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Conference faite aux soirees scientifiques de la Sorbonne, le 7 avril 1864: Revue des cours scientifiques de la France et de Vetranger, I, 23 avril 1864, p. 257-265 ( A0<>?@>872>;L=>< 70@>645=88: >:;04, ?@>G8B0==K9 =0 =0CG=KE 25G5@0E !>@1>==K, 7 0?@. 1864.)]. 0AB5@ 702>520; ?@5<8N, => 53> 1;5ABOI89 >?KB B0: 8 =5 ?>E>@>=8; B5>@88 A0<>70@>645=8O, :>B>@0O B> 8 45;> 4020;0 > A515 7=0BL. >4>1=> =K=5H=8< 3>@>4A:8< <8D0< >=0 >1@5;0 A>1AB25==CN 687=L. ! =0CG=>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O 2 >?KB0E 0AB5@0 A<CI0;> B>;L:> >4=>. 54L 5A;8 :064K9 682>9 >@30=87< ?@>8AE>48B >B ?@54H5AB2CNI8E 682KE >@30=87<>2, B> :0:8< >1@07>< ?>O28;AO ?5@2K9 682>9 >@30=87<? 8?>B570 3. >7=8:=>25=85 687=8 872=5. =0:A03>@, 682H89 2 500 428 3>40E 4> =. 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XI)]. !:>;L 1K ;N1>?KB=K<8 =8 1K;8 MB8 A>>1@065=8O 8 :0:8<8 1K <0AB8BK<8 CG5=K<8 >=8 =8 2K42830;8AL, MB> =5 38?>B57K, :>B>@K5 ?>72>;O;8 1K 45;0BL ?@54A:070=8O 8 4>?CA:0;8 1K >?KB=CN ?@>25@:C, ?>MB><C >=8 8 >AB0;8AL =52>AB@51>20==K<8 ?> <5=LH59 <5@5 2 A<KA;5 =0CG=>3> ?>4E>40.  1907 3>4C H254A:89 E8<8: !20=B5 @@5=8CA, C4>AB>5==K9 >15;52A:>9 ?@5<88 70 B5>@8N M;5:B@8G5A:>9 48AA>F80F88, =0?8A0; ?>?C;O@=CN :=83C Varldarnas utveckling [1@07>20=85 <8@>2. 45AA0: Mathesis, 1908]. @@5=8CA ?>;030;, GB> 687=L 345-B> 70@>6405BAO, ?@>18205BAO A:2>7L 0B<>AD5@C 4@C38E ?;0=5B 8 AB@0=AB2C5B ?> A5;5==>9 2 2845 A?>@, ?>4B0;:8205<0O 402;5=85< A25B0 >B =0E>4OI59AO 2 F5=B@5 MB>9 ?;0=5B0@=>9 A8AB5<K 72574K. 0: 38?>B570 40==0O 845O ?@54A:07K205B, GB> A?>@K ?@8 42865=88 : 5<;5 2 A>AB>O=88 ?5@5=5AB8 C;LB@0D8>;5B>2>5 87;CG5=85 !>;=F0.  @O45 >?KB>2 A?>@K ?><5I0;8 2 CA;>28O, 1;87:85 : :>A<8G5A:8<, :>B>@K5 >=8 =5 A<>3;8 2K=5AB8. 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CAA:89 18>E8<8: ;5:A0=4@ ?0@8= ?@54?>;>68;, GB> =0 @0==59 AB0488 @0728B8O 5<;8 =0@O4C A 0<<80:>< (NH3), 2>4>@>4>< (2) 8 2>4>9 (2) ?@8ACBAB2>20; <5B0=. 5@>OB=>, MB> 1K;> AK@L5, =5>1E>48<>5 4;O =0G0;0 687=8, ?>A:>;L:C B0< A>45@60;8AL >A=>2>?>;030NI85 M;5<5=BK 682KE >@30=87<>2: C3;5@>4, :8A;>@>4, 2>4>@>4 8 07>B.  1924 3>4C ?0@8= 2K?CA:05B 1@>HN@C > ?@>8AE>645=88 687=8, 345 3>2>@8BAO: >=0G0;C =01;N40;8AL ?@>ABK5 @0AB2>@K >@30=8G5A:8E 25I5AB2, GL5 ?>2545=85 >?@545;O;>AL A2>9AB20<8 2E>4OI8E 2 8E A>AB02 0B><>2 8 @0A?>;>65=85< A0<8E 0B><>2 2=CB@8 <>;5:C;. > ?>AB5?5==> 2A;54AB285 @>AB0 8 CA;>6=5=8O <>;5:C; ?>O28;8AL =>2K5 A2>9AB20, 8 A@548 1>;55 ?@>ABKE >@30=8G5A:8E E8<8G5A:8E A2O759 CB25@48;AO =>2K9 :>;;>84=>-E8<8G5A:89 ?>@O4>:. -B8 >1=>2;5==K5 A2>9AB20 >?@545;O;8AL ?@>AB@0=AB25==K< @0A?>;>65=85< 8 2708<=K<8 A2O7O<8 <564C <>;5:C;0<8. > 4065 B0:>5 A>AB>O=85 >@30=8G5A:>9 <0B5@88 5I5 =5 <>3;> ?>@>48BL ?5@2KE 682KE ACI5AB2. ;O MB>3> :>;;>840;L=K5 A8AB5<K 2 E>45 A2>53> @0728B8O 4>;6=K 1K;8 ?@8>1@5AB8 A2>9AB20 1>;55 2KA>:>3> ?>@O4:0, :>B>@K9 ?>72>;8; 1K ?5@59B8 : A;54CNI59, 1>;55 A;>6=>9 ABC?5=8 2 CAB@>9AB25 <0B5@88. 45AL C65 70O2;O5B > A515 18>;>38G5A:0O C?>@O4>G5==>ABL. ?5@565=85 2 @>AB5, 1>@L10 70 2K6820=85 8, =0:>=5F, 5AB5AB25==K9 >B1>@ CAB0=>28;8 B0:>9 284 CAB@>5=8O <0B5@88, :>B>@K9 ?@8ACI 2A5<C 682><C B5?5@L. ?0@8= >1=0@C68;, GB> 15;:8, =0E>4OI85AO 2 @0AB2>@5==>< A>AB>O=88, <>3CB A;8?0BLAO, >1@07CO A3CAB:8. "0:85 A3CAB:8 >= =0720; :>0F5@20B0<8 8 70O28;, GB> >=8 A?>A>1=K =0 <5B01>;87<. 7-70 @52>;NF88 2 >AA88 @01>BK ?0@8=0 1K;8 =58725AB=K =0 0?045 4> :>=F0 1930-E 3>4>2.  AB0BL5 1929 3>40 @>8AE>645=85 687=8 [The Origin of Life, Rationalist Annual. Vol. P. 148; @>8AE>645=85 687=8 // ;0=5B0 5<;O. ., 1961. !. 315-334] 6. . !. %>;459=, 1@8B0=A:89 18>E8<8:, AB@>8B 4>304:8 > ?@>8AE>645=88 687=8 =0 5<;5. @82>4O =5402=85 >?KBK > 2;8O=88 C;LB@0D8>;5B>2>3> 87;CG5=8O =0 E8<8G5A:85 @50:F88, %>;459= ?@54?>;>68;, GB> C;LB@0D8>;5B>2>5 87;CG5=85 A2>8< 2>7459AB285< =0 ?5@28G=CN 0B<>AD5@C 5<;8 2 2845 42C>:8A8 C3;5@>40 (!2), ?0@>2 2>4K (2) 8 0<<80:0 (NH3) <>3;> 2K720BL : 687=8 >@30=8G5A:85 A>548=5=8O, :>B>@K5 A>18@0;8AL 2 >:50=5, 4>AB83=C2 2 8B>35 A>AB>O=8O 3>@OG53> @07102;5==>3> 1C;L>=0. >A;54CNI89 E8<8G5A:89 A8=B57 ?>@>48; ?5@28G=K5 >@30=87<K, ?8B02H85AO >:@C60NI8<8 8E >@30=8G5A:8<8 25I5AB20<8. %>;459= >A>1> A>A@54>B>G8; 2=8<0=85 =0 2>A?@>872545=88, ?>;030O, GB> ?5@28G=K5 >@30=87<K ?>E>48;8 =0 ?@>ABK5 28@CAK, 8;8 28@>84K. @C3 8=B5@5A>2 %>;459=0 1K; 25AL<0 H8@>:, 0 53> @0F8>=0;8AB8G5A:85 273;O4K  E>@>H> 8725AB=K.  :>=F5 687=8 :B>-B> A?@>A8; %>;459=0, GB> >= 2 A2>5< 4;8B5;L=>< 87CG5=88 ?@8@>4K ?>4@07C<520; ?>4 55 B2>@F><. %>;459= 704C<0;AO: 2>7<>6=>, >:>;> 350 BKA. 284>2 6C:>2, A>AB02;ONI8E 1>;55 ?>;>28=K 2A5E =0A5:><KE, 0 70B5< >B25B8;: !>740B5;L, 5A;8 >= 5ABL, ?8B05B =5>1K:=>25==CN A;01>ABL : 6C:0< [?@82>48BAO 2 A>>1I5=88 > ?@>G8B0==>< %>;459=>< 7 0?@5;O 1951 3>40 >:;045: Journal of 'the British Interplanetary Society. 1951. Vol. 10]. "0: :0: ?0@8= 8 %>4459= =57028A8<> 4@C3 >B 4@C30 ?@8H;8 : AE>4=K< 2K2>40<, 8E 38?>B57K G0AB> ?@54AB02;ONB 2<5AB5 2 2845 B5>@88 ?0@8=0 %>;459=0. @8 2A5< AE>4AB25 2K2>4>2 ?0@8= ?@5645 2A53> ?>4G5@:8205B <5B01>;87<, B>340 :0: %>4459=  2>A?@>872545=85. -B> @0AE>645=85 @0718205B AB>@>==8:>2 B5>@88 ?@>8AE>645=8O 687=8 =0 420 ;035@O. >A;5 2K42865=8O 38?>B57K >AB05BAO 640BL ?>O2;5=8O 4>ABC?=>3> ?@>25@:5 ?@54A:070=8O 8 ?@>2545=8O A>>B25BAB2CNI8E >?KB>2.  1952 3>4C !BM=;8 8;;5@ (0A?8@0=B >15;52A:>3> ;0C@50B0 0@>;L40 ;59B>=0 #@8 2 '8:03A:>< C=825@A8B5B5) ?@>45;0; =>20B>@A:89 >?KB ?> ?@>25@:5 B5>@88 ?0@8=0 %>;459=0. @54?>;0305<K5 A>AB02;ONI85 ?5@28G=>9 0B<>AD5@K 5<;8  2>40, 2>4>@>4, 0<<80: 8 <5B0=  ?>A;5 >15A?;>6820=8O 22>48;8AL 2 A>>B25BAB2CNI89 ?@81>@, 345 ?>425@30;8AL M;5:B@8G5A:8< @07@O40<, 8<8B8@CNI8< <>;=88 (@8A. 3.1). 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aven P. H., Johnson G. . Biology. 6th edition. N.Y., 2002 [5<? ., @<5 . 2545=85 2 18>;>38N / 5@. 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SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT  8A. 4.2. !2O7L F$ A -15;:><, 0 -15;:0  A  (87 :=.: Raven P. H., Johnson G. . Biology)  8AE>4=KE CA;>28OE 8<55BAO 3;N:>70 8 >BACBAB2C5B ;0:B>70. @8 =0;8G88 3;N:>7K F$ =5 2K@010BK205BAO, 0 7=0G8B, =5 >1@07>2K205BAO :><?;5:A -15;>:/F$, =5 A38105BAO  8 ?>;8<5@070  =5 ?5@5?8AK205B 15;:8 4;O CA2>5=8O ;0:B>7K. ><8<> MB>3>, @5?@5AA>@ =0E>48BAO =0 , ?@5?OBAB2CO A>548=5=8N ?>;8<5@07K  A  2 MB>< <5AB5. >;CG05BAO 42>9=0O 1;>:8@>2:0 ?5@570?8A8 (@8A. 4.30).  A<5H0==>9 A@545 A 3;N:>7>9 8 ;0:B>7>9 ?@8ACBAB285 3;N:>7K ?@5?OBAB2C5B >1@07>20=8N :><?;5:A0 -15;>:/ F$, B0: GB>  =5 873810;0AL, 0 ?>;8<5@070  =5 70=8<0;0AL ?5@570?8ALN. 065 5A;8 ?@8ACBAB285 ;0:B>7K 2K=C48B @5?@5AA>@ ?>:8=CBL 1>@>74:C , ?>;=>3> A2O7K20=8O ?>;8<5@07K  =5 ?@>87>945B. =0 ?>:8405B , B0: 8 =5 ?@8:@5?82H8AL =8 : >4=><C 87 CG0AB:>2 lac->?5@>=0.  8A. 4.3. Lac-penpeccop (87 :=.: Raven P. H., Johnson G. . 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B01;8F5 459AB285 A8AB5<K @CG:0 70A>2 A@02=8205BAO A <5E0=87<>< 0:B820B>@ @5?@5AA>@. >;>65=85 @CG:8 (0:B820B>@)>;>65=85 70?>@0 (@5?@5AA>@)B:@>5BAO ;8 425@L (>1@07CNBAO ;8 CA20820NI85 ;0:B>7C 15;:8?)5 ?>25@=CB0 (2KA>:>5 A>45@60=85 3;N:>7K)0?5@B> (2KA>:>5 A>45@60=85 ;0:B>7K)5B5 ?>25@=CB0 (2KA>:>5 A>45@60=85 3;N:>7K)5 70?5@B> (=87:>5 A>45@60=85 ;0:B>7K)5B>25@=CB0 (2KA>:>5 A>45@60=85 3;N:>7K)0?5@B> (=87:>5 A>45@60=85 ;0:B>7K)5B>25@=CB0 (=87:>5 A>45@60=85 3;N:>7K)5 70?5@B> (=87:>5 A>45@60=85 ;0:B>7K)0 -B0 A;>6=0O A8AB5<0 C?@02;5=8O AE>60 A> AB0@K< CAB@>9AB2>< C10 >;415@30, 345 F5;0O F5?L A;>6=KE A>1KB89 A;C68B 4;O 4>AB865=8O =5:>9 ?@>AB>9 F5;8 (@8A. 4.4).  2A5 65 ?>G5<C ?@8 2A59 70B@0B=>AB8 40==>3> <5E0=87<0 . coli =5 2K@010BK205B ?>AB>O==> 2A5 =C6=K5 D5@<5=BK, GB>1K CA20820BL ;N1>9 ?>ABC?0NI89 : =59 A0E0@? >7<>6=>, =5:>340 B0:0O 10:B5@8O 8 ACI5AB2>20;0. > ?>O282H0OAO 2 E>45 <CB0F89 . coli A 55 lac->?5@>=>< 1;03>40@O 7=0G8B5;L=> 1>;LH5<C ?> A@02=5=8N A> A2>59 AB0@H59 @>4AB25==8F59 :>MDD8F85=BC ?>;57=>3> 459AB28O 2KB5A=8;0 55. 03;O4=K9 ?@8<5@ :;0AA8G5A:>3> 5AB5AB25==>3> >B1>@0. 5;:>2K5 D5@<5=BK A>18@0NBAO ?@0:B8G5A:8 >4=>2@5<5==> A ?5@570?8ALN , :>340  2A5 5I5 ?@8:@5?;5=0 : 4;8==>9 :>;LF52>9 <>;5:C;5 . >A:>;L:C . coli >B=>A8BAO : ?@>:0@8>B=K< :;5B:0<, C =55 =5B B>@<>7OI8E E>4 <5B01>;87<0 O4@0 8;8 O45@=>9 <5<1@0=K, B0: GB> CA2>5=85 ;0:B>7K =0G8=05BAO >G5=L A:>@>. . coli ?@5:@0A=> 6825B 8 =0 ;0:B>75, 8 =0 3;N:>75.  8A. 4.4. 59AB285 lac->?5@>=0 =0 <>;5:C;O@=>< C@>2=5 (87 :=.: Raven P. H., Johnson G. . Biology) . coli 8 4@C385 >@30=87<K . coli  >4=> 87 =081>;55 87CG5==KE 682KE ACI5AB2; 8AA;54>20B5;8 2KO28;8 ?@8<5@=> 425 B@5B8 DC=:F89 55 35=>2. 5E0=87< 70459AB2>20=8O lac->?5@>=0 A>AB02;O5B ;8HL <0;CN G0ABL <>;5:C;O@=KE >B?@02;5=89 . coli. >7<>6=>, 20A C4828B, ?>G5<C AB>;L <=>3> 2=8<0=8O C45;O5BAO MB>9 :@>E>B=>9 10:B5@88, =0AB>;L:> <0;5=L:>9, GB> 50 B0:8E A>740=89 C<5AB8BAO =0 :>=G8:5 G5;>25G5A:>3> 2>;>A0. A5 45;> 2 B><, GB> 7=0G8B5;L=> ?@>I5 ?@>2>48BL 18>;>38G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O 157 ?@82;5G5=8O ;N459, : B><C 65 ?@8 MB>< =5 2>7=8:0NB MB8G5A:85 2>?@>AK. @>ABK5 >@30=87<K ?@>I5 8 1KAB@55 2K@0I820BL, 8 MB> >B=>A8BAO : ?@>2545=8N A0<8E >?KB>2. > @07<5@0< . coli  25AL<0 ?>4E>4OI89 >1J5:B 4;O 8AA;54>20=89, : B><C 65 >=0 ?>@078B5;L=> 1KAB@> @07<=>605BAO: 45;8BAO :064K5 20 <8=CB. @8 4>AB0B>G=>< :>;8G5AB25 2>4K, 3;N:>7K (8;8 ;0:B>7K) 8 <5AB0 70 45AOBL G0A>2 87 >4=>9 . coli <>6=> ?>;CG8BL A2KH5 1 <;@4. :;5B>:. A;8 4@C385 HB0<<K . coli >?0A=K 4;O 74>@>2LO, B> @07=>284=>ABL -12 2?>;=5 157>184=0, B0: GB> =5B =C64K ?@54?@8=8<0BL A5@L57=K5 <5@K ?@54>AB>@>6=>AB8. >B C65 A2KH5 70 ;5B . coli 2KABC?05B @01>G59 ;>H04:>9 18>E8<88, 35=5B8:8 8 18>;>388 @0728B8O. !E>4AB2> 55 <>;5:C;O@=>3> ?@>F5AA8=30 A ?@>8AE>4OI8< 2 4@C38E >@30=87<0E 4065 ?@825;> : 8A?>;L7>20=8N 55 2 :0G5AB25 D01@8:8 ?> ?@>872>4AB2C 8=AC;8=0 4;O 1>;L=KE 48015B><. 0: >=>, 2K40NI89AO D@0=FC7A:89 CG5=K9 8 >15;52A:89 ;0C@50B 1965 3>40, >4=064K 70<5B8;: 'B> 25@=> 4;O . coli, 25@=> 8 4;O A;>=0. 7CG0NBAO 8 4@C385 ?@>:0@8>BK, 2@>45 Mycoplasma genitalium [2>71C48B5;O <>G5?>;>2>3> <8:>?;07<>70], A0<>3> :@>E>B=>3> A0<>AB>OB5;L=>3> 682>3> >@30=87<0, 2 A>AB025  :>B>@>3> 580 BKA. ?0@ 07>B8ABKE >A=>20=89 8 517 35=>2, 8 Haemophilus influenzae [?0;>G:8 D09D5@0, 2>71C48B5;O ?=52<>=88 8 3=>9=>3> <5=8=38B0], 2 A>AB025  :>B>@>3> 1 830 137 ?0@ 07>B8ABKE >A=>20=89 8 1743 35=0. > >B=>A8B5;L=0O ?@>AB>B0 ?@>:0@8>B=>9  2 A2O78 A 55 25;8G8=>9 8 :>;LF5284=>ABLN >3@0=8G8205B 55 ?@8<5=5=85 : 1>;55 A;>6=K< >@30=87<0<. B ?@>:0@8>B : MC:0@8>B0;; 87=L C ?@>:0@8>B E;>?>B=0O. -B8 ?@>2>@=K5 <0;5=L:85 ACI5AB20 4>;6=K >1;040BL >B<5==>9 @50:F859. 0: B>;L:> ?>O2;O5BAO ?8I0, >=8 4>;6=K 55 ?5@520@8BL, GB>1K CA?5BL 2K@0AB8. !8AB5<0 C?@02;5=8O =0?>4>185 lac->?5@>=0 E>@>H> ?@8A?>A>1;5=0 : 1KAB@K< 459AB28O<, :>340 =C6=> CAB0=>28BL B@51C5<K9 C@>25=L D5@<5=B>2 2 A>>B25BAB288 A 1KAB@> <5=ONI59AO A@54>9. >;>65=85 A MC:0@8>B0<8 A>25@H5==> 8=>5. >;LH8=AB2> <=>3>:;5B>G=KE >@30=87<>2 @072820;>AL B0:8< >1@07><, GB> 8E 2=CB@5==85 :;5B:8 >:070;8AL >B@570==K<8 >B <5=ONI59AO 2=5H=59 A@54K. !B018;L=0O 2=CB@5==OO >1AB0=>2:0  3><5>AB07  =5>1E>48<0 4;O =0456=>9 @01>BK <=>3>:;5B>G=KE >@30=87<>2.  8B>35 35==K5 <5E0=87<K C?@02;5=8O C MC:0@8>B >:070;8AL 2 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8 @0AAG8B0=K =0 @53C;OF8N >@30=87<0 2 F5;><.  0?@8<5@, =5:>B>@K5 35=K 0:B828@CNBAO ;8HL >4=064K 8 2K7K20NB =5>1@0B8<K5 459AB28O ?> A@02=5=8N A ?>;=>ABLN >1@0B8<K< <5E0=87<>< lac->?5@>=0. # <=>38E 682>B=KE =5A?5F80;878@>20==K5, B0: =07K205<K5 AB2>;>2K5 :;5B:8 @072820NBAO >G5=L @0=>, 5I5 C 70@>4KH0. =8 ?@52@0I0NBAO 2 A?5F80;878@>20==K5 :;5B:8, 2@>45 :;5B>: <>730 8;8 =>3B59, A;54CO >?@545;5==><C 35=5B8G5A:><C >1@07FC, :>B>@K9 <>65B 2 8B>35 ?@825AB8 4065 : A<5@B8 :;5B:8. "0:0O A?5F80;870F8O :;5B>: ?>@>6405B 2A5 1>;LH55 G8A;> ,  8 15;:>2KE D5@<5=B>2, B0: GB> MC:0@8>BK <>3CB A>2<5I0BL 2 A2>5< <5B01>;87<5 B>=:85 2708<>459AB28O <564C MB8<8 <>;5:C;0<8. >45;L=K5 >@30=87<K 7;N1;5==K9 >1J5:B 8AA;54>20=8O A@548 MC:0@8>B  Sacchammyces accharomyces cerevisae (S. cerevisae), 1>;LH5 8725AB=K9 :0: ?82=K5 4@>668. >60;C9, MB> 1>;55 2A53> 87CG5==K9 =0 <>;5:C;O@=>< 8 :;5B>G=>< C@>2=OE MC:0@8>B=K9 >@30=87<. S. cerevisae ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 2A53> ;8HL >4=>:;5B>G=K9 3@81>:, => <=>385 ?@>F5AAK 2 53> :;5B>G=>< O4@5 AE>4=K A B5<8 65 ?@>F5AA0<8 C <;5:>?8B0NI8E. 59AB28B5;L=>, 8AA;54>20=85 4@>6659 ?><>3;> 2KO28BL <=>385 <>;5:C;K 8 E8<8G5A:85 @50:F88, 70459AB2>20==K5 2 ?@>F5AA0E, E>4 :>B>@KE =0@CH05BAO ?@8 @0:5. S. cerevisae CAB@>5=K A;>6=55 10:B5@88, GL5 , A>45@60I55 >:>;> 12 <;= =C:;5>B84=KE ?0@ 07>B8ABKE >A=>20=8O, 8<55B 6 BKA. 35=>2.  . coli, 8 S. cerevisae AG8B0NBAO <>45;L=K<8 >@30=87<0<8, :>B>@K5 4>;6=K: 1KAB@> @072820BLAO, 8<5O :>@>B:89 A@>: 687=8; >1;040BL <0;K<8 @07<5@0<8, 1C4CG8 27@>A;K<8; 1KBL 2A5340 ?>4 @C:>9; 1KBL ?@>ABK<8 2 >1@0I5=88; 2K?>;=OBL A2>8 18>;>38G5A:85 DC=:F88 AE>4=K< A 1>;55 A;>6=K<8 >@30=87<0<8, 2@>45 G5;>25:0, >1@07><. #A5@4=> 87CG0NBAO 8 4@C385 <>45;L=K5 >@30=87<K. Caenorhabditis elegans  ?@>7@0G=K9 :@C3;K9 G5@2L, 2K@0AB0NI89 2 4;8=C =5 1>;55 1 <<, 2?>;>28=C 25;8G8=K 2>B MB>3> 7=0:0 ~. !. elegans 4>AB8305B 27@>A;>3> A>AB>O=8O 70 B@8 4=O, 6825B 2 ?>G25 ?> 2A5<C A25BC 8 ?8B05BAO <8:@>10<8 2@>45 B5E, GB> >18B0NB 2 ?5@53=>5. -B>B <0;5=L:89 G5@2L ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 <=>3>:;5B>G=CN (959 :;5B>:) MC:0@8>BC A 19 099 35=0<8 2 A>AB>OI59 87 97 <;= ?0@ 07>B8ABKE >A=>20=89 . = @0728205BAO 87 >4=>9 :;5B:8 2 >@30=87< A =5@2=>9 A8AB5<>9 8 <>73><. !. elegans A?>A>15= : >1CG5=8N, 2K@010BK205B O9F5:;5B:8 8 A?5@<0B>7>84K, ?>AB5?5==> AB0@55B 8 C<8@05B. !84=8 @5==5@, <>;5:C;O@=K9 18>;>3 87 5;8:>1@8B0=88, 3>2>@8B, GB> !. elegans >?@024K205B A2>5 =0720=85, 81> =0 A0<>< 45;5 D>B>35=8G5=, :0: 284=> =0 @8A. 4.5. @5==5@, 6>= !0;AB>= 8 >15@B %>@28F @0745;8;8 >15;52A:CN ?@5<8N 2002 3>40 ?> D878>;>388 8 <548F8=5 :0: @07 70 @01>BC A G5@25< !. elegans. @C3>9 <>45;L=K9 >@30=87<, Drosophila melanogaster, 7=0:>< <=>38< 87 =0A.  1906 3>4C 30@20@4A:89 ?@>D5AA>@ M<1@8>;>388 #8;LO< -@=5AB 0A; ?@82;5: : CG0AB8N 2 >4=>< ?@>5:B5 0A?8@0=B0 [@5930 C42>@B0].  8A. 4.5. !. elegans = ?>?@>A8; 53> =5 C18@0BL =5A:>;L:> ?5@57@5;KE 28=>3@048=, 0 70B5< ?>A<>B@5BL, GB> ?>;CG8BAO. >;CG8;8AL D. melanogaster  ?;>4>2K5 <CH:8  >@30=87<, 87CG05<K9 =K=5 2 ;01>@0B>@8OE ?> 2A5<C <8@C. ;03>40@O A2>8< 8450;L=K< A2>9AB20< <>45;L=>3> >@30=87<0 ?;>4>2K5 <CH:8 H8@>:> 8A?>;L7CNBAO 2 8AA;54>20=8OE ?> 35=5B8:5 8 18>;>388 @0728B8O. 87=5==K9 F8:; ?;>4>2>9 <CH:8 A>AB02;O5B 16 4=59, 0 =>2>5 ?>:>;5=85 >=0 405B :064K5 12 G0A>2. -B8 ACI5AB20 ?;>4>28BK, =5?@8BO70B5;L=K 8, ?> A;>20< 35=5B8:0 87 5@:;8 5@@8 C18=, 8<5NB AB>;L <=>3> >1I53> A G5;>25:><, GB> 8E =07K20NB :@>E>B=K<8 ;N4L<8 A :@K;LO<8. @>7>D8;0 @0A?>;0305B 13 600 35=0<8 =0  87 165 <;= =C:;5>B84=KE ?0@ 07>B8ABKE >A=>20=89. 5AL MB>B <>;5:C;O@=K9 0??0@0B C<5I05BAO 2 B5;LF5 4;8=>9 3 <<, 25;8G8=>9 ?@8<5@=> A 1C:2C V 2 8<5=8 Venter (> A0<>< 5=B5@5 GCBL ?>765). 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B><C 65 35=>< <KH8 25AL<0 AE>6 A 35=><>< G5;>25:0. 5=5B8G5A:85 A@02=8B5;L=K5 8AA;54>20=8O C65 <=>3>5 ?@>OA=8;8 2 >B=>H5=88 AB@>5=8O 8 DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O G5;>25G5A:>3> B5;0. 0;L=59H85 8AA;54>20=8O ?@8=5ACB 4>?>;=8B5;L=K5 A2545=8O. @C385 A>740=8O, 2@>45 ?>;>A0B>9 ?5@F8=K, 83;>1@NE0 [@>4AB25==>3> 3>@G8F5 A>@=O:0 87 A5<59AB20 :@5AB>F25B=KE], @57CH:8 "0;O (Arabidopsis thaliana) 8 ?0;>G:8 D09D5@0 (Haemophilus influenzae), 2KABC?0NB 2 @>;8 <>45;L=KE >@30=87<>2 8 87CG5=K 2 @07=>9 AB5?5=8. >45;L=K5 >@30=87<K 8 ?@8A?>A>1;5=8O, B@51C5<K5 4;O 8E 87CG5=8O, 2K7K20NB 2 ?0<OB8 A8BC0F88 87 :;0AA8G5A:>9 >?8A0B5;L=>9 18>;>388 A >1@070<8 15AG8A;5==KE 8AA;54>20B5;59, A:;>=82H8EAO =04 <8:@>A:>?>< 8;8 IC@OI8EAO A:2>7L AB5:;0 >G:>2 2> 2@5<O ?>574>: ?> M:7>B8G5A:8< <5AB0<, 345 <>6=> C2845BL >@30=87<K 2 8E 5AB5AB25==>9 A@545 >18B0=8O (2A?><=8< '0@;L70 0@28=0 =0 0;0?03>AA:8E >AB@>20E). $878:0  18>;>38O  E8<8O 5A<>B@O =0 7=0G8<>ABL <>45;L=KE >@30=87<>2 4;O 18>;>3>2, ?>;5 45OB5;L=>AB8 A>2@5<5==>9 18>;>388 7=0G8B5;L=> @0AH8@8;>AL 2> <=>3>< 1;03>40@O =0E;K=C2H8< BC40 ?@54AB028B5;O< 4@C38E >B@0A;59 7=0=89, GLO 45OB5;L=>ABL ?@5>1@078;0 A0< ?>4E>4 : 87CG5=8N 18>;>388. 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;??xEzEEEEHFJFGGGGhGGGH~lll````l`hrJvB*CJaJph#h<hg 6B*CJ]aJph h<hrJvh<hrJvB*CJaJphhrJvhrJvB*CJaJph$jh g0JB*CJUaJph h<hg hKB*CJaJmH phsH %h<hg B*CJaJmH phsH h<hg B*CJaJph h<hg B*CJH*aJph%H HHHHHHIIzJ|JJJJJKLKKKrLtLLL2M4MMMMMOO6P8PPPPPQQQQrRRxTzTTBVDVxV YY YpY|YZZZ\\.^l^òëëëÜëh<hKB*CJaJph h<hg h<hg :B*CJaJphh<hg B*CJaJphhrJv6B*CJ]aJph#h<hg 6B*CJ]aJphhrJvB*CJaJph;l^`````````hcjcd$d&d4d e"eggRiTiViiȺ⫙⫆zj_N h ghg 5B*CJaJphh gh gmH sH hg B*CJaJmH phsH hrJvB*CJaJph%h<hg B*CJaJmH phsH #h<hg 6B*CJ]aJphh<hg B*CJaJphh<hg 6B*]phh<hg CJaJjɄ h<hg CJUaJ h<hg h<hrJvh<hrJvB*CJaJphgTiViiijjkTkTnVnnnsxx{4~ (`gd,$(-DM `a$gd g(-DM `gd,iiijjjjkRkTkRnTnVnnnn:rDrsssxxӏs^O=#h<hg 5B*CJ\aJphh<hKB*CJaJph(h ghg 5B*CJaJmH phsH  h ghg 5B*CJaJphh gh gmH sH hg B*CJaJmH phsH h<hg 6B*]phhrJvCJaJj] hrJvCJUaJh<hg CJaJ h<hg h<hg B*CJaJphh gh g5mH sH "hg 5B*CJaJmH phsH xxx{"{{{||0}2}d}f}x}z}|}}}}2~4~D~N~Fִ֣֣֐֐~~ncR h ghg 5B*CJaJphh gh gmH sH hg B*CJaJmH phsH #h<hg 5B*CJ\aJph%h<hg B*CJaJmH phsH  h<hg B*CJH*aJphhbDB*CJaJph h<hg h<hKB*CJaJphh<hg B*CJaJphh<hg CJaJj h0IhlGCJUaJ  &(\dhprtxrt ʸʭʟʃʟʃʃʃʃʸm+h<hg 6B*CJ]aJmH phsH h<hg B*ph!h<hg 56B*\]phh<hg 5B*\phh<hg CJaJ#h<hg 5B*CJ\aJph h<hg h<hg B*CJaJphh gh gmH sH (h ghg 5B*CJaJmH phsH &(fhrvgbkdg $$If( 0c  4 (a(p($-DIfM `gd, (`gd,(-DM `gd, vx($-DIfM `gd,bkdg $$If(0c  4 (a(p($-DIfM `gd,bkdh $$If(0c 4 (a(pt <t$(-DM `a$gd g(-DM `gd,bkdTi $$If(0c  4 (a(p "68  8:<^`dfrvȟuqucQQ#h<hg 5B*CJ\aJphh<hg 5B*\phh gh gB*CJaJph%hg 5B*CJ\aJmH phsH h gh gmH sH hg B*CJaJmH phsH #h<hg 5B*CJ\aJph h<hg h<hg B*CJaJph+h<hg 6B*CJ]aJmH phsH #h<hg 6B*CJ]aJph`dtvIkdj $$If(+  4 (a(p ($-DIfM gd g(-DM `gd,ԟ؟ BD~46TV$&(BDpvȤʤƿƿưƿƿƿƿƿƿƿưƿưƓƿƿƿƿh<hg B*CJaJphh< h gCJaJ#h< h g6B*CJ]aJphh gh gB*CJaJph h<h gh<h gB*CJaJph#h<hg 6B*CJ]aJph#h<hg 5B*CJ\aJph h<hg 4֟؟zfIkdk $$If(+  4 (a(p ($-DIfM gd gkdj $$If(+FJJ *      4 (a(p؟ D6fkdl $$If(FJJ *      4 (a(p($-DIfM gd g 6V&(Drtfkdl $$If(FJJ *      4 (a(p($-DIfM gd gtvzfIkdn $$If(+  4 (a(p ($-DIfM gd gkdm $$If(+FJJ *      4 (a(pʤ$JnfkdXo $$If(FJJ *      4 (a(p($-DIfM gd g "$HJln ",2HJZ\ҧԧ $&>@TXtxbdJL|IJϲϲϠϑϑϑϑϑϑϑh<hg B*CJaJph#h<hg 6B*CJ]aJph#h<hg 5B*CJ\aJphh<hg CJaJ h<hg h<hg B*phh gB*ph h<h gh<h gB*CJaJph9".0zfffff($-DIfM gd gkd8p $$If(FJJ *      4 (a(p02J\zffff($-DIfM gd gkd&q $$If(FJJ *      4 (a(pԧzffffff($-DIfM gd gkdr $$If(WFJJ *      4 (a(p&@Vzgg\HHH($-DIfM gd g (`gd,(-DM `gd,kds $$If(FJJ *      4 (a(pVXvxzfIkd$u $$If(""  4 (a(p ($-DIfM gd gkds $$If(F-"- E      4 (a(pxdL~fkdu $$If(F-"- E      4 (a(p($-DIfM gd g~zfIkdw $$If(""  4 (a(p ($-DIfM gd gkdv $$If(F-"- E      4 (a(p| TVέЭήЮpr³u#h<hg 5B*CJ\aJphh<hg CJaJhK5B*CJ\aJph#h<hg 5B*CJ\aJphh<hg B*CJaJph h<ht:h<ht:B*CJaJphh<hg B*CJaJph#h<hg 6B*CJ]aJph h<hg & VЭfzkdx $$If(F-"- E      4 (a(p ($Ifgd g($-DIfM gd g Юzfff[[ ($Ifgd g($-DIfM gd gkdx $$If(@F-"- E      4 (a(p,qqf ($Ifgd g($-DIfM gd gzkdy $$If(F-"- E      4 (a(prrrrrgSSS($-DIfM gdt: (`gd,(-DM `gd,zkdz $$If(F-"- E      4 (a(p ڹܹ  24:<@BFJfh 8LNXZ^`fjxzֻػܻ涯 h<hKh<hKB*CJaJphh<hg B*CJaJph#h<hg 5B*CJ\aJph h<hg #h<hg 5B*CJ\aJphEܹHkd{ $$If(\: +:]_ (4 (a(p(($-DIfM gdt: \HHHH($-DIfM gdt:kd| $$If(\: +:]_ (4 (a(p(4<BH\HHHH($-DIfM gdt:kd} $$If(\: +:]_ (4 (a(p(HJh\HHHHH($-DIfM gdt:kd~ $$If(\: +:]_ (4 (a(p(ZFFFF($-DIfM gdt:kd $$If(4\: +`:]_ (4 (a(p("ZFFFF($-DIfM gdt:kd $$If(4\: + :]_ (4 (a(p("$&(*,ZFFFF($-DIfM gdt:kdN $$If(4\: +`:]_ (4 (a(p(,.0246ZFFFF($-DIfM gdt:kd $$If(4\: + :]_ (4 (a(p(68NZ`hZFFFF($-DIfM gdt:kd $$If(4\: + :]_ (4 (a(p(hjz\HHHH($-DIfM gdt:kd $$If(\: +:]_ (4 (a(p(\HHHH($-DIfM gdt:kd $$If(\: +:]_ (4 (a(p(ػ\HHHH($-DIfM gdt:kd $$If(\: +:]_ (4 (a(p(ܻ޻$&24>BNPhjܼ ,0*Ԗ֖»s#h<hg 5B*CJ\aJphh<hg B*CJaJphU h<hKh<hKB*CJaJphh<hg B*CJaJph h<hg #h<hg 5B*CJ\aJph.ht:ht:5B*CJH*\aJmH phsH %ht:5B*CJ\aJmH phsH '&4@\HHHH($-DIfM gdt:kd $$If(\: +:]_ (4 (a(p(@BPj޼\HHHHH($-DIfM gdt:kd* $$If(\: +:]_ (4 (a(p(޼ZFFFF($-DIfM gdt:kd6 $$If(4\: +`:]``_ (4 (a(p( .ZFFFF($-DIfM gdt:kd $$If(4\: + :]  _ (4 (a(p(.0֖Br\IIIIIII(-DM `gd,kd $$If(\: +:]_ (4 (a(p(>A:>;L:C 2A5 B@8 ?;0=5BK ?>=0G0;C 8<5;8 >48=0:>2CN 0B<>AD5@C, >1@07>202HCNAO 2 @57C;LB0B5 2C;:0=8G5A:>3> 2K45;5=8O 1>;LH59 G0AB8 C3;5:8A;>3> 3070 8 ?0@>2 2>4K, =5>1E>48<> >B25B8BL =0 @O4 2>?@>A>2. >G5<C 5<;5 C40;>AL A>E@0=8BL A2>N 2>4C, B>340 :0: 5=5@0 8 0@A 55 ;8H8;8AL? 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(;O 1>;55 ?>4@>1=>3> >7=0:><;5=8O A<. C75; A5<8@=>9 0CB8=K www.seti.org.) $8;L< >=B0:B, A=OBK9 ?> @><0=C 0AB@>=><0 0@;0 !030=0, 4>2>;L=> B>G=> 2>A?@>872>48B <=>385 AB>@>=K ?@>5:B0 SET1, 345 6>48 $>AB5@ 83@05B 35@>8=N, 2> <=>3>< ?>E>6CN =0 68;; >@=5@ "0@=5@, A>CG@548B5;O SETI (A<. >G5@: > =59 An Ear to the Stars 2 =>O1@LA:>< =><5@5 6C@=0;0 Scientific American, 2002). AB5AB25==>, 3>;;82C4A:85 ?>8A:8 >:07K20NBAO 1>;55 C40G=K<8 ?> A@02=5=8N A 459AB28B5;L=>ABLN. @C385 =0?@02;5=8O A2O70=K A ?>8A:>< >?B8G5A:8E A83=0;>2 >B ;075@>2 8 ?@>5:B>< SERENDIP (>8A: 2=575<=KE @048>A83=0;>2 >B 1;87;560I8E @0728BKE @07C<=KE <8@>2), ?>445@60==K< ?8A0B5;5<-D0=B0AB>< @BC@>< ;0@:><. 5402=> 2KH54H85 :=838 8 AB0BL8 =0 MBC B5<C: Shostak S. Sharing the Universe: Perspectives on Extraterrestrial life. Berkeley Hills Books, 1998; McDonald K. Life in Outer Space: The Search for Extraterrestrials, Raintree/Steck-Vaughn, 2000; Hazen R. M. Why Aren't black Holes Black? Anchor, 1997; Crawford I. Where They Are? // Scientific American. 2000. July; Greenwald J. Who's Out There? // Discover. 1999. April; Davies P. Are We Alone? Basic Books, 1996. 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C75; <5@8:0=A:>3> 35>D878G5A:>3> >1I5AB20  HYPERLINK "http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/991483.html" www.agu.org/eos_elec/991483.html ;O ?>;CG5=8O A0<KE A2568E =>2>AB59 ?@>2>48B5 ?>8A: 2 =B5@=5B5 ?> :;NG52K< A;>20< ?0@=8:>2K5 307K (greenhouse gases) 8;8 3;>10;L=>5 ?>B5?;5=85.  40;L=59H5<, 5A;8 @0728BK5 AB@0=K C<5=LH0B ?>B@51;5=85 8A:>?05<>3> B>?;820 8 >1@0BOBAO : 2>7>1=>2;O5<K< 8AB>G=8:0< M=5@388 B8?0 2>4O=KE, 25B@O=KE 8 A>;=5G=KE, >AB@>BC ?@>1;5<K ?>B5?;5=8O C40ABAO A=OBL.  2@>?5 8A?>;L7CNB O45@=CN M=5@38N, => 55 ?@>872>4AB2> 8 ?>B@51;5=85 A>?@O65=> A 2>?@>A0<8 157>?0A=>AB8 8 CB8;870F88 >BE>4>2. 0;55, AB@0=0< B@5BL53> <8@0 =5>1E>48<> A=878BL C@>25=L @>6405<>AB8. @5645 G5< ?@>2>48BL 2 687=L B>B 8;8 8=>9 ?;0=, A;54C5B CG5ABL 2A5 MB8G5A:85, M:>=><8G5A:85 8 ?>;8B8G5A:85 D0:B>@K. 11. 5<;O: 8AB>@8O =54@  E>45 D>@<8@>20=8O 5<;8 BO3>B5=85 A>@B8@>20;> ?5@28G=K9 <0B5@80; 2 A>>B25BAB288 A 53> ?;>B=>ABLN: 1>;55 ?;>B=K5 A>AB02;ONI85 >?CA:0;8AL : F5=B@C, 0 <5=55 ?;>B=K5 ?;020;8 A25@EC, >1@07>202 2 8B>35 :>@C. 0 @8A. 1.8 ?@54AB02;5=0 5<;O 2 @07@575. >@0  2=5H=OO >1>;>G:0. =0 >1;0405B =08<5=LH59 ?;>B=>ABLN 8 @0A:>;>B0 =0 <=>3>G8A;5==K5 B>=:85 8 65AB:85 :0<5==K5 ?;8BK, <54;5==> 4286CI85AO 2284C ?5@5<5I5=8O =865;560I59 <0=B88. 0=B8O  A;54CNI0O >1>;>G:0. =0 A0<0O B>;AB0O 87 2A5E >1>;>G5:, >B=>A8B5;L=> B5?;0O 8 684:0O ?> A@02=5=8N A :>@>9, 8<55B 3>@OG85 B>G:8, ?>@>640NI85 :>=25:F8>==K5 ?>B>:8 (?@54AB02LB5 7028E@5=8O 2 70:8?0NI59 2>45, B>;L:> 7=0G8B5;L=> <54;5==55 4286CI85AO). >B>:8 2 <0=B88 ?5@5<5I0NB ?;8BK, 2K7K20O 75<;5B@OA5=8O, 2C;:0=8G5A:85 8725@65=8O, @0AH8@5=85 <>@A:>3> 4=0 8 4@59D :>=B8=5=B>2.  0;55 845B 3>@OG55 684:>5 2=5H=55 O4@>, A>AB>OI55 87 ?;>B=>3> 65;570 8 =8:5;O 8 ?;5ICI55AO 2284C 2@0I5=8O 5<;8. 5<=>9 <03=5B87<, 2>7<>6=>, 2K720= <5AB=K< 42865=85< 2=CB@8 MB>9 >1>;>G:8. !0<0O =86=OO >1>;>G:0 8<5=C5BAO 2=CB@5==8< O4@><. =0 E>BO 8 A>AB>8B 87 @0A?;02;5==>3> 65;570 8 =8:5;O, 87-70 >3@><=>3> 402;5=8O >:07K205BAO B25@4>9 8 A0<>9 ?;>B=>9 >1>;>G:>9. 0 ?>4@>1=>ABO<8 ?@>F5AA0 A>740=8O MB>9 <>45;8 8 ?>4B25@640NI8<8 55 >?KB=K<8 40==K<8 >1@0I09B5AL : =0H59 :=835 OBL :@C?=59H8E ?@54AB02;5=89 2 =0C:5 (The Five Biggest Ideas in Science. N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997). !;54CNI85 C7;K A5<8@=>9 0CB8=K A>45@60B A256CN 8=D>@<0F8N 8 ?@5:@0A=K5 8;;NAB@0B82=K5 <0B5@80;K:  HYPERLINK "http://www.hartrao.ac.za/geodesy/tectonics.html" www.hartrao.ac.za/geodesy/tectonics.html  HYPERLINK "http://pubs.usgs.gov/peubications/text/dynamic.html" http://pubs.usgs.gov/peubications/text/dynamic.html  HYPERLINK "http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/plate-tectonics.html" www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/plate-tectonics.html  HYPERLINK "http://scign.jpl.nasa.gov/lwarn/plate/htm" http://scign.jpl.nasa.gov/lwarn/plate/htm 12. "5>@8O E0>A0  BO3>ABL ;53:>AB8, A<KA; ?CAB>BK! 5AD>@<5==K9 E0>A ?@5:@0A=KE D>@<! #. 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A;8 E = 2, 0 const = 3, B> 7=0G5=85 DC=:F88 A>AB028B 7. @81;865=85 (8B5@0F8O) >ACI5AB2;O5BAO 8A?>;L7>20=85< 2KG8A;5==>3> 4;O /7=0G5=8O 2 :0G5AB25 A;54CNI53> 7=0G5=8O 4;O E. B0:, 5A;8 E = 7, B> f (E) = 52, 8 B. 4. C;80 8AA;54>20; 1>;55 A;>6=K5 2K@065=8O. A>1> 53> 70=8<0;8 DC=:F88 8 7=0G5=8O, ?@8 :>B>@KE 2>7<>6=> <=>3>:@0B=>5 ?@81;865=85 157 15A:>=5G=>3> @>AB0 8B>3>2>9 25;8G8=K [A0<>9 DC=:F88]. =0G5=8O E, 4;O :>B>@KE ?>2B>@ONI85AO 8B5@0F88 4020;8 :>=5G=K9 @57C;LB0B, AB0;8 8<5=>20BLAO ?;5==8:0<8 [>1KG=> 3>2>@OB > <=>65AB25 B>G5: ?@8BO65=8O, 8;8 0BB@0:B>@0E]. @8 AB@5<;5=88 : 15A:>=5G=>AB8 8B>3>2KE 25;8G8= 8E =07K20NB 153;5F0<8 [>1KG=> 3>2>@OB > <=>65AB25 B>G5: >BB0;:820=8O, 8;8 @5?5;;5@0E]. KG8A;5=8O 25;8AL 2@CG=CN 8 1K;8 :@09=5 B@C4>5<:8<8 4065 4;O ?@>ABKE DC=:F89. %>BO C;80 8 >1@5; =5:CN A;02C 2 <0B5<0B8G5A:8E :@C30E, 53> B@C4 1K; >A=>20B5;L=> 701KB, 8 2A?><=8;8 > =5< C65 2 1970-5 3>4K. 5=C0 0845;L1@>B0, @>482H53>AO 2 >;LH5 2 1924 3>4C, A> AB0BL59 C;80 ?>7=0:><8; 2 1945 3>4C @>4=>9 4O4O, ?@>D5AA>@ <0B5<0B8:8.  B> 2@5<O 8458 C;80 53> =5 708=B5@5A>20;8. > A?CABO 30 ;5B ?>A;5 3>;>2>:@C68B5;L=>9 =0CG=>9 :0@L5@K 0=45;L1@>B >GCB8;AO 2 :><?0=88 IBM 8 >1@0B8; <>IL - =0 8B5@0B82=K5 2KG8A;5=8O C;80. 0=45;L1@>B ?5@2K< @07@01>B0; <5B>4 3@0D8G5A:>3> ?>AB@>5=8O, :>340 - 2K2>48B =0 M:@0= >1@07 AE>645=8O 8 @0AE>645=8O ?@81;8605<>9 DC=:F88.   8A. 1.9. =>65AB2> 0=45;L1@>B0 @5:@0A=K5 >1@07K, ?>@>6405<K5 <5B>40<8 8B5@0F88 0=45;L1@>B0 8 C;80, A?>A>1AB2>20;8 >4=> 2@5<O ?>O2;5=8N 15AG8A;5==KE :=83 8 C7;>2 A5<8@=>9 0CB8=K. >B =5:>B>@K5 87 =8E: Gleick J. Making a New Science. N.Y.: Viking Penguin, 1987. Exploring Chaos  A Guide to the New Science of Disorder / Nina Hall (Ed.). N.Y.: W. W. Norton & Company, 1991.  HYPERLINK "http://hypertextbook.com/chaos" http://hypertextbook.com/chaos  HYPERLINK "http://www.wfu.edu/~petrejh4/chaosind.htm" www.wfu.edu/~petrejh4/chaosind.htm  2002 3>4C !B825= C;D@5< 8740; :=83C ?> A<56=>9 B5<0B8:5 A New Kind of Science (A<.  HYPERLINK "http://www.Wolfram.com" www.Wolfram.com ). 3> B@C4 >A=>20= =0 A>1AB25==KE 8AA;54>20=8OE 2 >1;0AB8 :;5B>G=KE 02B><0B>2, ?@54AB02;ONI8E A>1>9 @O4 >48=0:>2> 70?@>3@0<<8@>20==KE 02B><0B>2, 8=0G5 :;5B>:, 2708<>459AB2CNI8E 4@C3 A 4@C3>< ?> >?@545;5==K< ?@028;0<. ! ?><>ILN >G5=L ?@>ABKE ?@028; <>6=> A>740BL >G5=L A;>6=K5 >1@07K. 5:>B>@K5 87 MB8E >1@07>2 >G5=L ?>E>68 =0 ?@8@>4=K5 >1J5:BK, >4=0:> CAB0=>2;5=85 A2O78 <564C <0B5<0B8:>9 E0>A0 8 ?@83>4=K< >?8A0=85< @50;L=>3> <8@0 2A5 5I5 645B A2>53> G0A0. 13 .@54A:070=85 75<;5B@OA5=89 @54A:070=89 75<;5B@OA5=89 A53>4=O <=>3>. >8A:>2K5 <0H8=K 2 =B5@=5B5 =0 70?@>A @54A:070=85 75<;5B@OA5=89 2K404CB 20< 1>;55 50 BKA. C7;>2 A5<8@=>9 0CB8=K. 5:>B>@K5 ?@54A:070=8O 45;0NBAO =0 >A=>25 40==KE M:AB@0A5=A>2 (A<.: Wynn Charles ., Wiggins Arthur W., Harris Sidney. Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends... and Pseudoscience Begins. Washington, 2001). @C385 CA8;8O A2O70=K A A>>B=5A5=85< 75<;5B@OA5=89 A 75<=K< M;5:B@8G5AB2><, ?>2545=85< 682>B=KE, @0A?>;>65=85< ?;0=5B 8;8 8=K<8 O2;5=8O<8. 5A<>B@O =0 >H81>G=>ABL 1>;LH8=AB20 ?@>3=>7>2, E>BO 1K >48= =5?@5<5==> >:07K205BAO 25@=K<. @54?>;>68<, ?@8OB5;L ?@54;0305B 20< ?0@8: !B02;N 20 4>;;0@>2 =0 B>, GB> 2 A;54CNI5< <5AOF5 ?@>87>945B :@C?=>5 75<;5B@OA5=85 2 ?><5G5==>9 B>G:0<8 2>B 745AL =0 :0@B5 >1;0AB8.  8A. I.10. >=K 75<;5B@OA5=89 5 ?@8=8<09B5 2K7>20. 0H ?@8OB5;L =025@=O:0 2K83@05B. ><5G5==0O B>G:0<8 >1;0ABL =0 :0@B5 (@8A. 1.10) A>>B25BAB2C5B 3@0=8F0< ?;8B, A>AB02;ONI8E 75<=CN :>@C. >340 :>=25=F8>==K5 ?>B>:8 2 <0=B88 (A<.: !?8A>: 8459, 11. 5<;O: 8AB>@8O =54@) C2;5:0NB 70 A>1>9 ?;8BK, ?@>8AE>4OB 75<;5B@OA5=8O. %>BO =5:>B>@K5 75<;5B@OA5=8O A;CG0NBAO 8 2 8=KE <5AB0E, ?><8<> >:>=5G=>AB59 ?;8B, 8<5==> =0 >:>=5G=>AB8 8 ?@8E>48BAO ?>402;ONI0O G0ABL B0:8E A>1KB89. !B0B8AB8G5A:85 40==K5 > 75<;5B@OA5=8OE @07;8G=>9 A8;K 70 3>4 B0:>2K: !8;0 75<;5B@OA5=8O ?> H:0;5 8EB5@0 (G5< 1>;LH5 25;8G8=0, B5< @07@CH8B5;L=55 75<;5B@OA5=85)>;8G5AB2> 75<;5B@OA5=89 2 3>44-4,962005-5,98006-6,91207-7,9180<5B8<, GB> CA;>28O ?0@8 1K;8 4>2>;L=> BC<0==K. 'B> B0:>5 :@C?=>5 75<;5B@OA5=85? A;8 @5GL 845B > 7=0G5=8OE ?> H:0;5 8EB5@0 2KH5 6 10;;>2, B> B0:8E A>1KB89 ?@>8AE>48B 1>;55 45AOB:0 2 <5AOF 8 ?@58<CI5AB25==> 2 ?><5G5==>9 B>G:0<8 >1;0AB8. K@065=8O 70 <5AOF 8 2 ?><5G5==>9 >1;0AB8 4>2>;L=> @0A?;K2G0BK. A;8 2K 6825B5 2 ?@545;0E 40==>9 >1;0AB8, ?>4>1=> <8;;8>=0< 4@C38E ;N459, =C6=> ;8 20< C5760BL >BAN40? 0==>5 ?@54A:070=85 A>>1I05B A;8H:>< <0;> A2545=89, GB>1K ?@54AB02;OBL E>BL :0:CN-B> F5==>ABL.  1970-5 3>4K =5:>B>@K5 35>;>38 1K;8 =0AB@>5=K >?B8<8AB8G=> 2 >B=>H5=88 B>G=>3> 8 =0456=>3> ?@54A:070=8O 75<;5B@OA5=89. >O28;0AL 4065 @07=>284=>ABL B5>@88 E0>A0, =0720==0O B5>@859 :0B0AB@>D, :>B>@0O ?@54AB02;O;0AL ?@83>4=>9 4;O ?@54A:070=8O B0:8E =5>6840==KE A>1KB89, :0: ?>B5@O CAB>9G82>AB8 C 10;>:, @0AB@5A:820=85 0A15AB>F5<5=B=KE ?;8B, 0 B0:65 75<;5B@OA5=8O. 4=0:> 2KOA=8;>AL, GB> ?>AB@>5=85 <0B5<0B8G5A:8E <>45;59 ?>2545=8O 2=CB@5==8E >1>;>G5: 5<;8 AB>;L 65 B@C4=>, :0: 8 ?>AB@>5=85 <>45;59 ?>2545=8O 75<=>9 0B<>AD5@K. 5;53:> A>AB028BL C@02=5=85, B>G=> >?8AK20NI55 ?>2545=85 <>45;8, 8 4065 ?@81;865==K5 C@02=5=8O >:07K20NBAO =0 @54:>ABL =5;8=59=K<8, 2K:07K20O :@09=NN GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL : =0G0;L=K< CA;>28O<, A2>9AB25==K< E0>B8G5A:8< A8AB5<0<.  B><C 65 ?>;CG5=85 A2545=89 > B5:CI5< A>AB>O=88 ?>@>4 2=CB@8 :>@K 8 <0=B88 A;>6=55, G5< 87<5@5=85 ?0@0<5B@>2 0B<>AD5@K, 2284C =54>ABC?=>AB8 =54@ :>@K 8 <0=B88.  AB0BL5 1997 3>40 (6C@=0; Science: [Geller R. J., Jackson D. D., Kagan Y. Y, Mulargia F. Earthquakes cannot be predicted // Science, 1997. Vol. 275]) 8725AB=K5 35>;>38 >15@B 5;;5@ 87 ">:89A:>3>, M284 65:A>= 8 /= 030= 87 0;8D>@=89A:>3> C=825@A8B5B>2 8 $@0=G5A:> C;0@460 87 #=825@A8B5B0 >;>=L8 (B0;8O) CB25@640NB, GB> :>=:@5B=K5 75<;5B@OA5=8O, ?>E>65, 87=0G0;L=> =5?@54A:07C5<K. 0 ?>4@>1=>ABO<8 >1@0I09B5AL =0 A09B A5<8@=>9 0CB8=K:  HYPERLINK "http://scec.ess.ucla.edu/~ykagan/perspective.html" http://scec.ess.ucla.edu/~ykagan/perspective.html >B 5I5 =5?;>E85 8AB>G=8:8:  HYPERLINK "http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/parkfleld" http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/parkfleld /  HYPERLINK "http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/earthquake/equake_ frameset.html" www.nature.com/nature/debates/earthquake/equake_ frameset.html !>AB02;5=85 72574=KE :0B0;>3>2 !;54CNI89 =5?>;=K9 ?5@5G5=L 72574=KE :0B0;>3>2 >B@0605B AB@5<;5=85 ;N459 : C?>@O4>G5=8N >:@C60NI53> <8@0 8 ?>8A:C >?@545;5==KE 70:>=><5@=>AB59. 0<5G0NBAO 5I5 1>;55 3@0=48>7=K5 70<KA;K ?> A>740=8N :>A<8G5A:8E >1A5@20B>@89, 2 B>< G8A;5 =0 C=5 8 0@A5. 2574K 8<5=CNBAO A>3;0A=> :0B0;>3C, 345 >=8 2AB@5G0NBAO. =>385 O@:85 72574K >1>7=0G0NB A>3;0A=> ?@82>48<K< 2 :0B0;>35 095@0 =0720=8O<. 081>;55 O@:8< 725740< :064>3> A>725748O 095@ ?@8A20820; 1C:2K 3@5G5A:>3> 0;D028B0 2 ?>@O4:5 C1K20=8O 8E A25B8<>AB8. 0?@8<5@, >;O@=0O 725740 8<5=C5BAO  Ursae Minoris (0 0;>9 542548FK), ?>A:>;L:C >=0 A0<0O O@:0O 2 A>7257488. @C38< ?@8<5@>< <>65B A;C68BL ?5@20O 2848<0O 725740 A?CB=8: G5@=>9 4K@K, =0720==0O HDE 226868 ?>B><C, GB> 2?5@2K5 ?>O28;0AL 2 @0AH8@5==>< :0B0;>35 5=@8 @59?5@0, 8, B0:8< >1@07><, 55 <5AB>=0E>645=85 B0< A>>B25BAB2C5B G8A;C 226868. >40720=85 :0B0;>30 8 >1>7=0G5=85 72574!>AB028B5;L>;8G5AB2> =515A=KE B5;@8<5G0=8O350 4> =. 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(Q=D5;L4>< 2 1886 3>4C 4> 457 857 5I5 133 659 725740<8), 2848<KE 2 !525@=>< ?>;CH0@88; CD  G5@57 50 ;5B ?>A;5 A>AB02;5=8O $. @35;0=45@>< :0B0;>30 >==A:>5 >1>7@5=85 2 @35=B8=5 (>@4>2A:0O >1A5@20B>@8O) 2KH;> ?@>4>;65=85 4;O 2848<KE 72574 .6=>3> =510 >@4>2A:>5 >1>7@5=85 =510 (Cordoba Durchmusterung  CD), 2:;NG0NI55 C65 578 802 72574K 8 A>AB02;5==>5 2 1892 1914 3>40E :>;;5:B82>< >1A5@20B>@88 ?>4 @C:>2>4AB2>< 6>=0 "><5 (1843-1908); 1K;> 4>2545=> 4> .6=>3> ?>;NA0 2 1930 3>4C; CPD (Cape Photographic Durchmusterung)  $>B>3@0D8G5A:89 >17>@ A <KA0 >1@>9 04564K, :0B0;>3 454 875 72574 .6=>3> ?>;CH0@8O, A>AB02;5= 2 1896-1900 3>40E 3>;;0=4A:8< 0AB@>=><>< /:>1CA>< >@=5;8A>< 0?B59=>< (1851-1922). ** 1!  Index Catalogue, 420 4>?>;=8B5;L=KE :0B0;>30, ?>O282H8EAO 2 1895 8 1908 3>40E. @8<5G0=8O 1. B>;5<552 ;L<035AB A>AB02;O5B >A=>2C =K=5H=8E 0AB@>;>38G5A:8E 40==KE, E>BO 75<=0O >AL A B5E ?>@ A<5AB8;0AL B0:8< >1@07><, GB> A>725748O 7>480:0 1>;55 =5 A>>B25BAB2CNB ?@8=OBK< 4;O =8E <5AOF0<.  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May. #7;K A5<8@=>9 0CB8=K  HYPERLINK "http://www.jupiterscientific.org/sciinfo/gusp.html" www.jupiterscientific.org/sciinfo/gusp.html  HYPERLINK "http://www.mkaku.org" www.mkaku.org  HYPERLINK "http://neat.jpl.nasa.gov" http://neat.jpl.nasa.gov  HYPERLINK "http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov" http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov  HYPERLINK "http://spacewatch.Ipl.arizona.edu" http://spacewatch.Ipl.arizona.edu 3;02;5=85 @548A;>285 ;020 ?5@20O.  # ;020 2B>@0O. $. >G5<C >4=8 G0AB8FK >1;040NB <0AA>9, 0 4@C385 =5B? ;020 B@5BLO. %/. 0:>3> @>40 E8<8G5A:85 @50:F88 ?>4B>;:=C;8 0B><K : >1@07>20=8N ?5@2KE 682KE ACI5AB2? ;020 G5B25@B0O. /. 0:>2> AB@>5=85 8 ?@54=07=0G5=85 ?@>B5><0? ;020 ?OB0O. /. >7<>65= ;8 B>G=K9 4>;3>2@5<5==K9 ?@>3=>7 ?>3>4K? ;020 H5AB0O. !" /. >G5<C A5;5==0O @0AH8@O5BAO A> 2A5 1>;LH59 A:>@>ABLN? !!   !!  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D>@<C;8@C5BAO B0:: 57 =5>1E>48<>AB8 =5 A;54C5B CB25@640BL <=>3>5 (pluralitas ?>? est ponenda sine necessitate) 8;8: ">, GB> <>6=> >1JOA=8BL ?>A@54AB2>< <5=LH53>, =5 A;54C5B 2K@060BL ?>A@54AB2>< 1>;LH53> (frustra fit per plura quod potest fieri per pauciora). 1KG=> ?@82>48<0O 8AB>@8:0<8 D>@<C;8@>2:0 !CI=>AB59 =5 A;54C5B C<=>60BL 157 =5>1E>48<>AB8 (entia non sunt multi plicandasine necessitate)  2 A>G8=5=8OE ::0<0 =5 2AB@5G05BAO (MB> A;>20 N@0=0 87 !5=-C@A5=0, >:. 1270-1334  D@0=FC7A:>3> 1>3>A;>20 8 4><8=8:0=A:>3> <>=0E0; >G5=L AE>655 2K@065=85 2?5@2K5 2AB@5G05BAO C D@0=FC7A:>3> <>=0E0-D@0=F8A:0=F0 4> 83>, >:. 1205 1275).  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M=F8:;>?548O, 1988. !. 505.)  * >;415@3 C15= CH5A (1883-1970)  0<5@8:0=A:89 :0@8:0BC@8AB, A:C;L?B>@. 0C@50B C;8BF5@>2A:>9 ?@5<88 (1948) 70 ?>;8B8G5A:85 :0@8:0BC@K. A5<8@=CN A;02C 8 C25:>25G5=85 2 A;>20@OE 0=3;89A:>3> O7K:0 >;415@3C ?@8=5A;8 @8AC=:8 AB@0==KE <5E0=87<>2 (inventions), ?>AB@>5==KE ?> ?@8=F8?C 0G5< 45;0BL ?@>AB>, 5A;8 <>6=> A45;0BL A;>6=>?. 7>1@5B5=8O MB8 ?@8720=K ?><>30BL G5;>25:C 2 53> ?>2A54=52=>9 687=8, >4=0:> 2K3;O4OB >=8 A>2A5< =5 ?>2A54=52=>, ?>A:>;L:C A>18@0;8AL 87 A0<KE =5?@54A:07C5<KE M;5<5=B>2. 0?@8<5@, ?@81>@ 4;O 02B><0B8G5A:>3> <KBLO <03078==KE 28B@8= A>AB>8B 87 ?>A;54>20B5;L=> 459AB2CNI8E 10=0=>2>9 :>6C@K, 3@015;L, ?>4:>2K, ;59:8, H201@K, A:>BG-B5@L5@0, @5:;0<=>3> I8B0 8 ?5?5;L=8FK. N1>?KB=>, GB>, 2?5@2K5 ?>O282H8AL =0 AB@0=8F0E Evening Mail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ohns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Hospital.  65;;> (Jell-O)  ?>;CD01@8:0BK 65;5 8 <CAA>2, 2K?CA:05<K5 2 ?>@>H:5 :@C?=59H8< 2 !( ?@>872>48B5;5< ?8I52KE ?@>4C:B>2 Kraft Foods Inc., 4>G5@=59 :><?0=859 Philip Morris Cos.  !>;8 6>=0A -420@45 (1914 1995)  0<5@8:0=A:89 8<<C=>;>3. 5@2K< @07@01>B0; ?@>B82>?>;8><85;8B=CN 20:F8=C =0 >A=>25 8=0:B828-@>20==>3> D>@<0;8=>< 28@CA0, 2K@0I5==>3> =0 :;5B:0E >157LO=L59 ?>G:8, B0: =07K205<CN 8=0:B828@>20==CN ?>;8>20:F8=C (), :>B>@0O A 1954 3>40 H8@>:> ?@8<5=O;0AL 2 !(, 0 B0:65 ?@>B82>3@8??>7=CN 20:F8=C A 42CE3>48G=K< A@>:>< 459AB28O.  1963 3>4C >A=>20; 2 ?@83>@>45 !0=-853> (HB0B 0;8D>@=8O) =AB8BCB 18>;>38G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89, =0720==K9 53> 8<5=5<.   40==>< A;CG05 <>3CB ?>;CG0BLAO =5 ?>;=K5 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8 35=>2, 0 B>;L:> >B45;L=K5 8E CG0AB:8 (:0: 1K O@;KG:8, <0@:8@CNI85 MB8 35=K), :>B>@K5 70=>AOB 2 10=: 40==KE 8 ?> :>B>@K< 2 40;L=59H5< <>6=> 845=B8D8F8@>20BL MBC ?>A;54>20B5;L=>ABL, 5A;8 >=0 1C45B 2K45;5=0 87 4@C38E 8AB>G=8:>2. BAN40 MB>B <5B>4 ?>;CG8; =0720=85 M:A-?@5AA8@C5<K5 O@;K:8 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB59  Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs).  48= 87 :@C?=59H8E 2 =3;88 D>=4>2, ?>>I@ONI89 8AA;54>20=8O 2 >1;0AB8 <548F8=K. !>740= 2 1936 3>4C =0 A@54AB20, 7025I0==K5 2KE>4F5< 87 <5@8:8, ?>;CG82H8< 1@8B0=A:>5 ?>440=AB2> 8 2>72545==K< (1932) 2 @KF0@A:>5 720=85 D0@<0:>;>3>< 5=@8 !>;><>=>< #M;;:><><, >4=8< 87 >A=>20B5;59 (1880) 7=0<5=8B>9 D0@<0F52B8G5A:>9 :><?0=88 Burroughs Wellcome & !> (A 1924 3>40 Wellcome Foundation Ltd), 2 1995 3>4C 2:;NG5==>9 2 A>AB02 Glaxo (A 2000 3>40 Glaxo Smith Kline).  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