> 8 ?@8OB=>, => 4C<0BL B@C4=>. >MB><C =0 C@>:5 A8BC0F8O CA?5E0 4>;6=0 2:;NG0BL 2 A51O M;5<5=BK 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> =0?@O65=8O, 0 A8BC0F8O 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> =0?@O65=8O  M;5<5=BK CA?5E0. ">;L:> B>B CA?5E ?@8=>A8B =0AB>OICN @04>ABL 8 3>@4>ABL, :>B>@K9 4>AB0;AO 8<5==> F5=>N =0?@O65==>3> B@C40.  A>7=0=85 B>3>, GB> 4>AB865=85 ?@8H;> A0<> A>1>9, ?> ICGL5<C 25;5=8N, ?> <0=>25=8N 2>;H51=>9 ?0;>G:8, 87-70 A=8AE>48B5;L=>AB8 CG8B5;O 8 ?@.,  =8G53> =5 AB>8B. => =5 405B B>3>, GB> =C6=55 2A53> H:>;L=8:C,  GC2AB20 A>1AB25==>3> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> @>AB0, 3>@4>AB8 45;>< A2>53> @07C<0, A2>8E @C:, ;560I53> 2 >A=>25 1 ;0AA5@ #. (:>;0 157 =5C40G=8:>2.  ., 1991.  !. 17. A8E>;>3>-4840:B8G5A:85 0A?5:BK ?@5?>4020=8O ?A8E>;>388 2 H:>;5_______559 D>@<8@CNI53>AO A0<>C2065=8O, ?>78B82=>3> >B=>H5=8O : ?>7=0=8N 8 CG5=8N. 0: ?>1C48BL H:>;L=8:0 : ?@5>4>;5=8N B@C4=>AB59 CG51=>3> <0B5@80;0? 48= 87 A?>A>1>2,  >B<5G05B 6. @C=5@,  1@>A8BL 5<C 2K7>2 8A?KB0BL A2>8 A8;K, 70AB028BL 53> 2K;>68BLAO ?>;=>ABLN, >B:@KBL 4;O =53> @04>ABL CA?5H=>3> A>25@H5=8O B@C4=>9 @01>BK. %>@>H89 CG8B5;L 7=05B A8;C MB>3> A>1;07=0. #G5=8: 4>;65= 8A?KB0BL GC2AB2> ?>;=>3> ?>3;>I5=8O @01>B>9, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: 2 H:>;5 A =8< MB> @54:> ?@>8AE>48B1. 5403>38 ?KB0NBAO 70?5G0B;5BL A2>9 >?KB ?> @0728B8N 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> B2>@G5A:>3> ?>B5=F80;0 CG0I8EAO 2 @07;8G=>3> 2840 ?@028;0E.  :0G5AB25 ?@8<5@0 ?@82545< 10 70?>25459, A>AB02;5==KE >4=>9 ?@5?>4020B5;L=8F59 A@54=59 H:>;K. 5 A>3;0H09AO A >B25B>< CG5=8:0, 5A;8 >B25B ?@>AB> 70B25@65= 8 ?@8=OB =0 25@C. "@51C9 4>:070B5;LAB20. 8:>340 =5 @07@5H09 A?>@ CG0I8EAO A0<K< ;53:8< A?>A>1><, B. 5. ?>?@>ABC A>>1I82 8< ?@028;L=K9 >B25B 8;8 25@=K9 A?>A>1 @5H5=8O. =8<0B5;L=> A;CH09 A2>8E CG5=8:>2, ;>28 :064CN 2KA:070==CN 8<8 <KA;L, GB>1K =5 C?CAB8BL A;CG0O @0A:@KBL 4;O =8E GB>-B> =>2>5 2 A515. >AB>O==> ?><=8  >1CG5=85 4>;6=> >?8@0BLAO =0 8=B5@5AK, <>B82K 8 G0O=8O H:>;L=8:>2. 0A?8A0=85 C@>:>2 8 H:>;L=K5 72>=:8 =5 4>;6=K 1KBL >?@545;ONI8< D0:B>@>< CG51=>3> ?@>F5AA0. #20609 A2>8 A>1AB25==K5 AC<0AH54H85 8458 8 ?@828209 4@C38< 2:CA : =5AB0=40@B=><C <KH;5=8N. 8:>340 =5 3>2>@8 A2>5<C CG5=8:C: 0< =5:>340 >1AC640BL B2>N 3;C?CN 845N. 5 A:C?8AL =0 >1>4@ONI55 A;>2>, 4>1@>65;0B5;L=CN C;K1:C, 4@C65A:>5 ?>>I@5=85.  ?@>F5AA5 >1CG5=8O =5 <>65B 1KBL ?>AB>O==>9 <5B>48:8 8 @07 =02A5340 CAB0=>2;5==>9 ?@>3@0<<K. >2B>@O9 MB8 70?>2548 :064K9 25G5@, ?>:0 >=8 =5 AB0=CB G0ABLN B51O A0<>3>. 5. #@>: 8 M<>F8>=0;L=K5 A>AB>O=8O H:>;L=8:>2 A>1>5 2=8<0=85 ?@5?>4020B5;O ?A8E>;>388 E>B5;>AL 1K >1@0B8BL =0 ?5@56820=8O @515=:0 2 ?@>F5AA5 >1CG5=8O, =0 53> M<>F8>=0;L=>5 >B=>H5=85 : <0B5@80;C C@>:0 8 : CG8B5;N. 1 @C=5@ 6. A8E>;>38O ?>7=0=8O.  ., 1977.  !. 377. 560 '0ABL III. @5?>4020=85 ?A8E>;>388 2 H:>;5 I5 . . #H8=A:89 ?8A0;: A;8 65 <K ?@8<5< 2> 2=8<0=85, GB> GC2AB2>20=8O<8 =0H8<8 >?@545;ONBAO =0H8 65;0=8O, 65;0=8O<8 >?@545;ONBAO =0H8 ?>ABC?:8, B> 87 MB>3> A0<> A>1>N C65 2K945B =5>1K:=>25==> 206=>5, ?@0:B8G5A:>5 7=0G5=85 =0H8E GC2AB2>20=891. 'C2AB20 >:07K20NB @07;8G=>5, => 2A5340 ACI5AB25==>5 2;8O=85 =0 ;N1CN 45OB5;L=>ABL. %>@>H55 =0AB@>5=85 CA8;8205B 65;0=85 @01>B0BL, :065BAO, GB> <>6=> 3>@K A428=CBL. @8 @02=>4CH88, 157@07;8G88, >B@8F0B5;L=KE M<>F8OE G5;>25: 2@O4 ;8 A?>A>15= AB028BL 8 @5H0BL A5@L57=K5 :0: CG51=K5, B0: 8 687=5==> 206=K5 7040G8. . . OA8I52 2 @01>B5 8G=>ABL 8 =52@>7 (1960) ?>4G5@:8205B, GB> DC=:F8>=0;L=K5 2>7<>6=>AB8 2 ;N1>< =0?@02;5=88 45OB5;L=>AB8 <>3CB 1KBL >?@545;5=K =0 C@>2=5 53> 0:B82=>-?>;>68B5;L=>3> >B=>H5=8O : 7040G5. 3@><=> 7=0G5=85 M<>F89 8 GC2AB2 2 CG51=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. A;8 @515=:C =0 C@>:5 A:CG=>, =5?>=OB=> 8;8 C =53> 2>7=8:05B GC2AB2> AB@0E0 87-70 2>7<>6=>9 >H81:8, =5C25@5==>AB8 2 A515 8 ?@., ?@>1;5< 2 53> CG51=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 ?>2545=88 1C45B <=>3>. >;LH>5 2=8<0=85 =0 ?5@56820=8O @515=:0 >1@0I0; . !. K3>BA:89: %>B8< ;8 <K 4>AB83=CBL ;CGH53> 70?><8=0=8O A> AB>@>=K CG5=8:>2 8;8 1>;55 CA?5H=>9 @01>BK <KA;8  2A5 @02=> <K 4>;6=K ?>701>B8BLAO > B><, GB>1K 8 B0 8 4@C30O 45OB5;L=>ABL AB8<C;8@>20;0AL M<>F8>=0;L=>. ?KB 8 8AA;54>20=8O ?>:070;8, GB> M<>F8>=0;L=> >:@0H5==K9 D0:B 70?><8=05BAO :@5?G5 8 ?@>G=55, G5< 157@07;8G=K9... @5645 G5< A>>1I0BL B> 8;8 8=>5 7=0=85, CG8B5;L 4>;65= 2K720BL A>>B25BAB2CNICN M<>F8N CG5=8:0 8 ?>701>B8BLAO > B><, GB>1K MB0 M<>F8O A2O70;0AL A =>2K< 7=0=85<. ">;L:> B> 7=0=85 <>65B ?@828BLAO, :>B>@>5 ?@>H;> G5@57 GC2AB2> CG5=8:0. A5 >AB0;L=>5 5ABL <5@B2>5 7=0=85, C1820NI55 2AO:>5 682>5 >B=>H5=85 : <8@C2. . !. K3>BA:89 ?>4G5@:820;, GB> 2AO:>5 >1CG5=85 2>7<>6=> B>;L:> ?>AB>;L:C, ?>A:>;L:C >=> >?8@05BAO =0 M<>F8>=0;L=K9 >B:;8: @515=:0. @C3>3> =5 ACI5AB2C5B. =K<8 A;>20<8 =5>1E>48<> 2K720BL C H:>;L=8:0 708=B5@5A>20==>ABL 2 CG51=>< ?@54<5B5. @8 MB>< 8=B5@5A <>65B 1KBL :0: =5?>A@54AB25==K< 8=B5@5A>< : 40==><C CG51=><C ?@54<5BC 8;8 : ?@>F5AAC CG5=8O 2>>1I5, B0: 8 >?>A@54>20==K<, A2O70==K< A 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 1 #H8=A:89 . . 71@0==K5 ?5403>38G5A:85 A>G8=5=8O:  2 B.  ., 1953. ". 1.- !. 393. 2 K3>BA:89 . !. 5403>38G5A:0O ?A8E>;>38O.  ., 1991.  ;. 6.  !.141-142. A8E>;>3>-4840:B8G5A:85 0A?5:BK ?@5?>4020=8O ?A8E>;>388 2 H:>;5_______56 OA=K< (2 7028A8<>AB8 >B 2>7@0AB0) >A>7=0=85< B>3>, GB> 405B 87CG5=85 40==>3> CG51=>3> ?@54<5B0 4;O 1C4CI53>, 4;O C?@>G5=8O ;8G=>AB=>3> ?@5AB860 2 =0AB>OI5< 8 ?@. (:>;L=8:8 ;N1>3> 2>7@0AB0 284OB 2 :064>< ?5403>35 G5;>25:0, :>B>@K9 >1;0405B 7=0=8O<8 8 >?KB><, :>B>@KE >=8 5I5 A0<8 =5 8<5NB. =8 2A5340 : CG8B5;O< :0:-B> >B=>AOBAO. =8 6064CB M<>F8>=0;L=>3> :>=B0:B0 A B5<8, :>B>@KE C2060NB, 02B>@8B5B (=0CG=K9 8 G5;>25G5A:89) :>B>@KE ?@87=0NB. 1@07>20=85, CG51=0O 45OB5;L=>ABL, :0: 8 ;N10O 4@C30O, 2:;NG05B 2 A2>9 A>AB02 =5 B>;L:> :>3=8B82=K5 8 >?5@0F8>==K5 0A?5:BK 45OB5;L=>AB8, => 8 B0:CN G5;>25G5A:CN F5==>ABL, :0: 682>5 >1I5=85 (@>A:>HL G5;>25G5A:>3> >1I5=8O). <5==> 682>5 =5?>A@54AB25==>5 >1I5=85 ?>@>6405B M<>F88, GC2AB20, ?5@56820=8O, 0DD5:BK, GB> O2;O5BAO =5?@5<5==K< CA;>285< ;8G=>AB=>3> 8 1C4CI53> ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>3> @>AB0. 4=0:> A;>6=K9 :><?;5:A AC1J5:B82=KE ?5@56820=89 @515=:0 >AB05BAO =5@54:> 157 4>;6=>3> 2=8<0=8O A> AB>@>=K CG8B5;59. 54>CG5B MB8E ?5@56820=89 2545B : =0@CH5=8N ?A8E8G5A:>3> 8 ;8G=>AB=>3> @0728B8O @515=:0, : =0@CH5=8N 53> 74>@>2LO. 5B8 =5 <>3CB ?@>AB8BL 27@>A;K< @02=>4CH=>3> : A515 >B=>H5=8O. 0?@8<5@, >48= 87 H:>;L=8:>2 3>2>@8B > A2>5<, >G5284=> 7=0G8<>< 4;O =53> CG8B5;5: A;8 >= =5 E>G5B <5=O ;N18BL, O 70AB02;N 53> E>BO 1K <5=O =5=02845BL, ;8HL 1K >= >1@0B8; =0 <5=O 2=8<0=85.  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A;8 CG8B5;L A0< =0E>48BAO 345-B> 2=87C H:0;K B2>@G5A:85 A?>A>1=>AB8, B>: f& H:>;L=8:8 A O@:8<8 B2>@G5A:8<8 A?>A>1=>ABO<8 =5 @0A:@K20NBAO, =5 @50;87CNB A2>8E 2>7<>6=>AB59; f& CA?5E8 CG0I8EAO, ;8H5==KE B2>@G5A:>3> 1;5A:0, >:07K20NBAO 2KH5, G5< 2 ?5@2>< A;CG05. #G8B5;L 2>;L=> 8;8 =52>;L=> >:07K205B ?@54?>GB5=85 B><C ?A8E>;>38G5A:><C B8?C ?> C@>2=N @0728B8O B2>@G5A:8E A?>A>1=>AB59, : :>B>@><C ?@8=04;568B A0<1. 1 C: . . KH;5=85 8 B2>@G5AB2>.  ., 1976. 570___________________________'0ABL III. @5?>4020=85 ?A8E>;>388 2 H:>;5 5 <5=55 7=0G8<K 4;O @0728B8O H:>;L=8:>2 8 >6840=8O CG8B5;O ?> >B=>H5=8N : :064><C 87 =8E. 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'B> 65 <5H05B @0728B8N A>1AB25==>9 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 8 ;8G=>AB=>9 0:B82=>AB8 CG0I8EAO 2 CG51=>< ?@>F5AA5? 5H05B <=>3>5, => >1@0B8< 2=8<0=85 =0 420 >G5=L ACI5AB25==KE <><5=B0. >-?5@2KE,  >4=>AB>@>==OO 0:B82=>ABL ?@5?>4020B5;O =0 C@>:5. = >1JOA=O5B, 2>?@>H05B, E20;8B, ?>@8F05B, C482;O5BAO, @04C5BAO, A5@48BAO. 725AB=>, GB> A>>1I0NI55, >1JOA=8B5;L=>-8;;NAB@0B82=>5 >1CG5=85 A>:@0I05B 2>7<>6=>AB8 @0728B8O A0<>AB>OB5;L=>3> <KH;5=8O. >-2B>@KE, CG8B5;L =5@54:> 8<55B <0;> A2545=89 > B><, :0: B@0=AD>@<8@CNBAO A>>1I05<K5 8< 7=0=8O 2 3>;>20E CG0I8EAO, A :0:8<8 B@C4=>ABO<8 >=8 2AB@5G0NBAO, :0:>9 >B:;8: 2 8E 4CH0E =0E>4OB M<>F8>=0;L=K5 @50:F88 CG8B5;O. #G51=0O ?@>3@0<<0, 4065 >G5=L E>@>H0O A0<0 ?> A515, ?>4:@5?;5==0O CG51=8:0<8 8 <5B>48G5A:8<8 ?>A>18O<8, <>65B A;C68BL @0728B8N @515=:0, 0 <>65B 8 =5 A;C68BL. K;> 1K, =025@=>5, ?@>AB>, 5A;8 1K @0728B85 @515=:0 F5;8:>< 8 ?>;=>ABLN 7028A5;> >B :0G5AB20 CG51- 1 5@=5 . 0728B85 /-:>=F5?F88 8 2>A?8B0=85.  ., 1986. 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"0:0O >F5=:0 =5 <>65B 1KBL A@54=59 0@8D<5B8G5A:>9 2A5E 40==KE B5:CI59 ?@>25@:8 8;8 70G5B>2. =0 2KAB02;O5BAO A CG5B>< D0:B8G5A:>3> C@>2=O ?>43>B>2:8, 4>AB83=CB>3> CG5=8:>< : :>=FC A>>B25BAB2CNI53> ?5@8>40. 57N<5 @5?>4020=85 ?A8E>;>388 2 H:>;5  206=>5 =0?@02;5=85 45OB5;L=>AB8 ?A8E>;>30 >1I53> A@54=53> >1@07>20=8O. >43>B>2:0 ?A8E>;>3>2 : ?@5?>4020=8N ?A8E>;>388 B@51C5B 7=0=8O =5 B>;L:> ?A8E>;>388, => 8 A<56=KE 48AF8?;8=, ?@5645 2A53> 4840:B8:8 8 <5B>48:8 >1CG5=8O. 8B5@0BC@0 1. C;LD>2 . 3., 20=>2 . . A=>2K ?5403>38:8: #G51. ?>A>185.  ., 2000. 2. K3>BA:89 . !. 5403>38G5A:0O ?A8E>;>38O.  ., 1996. 580 '0ABL ill. @5?>4020=85 ?A8E>;>388 2 H:>;5 3. 659<A #. 5A54K A CG8B5;O<8 > ?A8E>;>388.  ., 1998. 4. 8=G5=:> . . DD5:B 8 8=B5;;5:B 2 >1@07>20=88.  ., 1995. 5. >@G0:/. 5403>38G5A:>5 =0A;5485.  ., 1991. 6. 528B5A . . (:>;0 4;O ?@>D5AA8>=0;>2, 8;8 !5<L C@>:>2 4;O B5E, :B> CG8B.  .; >@>=56, 2001. 7. 0A;>C. >2K5 @C1568 G5;>25G5A:>9 ?@8@>4K.  ., 1994. 8. 0E<CB>2 . . @>1;5<=>5 >1CG5=85.  , 1975. 9. 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