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AB>G=8:8: 0 1970-1990 33.  The Economist. September 20th, 1997, p.11. 0 1998  Crafts, Nicolas. Globalization and Growth in the Twentieth Century. IMF Working Paper. March 2000, p.41. 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"2>@G5AB2> A>?@>2>640;> 45OB5;L=>ABL G5;>25:0 2A5340, 2> 2A5 2@5<5=0. 1 MB>< A2845B5;LAB2C5B 8AB>@8O <0B5@80;L=>3> 8 4CE>2=>3> ?@>3@5AA0. >AB0B>G=> .=>75<F52C AE>48BL 2 :0:>9-=81C4L <C759 8A:CAAB2 8;8 B5E=8:8 8 2>>G8N C1548BLAO 2 B><, GB> B2>@G5AB2> ACI5AB2>20;> 8 4> 60-E 3>4>2 %% AB>;5B8O. 0;55 .=>75<F52 =0 >A=>20=88 B578A0 > 70<5I5=88 B@C40 B2>@G5A:>9 0:B82=>ABLN, >A=>20==>3> =0 ?@>B82>?>AB02;5=88 >4=>3> 2840 45OB5;L=>AB8 4@C3><C 8 ?>;>65=8O > B><, GB> AC1J5:B B2>@G5AB20 A2>1>45= >B B0:>9 F5;8, :0: ?@>872>4AB2> <0B5@80;L=KE 1;03, 45;05B 2K2>4 > B><, GB> B2>@G5AB2> & =5 <>65B 1KBL ?>425@65=> M:A?;C0B0F88. !;54>20B5;L=>, ?> 53> <=5=8N, ?> <5@5 @0A?@>AB@0=5=8O B2>@G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 A>:@0I05BAO ?@>AB@0=AB2> 4;O M:A?;C0B0F88.  MB8< 0@3C<5=B0< >= 4>102;O5B 5I5 >48=, 25AL<0 ;N1>?KB=K9. = CB25@6405B, GB> 4;O >1=0@C65=8O M:A?;C0B0F88 <& > =5>1E>48<0 =5 B>;L:> :>=AB0B0F8O 87JOB8O G0AB8 A>740==>3> B@C4>< @01>B=8:0 ?@>4C:B0, => 8 >A>7=0=85 8< A0<8< B>3>, GB> 40==K9 0:B ?@>B82>@5G8B 4>AB865=8N >A=>2=KE F5;59, :>B>@K5 AB028B ?5@54 A>1>9 8=48284. @C38<8 A;>20<8, & =04CB8;8B0@=> <>B828@>20==0O 45OB5;L=>ABL =5 <>65B 1KBL M:A?;C0B8@C5<>9& . !45;02 B0:>5 >B:@KB85, .=>75<F52 >1@CH8205BAO =0 .!<8B0 8 .0@:A0: & B2>@G5AB2>,  ?8H5B >=,  :0: 1K ?>4B0;:820NI55 A0<> A51O 8 8<5NI55 8AB>G=8: A0<>@0728B8O 2=CB@8 C=8:0;L=>3> 8=482840, =5 2?8AK205BAO 2 ?@82KG=CN A8AB5<C :0B53>@89, A?@0254;82CN 4;O M:>=><8G5A:>3> G5;>25:0 .!<8B0. 065 87JOB85 G0AB8 ?@>4C:B0 G5;>25G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 <>65B =5 @0AA<0B@820BLAO A0<8< AC1J5:B>< :0: M:A?;C0B0F8O, 5A;8 B>;L:> 40==K9 ?@>4C:B =5 2KABC?0; 3;02=>9 F5;LN ?@>872>48B5;O. 564C B5< 8<5==> B0:0O A8BC0F8O 2>7=8:05B 2AO:89 @07, :>340 <K 8<55< 45;> A B2>@G5A:>9 0:B82=>ABLN; 8725AB=K <=>3>G8A;5==K5 A;CG08, :>340 (>A>15==> 2 A>2@5<5==KE @0728BKE >1I5AB20E) 2>7=03@0645=85< 70 C?>@=CN @01>BC AB0=>28BAO 2>7<>6=>ABL ?@>4>;68BL @01>BC.  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C<05BAO, GB> B2>@FK =>2>3> 2 =0C:5, B5E=8:5, B5E=>;>388, ?@>872>4AB25, 8A:CAAB25, A?>@B5 2@O4 ;8 45;0NB >B:@KB8O, 87>1@5B0NB, A>740NB =>2K5 ?@>4C:BK, ?@>872545=8O, 4>1820NBAO @5:>@4>2 B>;L:> @048 A0<>@0728B8O, A0<>A>25@H5=AB2>20=8O. 025@=>5, A>740B5;8 =>2>3> @C:>2>4AB2CNBAO F5;K< :><?;5:A>< AB8<C;>2, 2 G8A;5 :>B>@KE =5<0;>5 <5AB> 70=8<0NB 8 AB@0ABL : ?>7=0=8N, 8 BI5A;0285, 8, :>=5G=> 65, AB@5<;5=85 AB0BL 1>30BK< 8;8, ?> :@09=59 <5@5, C;CGH8BL A2>5 <0B5@80;L=>5 ?>;>65=85. "5?5@L A?@0H8205BAO, :0:>5 7=0G5=85 8<55B >A>7=0=85 G5;>25:>< D0:B0 M:A?;C0B0F88 4;O ACI5AB2>20=8O A0<>9 M:A?;C0B0F88? A;8 M:A?;C0B0F8O A>25@H05BAO, B> ?@>8AE>48B MB> =5 ?>B><C, >A>7=05B MB>B D0:B G5;>25: 8;8 =5B. -:A?;C0B0F8O =5 ?5@5AB05B 1KBL M:A?;C0B0F859 >B B>3>, GB> M:A?;C0B8@C5<K9 >A>7=05B 8;8 =5 >A>7=05B A0< D0:B M:A?;C0B0F88. -:A?;C0B0F8O =5 ?5@5AB05B 1KBL M:A?;C0B0F859 8 2 B>< A;CG05, :>340 MB>B D0:B =5 ?@>B82>@5G8B F5;O<, :>B>@K5 AB028B ?5@54 A>1>9 8=48284. A;8 :><C-B> =@028BAO, GB> 53> M:A?;C0B8@CNB 8;8 >= AG8B05B, GB> M:A?;C0B0F8O =5 <5H05B 4>AB865=8N F5;59, :>B>@K5 >= ?5@54 A>1>9 ?>AB028;, B> >B MB>3> >1J5:B82=K9 ?@>F5AA M:A?;C0B0F88 =8:C40 =5 8AG5705B. 4=0:>, GB> 459AB28B5;L=> =>2>3> 2=5A;0 2 ?@>F5AA >1I5AB25==>3> 2>A?@>872>4AB20 =0CG=>-B5E=8G5A:0O @52>;NF8O, B0: MB> B>, GB> <8;;8>=K @01>B=8:>2, 70=8<0NI8EAO 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K< 8 3;02=K< >1@07>< B2>@G5A:8< B@C4><, ?5@5AB0;8 1KBL =05<=K<8 @01>B=8:0<8, B.5. >=8 1>;LH5 =5 ?@>40NB A2>N @01>GCN A8;C :0?8B0;8ABC, 0 ?@>40NB A>740==K9 8<8 ?@>4C:B.  1995 3>4C 2 !( 8<5;>AL 20,7 <8;;8>=0 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=KE @01>B=8:>2 =0 4><C (full-time home-based businesses). -B> 1K;8 2 >A=>2=>< ;N48, >ACI5AB2;ONI85 >1@01>B:C 8=D>@<0F88 4;O =081>;55 2KA>:>B5E=>;>38G=KE >B@0A;59 ?@>872>4AB20. "0:>9 @048:0;L=K9 AB@C:BC@=K9 A4283 2 AD5@5 ?@>872>4AB20 AB0; 2>7<>6=K< 2A;54AB285 B>3>, GB> A@54AB20 >1@01>B:8, E@0=5=8O 8 8A?>;L7>20=8O 8=D>@<0F88 AB0;8 4>ABC?=K<8 4;O ;N459. 0 ?>A;54=85 420 45AOB8;5B8O F5=K =0 ?5@A>=0;L=K5 :><?LNB5@K 87 @0AG5B0 AB>8<>AB8 548=8FK ?0<OB8 65AB:>3> 48A:0 A=878;8AL 2 A>B=8 @07. 'B> 65 :0A05BAO B5E @01>B=8:>2, :>B>@K5 70=8<0NBAO B2>@G5A:8< B@C4>< 8 O2;ONBAO =05<=K<8 @01>B=8:0<8 C :0?8B0;8AB>2, B> >=8 :0: 1K;8, B0: 8 >AB0NBAO >1J5:B>< M:A?;C0B0F88. =B5;;5:BC0;870F8O B@C40, @0AH8@5=85 AD5@K 459AB28O B2>@G5A:>3> B@C40 :0: A;54AB285 =0CG=>-B5E=8G5A:>3> ?@>3@5AA0 =5 87<5=O5B ACI5AB20 :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:8E M:>=><8G5A:8E >B=>H5=89, =5 >B<5=O5B @K=:0, :0: MB> CB25@6405B .=>75<F52. 4=0:> :0:>2K 53> 0@3C<5=BK? >-?5@2KE, >= ?>;0305B, GB> ?>A:>;L:C @0728B85 A>1AB25==>9 ;8G=>AB8 AB0=>28BAO F5;LN B2>@OI53> AC1J5:B0, B> B2>@G5AB2> =5 A>7405B @K=>G=KE F5==>AB59 8 @K=>G=KE >B=>H5=89 @0A?@545;5=8O. >-2B>@KE, ?> 53> <=5=8N, >BACBAB2CNB AB0=40@BK, :>B>@K5 <>3CB >F5=8BL ?@>4C:BK B2>@G5AB20; >F5=:0 8E AC3C1> AC1J5:B82=0. 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K=>: =5 8A?KBK205B =8:0:8E >A>1KE B@C4=>AB59 A 45=56=>9 >F5=:>9 ?@>4C:B>2 B2>@G5A:>3> B@C40, =57028A8<> >B B>3>, A>740=K ;8 >=8 2 @0<:0E DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O :0?8B0;0 8;8 65 8=48284C0;L=K<8 CA8;8O<8 @01>B=8:0 =0 4><C, 8A?>;L7CNI53> A2>8 ;8G=K5 A@54AB20 ?@>872>4AB20 (full-time home-based businesses). >;55 B>3>, =0 8725AB=KE 0C:F8>=0E >F5=820NBAO 8 ?@>40NBAO H5452@K <8@>2>3> 8A:CAAB20 8;8 ?>=>H5==K5 25I8 72574 MAB@04K 8 :8=>. A5 2 1C@6C07=>< <8@5 =0E>48B A2>9 45=56=K9 M:2820;5=B, 4065 A>25ABL ?>;8B8:>2 8 CG5=KE. "0: GB> B2>@G5A:0O 0:B82=>ABL C=8:0;L=KE 8=48284CC<>2 =5 ?>4@K205B >A=>2K @K=>G=>3> E>7O9AB20, 0 ?5@520@8205B 55.  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"0:, 87 A?8A:0 Global 500 87 3>40 2 3>4 2K?040NB :><?0=88, ?@54AB02;ONI85 B@048F8>==K5 >B@0A;8 187=5A0, 0 8E <5AB> 70=8<0NB :><?0=88, @01>B0NI85 2 =081>;55 2KA>:>B5E=>;>38G=KE >B@0A;OE  ?@>872>4AB25 A@54AB2 ?@>3@0<<=>3> >15A?5G5=8O, :><?LNB5@>2 8 M;5:B@>=8:8, A@54AB2 B5;5:><<C=8:0F88. #A8;820NBAO ?>78F88 :><?0=89, 70=8<0NI8EAO 8740B5;LA:>9 45OB5;L=>ABLN, @5:;0<>9, 187=5A>< 2 AD5@5 @072;5G5=89.  M:>=><8:5 @0728BKE AB@0= 2>7@0AB05B C45;L=K9 25A =51>;LH8E 8 A@54=8E ?> @07<5@C ?@54?@8OB89. 0?@8<5@, 2 !( 2 1996 3>4C ?>;>28=C M:A?>@B=KE ?>AB02>: >15A?5G8;8 D8@<K A G8A;>< @01>B=8:>2 <5=55 19 G5;>25:. 7<5=O5BAO AB@C:BC@0 ?@>872>4AB20: 2>7@0AB05B C45;L=K9 25A AD5@K CA;C3 8 A>:@0I05BAO A>>B25BAB25==> 4>;O >B@0A;59 <0B5@80;L=>3> ?@>872>4AB20. 865 4;O 8;;NAB@0F88 MB>3> O2;5=8O ?@82>4OBAO 40==K5 >1 87<5=5=88 A@54=53>4>2>9 G8A;5==>AB8 70=OBKE 2 >A=>2=KE >B@0A;OE M:>=><8:8 !( (BKA. G5;.): B@0A;8195420032003 2 % : 1954A53>49093129931264,9'0AB=K9 A5:B>@  8B>3>42235108356256,5@>872>4AB2> B>20@>2  2A53>18515 21817117,8>1K20NI0O ?@><KH;5==>ABL 825 571 69,21@010BK20NI0O ?@><KH;5==>ABL150021452596,8!B@>8B5;LAB2> 2688 6722250,1@>872>4AB2> CA;C3  2A53>30578108114353,6">@3>2;O, B@0=A?>@B 8 :><<C=0;L=>5 E>7O9AB2>1035725275244,0=D>@<0F8O 1693 3198188,9$8=0=AK 2118 7974376,5@>D5AA8>=0;L=K5 8 187=5ACA;C38 319715997500,41@07>20=85 8 74@02>>E@0=5=85238516577695,1B4KE 8 @072;5G5=85303412125399,6@C385 CA;C38 936 5393576,2>AC40@AB25==K9 A5:B>@685821575314,6AB>G=8::  HYPERLINK ftp://ftp.lls.gov/pub/suppl/emsit.ceseeb1.txt ftp://ftp.lls.gov/pub/suppl/emsit.ceseeb1.txt 0: A;54C5B 87 ?@82545==KE 40==KE, >?C1;8:>20==KE N@> ?> AB0B8AB8:5 B@C40 !(, 70 ?>A;54=85 ?>;25:0 G8A;5==>ABL 70=OBKE 2>7@>A;0 1>;55 G5< 2 2,6 @070, ?@8 MB>< G8A;5==>ABL @01>B=8:>2 2 3>AC40@AB25==>< A5:B>@5 @>A;0 1KAB@55, G5< 2 G0AB=>< A5:B>@5. %>BO G8A;> 70=OBKE 2 >B@0A;OE AD5@K G8AB> <0B5@80;L=>3> ?@>872>4AB20 70 @0AA<0B@8205<K9 ?5@8>4 C25;8G8;>AL 2 1,2 @070, 53> C45;L=K9 25A 70<5B=> A>:@0B8;AO 2 @57C;LB0B5 >?5@560NI53> @>AB0 AD5@K CA;C3 (2 3,8 @070). @8 01A>;NB=>< A>:@0I5=88 G8A;5==>AB8 @01>B=8:>2 2 ?@><KH;5==>AB8 8 A5;LA:>< E>7O9AB25 2>7@>A;0 ?@>872>48B5;L=>ABL 8E B@C40, 1;03>40@O G5<C C25;8G820NBAO >1J5<K ?@>872>4AB20.  AD5@5 CA;C3 >A>15==> 2KA>:8<8 B5<?0<8 2>7@0AB0;0 G8A;5==>ABL @01>B=8:>2 >1@07>20=8O 8 74@02>>E@0=5=8O (?>GB8 2 7 @07). -B8 AB0B8AB8G5A:85 40==K5 ?>;=>ABLN >?@>25@30NB 70O2;5=85 .=>75<F520 > B><, GB> =0G8=0O A 1970 3>4>2 2 !( @>AB ?@>872>4AB20 ?5@5AB0; A>?@>2>640BLAO <& > ?@82;5G5=85< 4>?>;=8B5;L=>9 @01>G59 A8;K. !0<> A>1>9 @07C<55BAO, GB> ?> <5@5 @>AB0 ?@>872>48B5;L=>AB8 B@C40 A>:@0I05BAO B@C4>5<:>ABL ?@>872>4AB20 548=8FK ?@>4C:F88, => MB> =5 ?@82>48;> ?>:0 : 01A>;NB=><C C<5=LH5=8N G8A;5==>AB8 70=OBKE 2 F5;>< 2 =0@>4=>< E>7O9AB25.  B> 65 2@5<O G5B:> >1>7=0G8;0AL B5=45=F8O C<5=LH5=8O M=5@3>- 8 <0B5@80;>5<:>AB8 >1I5AB25==>3> ?@>872>4AB20, ?@8G5< =0AB>;L:> <>I=0O, GB> 2 2KA>:>@0728BKE AB@0=0E 4065 A>:@0B8;>AL 2 01A>;NB=>< 2K@065=88 ?>B@51;5=85 M=5@3>=>A8B5;59, =5:>B>@KE 284>2 AK@LO 8 <0B5@80;>2. "0:, 2 8=4CAB@80;L=> @0728BKE AB@0=0E ?>B@51;5=85 M=5@388 ?>A;5 :@878A0 1973 3>40 2 B5G5=85 ?>A;54CNI53> 45AOB8;5B8O A>:@0B8;>AL 1>;55 G5< =0 5% ?@8 @>AB5  =0 >4=C B@5BL.  !( ?>A;5 1960 3>4>2 7=0G8B5;L=K9 @>AB  A>?@>2>640;AO 01A>;NB=K< A>:@0I5=85< ?>B@51;5=8O G5@=KE <5B0;;>2.  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HBC: A BO3;>2>9 <>I=>ABLN 8358 BKA. ;.A. 0@O4C A :>;E>70<8 A>74020;8AL 3>AC40@AB25==K5 A5;LA:>E>7O9AB25==K5 ?@54?@8OB8O (A>2E>7K). 8=0<8:0 G8A;5==>AB8 A>2E>7>2 8 :>;E>7>2 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO A;54CNI8<8 40==K<8: "01;8F0 1 1928194019551986'8A;> A>2E>7>214074159513422900'8A;> "!670698970-'8A;> 2A5E :>;E>7>2 (2:;NG0O @K1>;>25F:85)  BKA. 33,3 235,5 87,4 26,7  =8E =0;8G=KE 42>@>2  <;=. 0,4 18,7 19,8 12,6 * * !@54=53>4>20O G8A;5==>ABL :>;E>7=8:>2, 70=OBKE 2 >1I5AB25==>< ?@>872>4AB25. AB>G=8:8: !>25BA:0O A>F80;8AB8G5A:0O M:>=><8:0 1917-1957 33., A. 319, 324. 0@>4=>5 E>7O9AB2> !!!  70 70 ;5B. .: $8=0=AK 8 AB0B8AB8:0, 1987, A. 208, 287.  1940 3>4C ?@5>1;040NI0O 4>;O A0<>45OB5;L=>3> =0A5;5=8O =0 A5;5, 70=OB>3> A5;LA:>E>7O9AB25==K< ?@>872>4AB2><, 1K;0 >1J548=5=0 2 :>;E>7K 8 A>2E>7K. 'B> 65 40;> >1>1I5AB2;5=85 :@5ABLO=A:>3> B@C40 4;O ?@>4>2>;LAB25==>3> 8 AK@L52>3> >15A?5G5=8O ?>B@51=>AB59 AB@0=K? B25B =0 MB>B 2>?@>A A;54C5B 8A:0BL 2 AB0B8AB8G5A:8E A?@02>G=8:0E. 0 8AE>4=CN B>G:C >BAG5B0 ?@8<5< 1928 3>4, ?@54H5AB2CNI89 =0G0;C :0<?0=88 A?;>H=>9 :>;;5:B82870F88. 8=0<8:0 ?@>872>4AB20 >A=>2=KE ?@>4C:B>2 @0AB5=852>4AB20 8 682>B=>2>4AB20 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO A;54CNI8<8 40==K<8: "01;8F0 2 1928193519401981-1985 (2 A@54=5< 70 3>4)5@=>  <;=. B73,375,095,6180,3%;>?>:-AK@5F  <;=. B0,791,772,248,31!0E0@=0O A25:;0 (D01@8G=0O)  <;=. B 10,1 16,0 18,0 76,4!5<5=0 ?>4A>;=5G=8:0  <;=. B 2,13 1,22 2,64 4,97L=>-2>;>:=>  BKA. B3243953493770@B>D5;L  <;=. B46,460,576,178,42>I8  <;=. B10,512,413,729,2OA> (2 C1>9=>< 25A5)  <;=. B 4,9 2,3 4,7 17,1*>;>:>  <;=. B31,021,433,698,6*/9F0  <;@4. HB.10,85,812,277,3*(5@ABL  BKA. B182,079,0161,0447,0* * 0==K5 70 1985 3>4. AB>G=8:: 0@>4=>5 E>7O9AB2> !!!  70 70 ;5B. .: $8=0=AK 8 AB0B8AB8:0, 1987, A. 208, 258.  1940 3>4C ?> 2A5< >A=>2=K< A5;LA:>E>7O9AB25==K< ?@>4C:B0<, :@><5 <OA0 8 H5@AB8, 1K; ?@527>945= C@>25=L 1928 3>40; >1I89 >1J5< 20;>2>9 ?@>4C:F88 70 MB>B ?5@8>4 2>7@>A 2 1,3 @070.  A@54=5< 70 1938-1940 3>4K ?@>872>4AB2> 2A5E >A=>2=KE ?@>4C:B>2 75<;545;8O 8 682>B=>2>4AB20 ?@52KA8;> 8 A@54=53>4>2>9 C@>25=L 1909-1913 3>4>2.  A5@548=5 1980 3>4>2 >1J5< 20;>2>9 ?@>4C:F88 A5;LA:>3> E>7O9AB20 1K; 1>;LH5 4>2>5==>3> C@>2=O (1940 3>4) ?>GB8 2 3 @070 ?@8 C25;8G5=88 70 B>B 65 ?5@8>4 G8A;5==>AB8 =0A5;5=8O 2 1,4 @070. "0:8< >1@07><, 2 @0AG5B5 =0 4CHC =0A5;5=8O ?@>872>4AB2> A5;LA:>E>7O9AB25==>9 ?@>4C:F88 70 @0AA<0B@8205<K9 ?5@8>4 2>7@>A;> 2 2 @070. 064K9 A@54=53>4>2>9 @01>B=8:, 70=OBK9 2 A5;LA:>E>7O9AB25==>< ?@>872>4AB25, :>@<8;, :@><5 A0<>3> A51O, 2 1913 3>4C 42CE G5;>25:, B>340 :0: 2 1985 3>4C  10 G5;>25:.  !!!  ?@>6820;> 6 % =0A5;5=8O 5<;8, 0 ?@>872>4AB2> ?@>4>2>;LAB28O A>AB02;O;> ?@8<5@=> 13-16 % >B <8@>2>3> >1J5<0.  1989 3>4C, 70 420 3>40 4> @0720;0 !!! , 2 AB@0=5 ?@>872>48;>AL ?8I52KE :0;>@89 2 @0AG5B5 =0 >4=>3> G5;>25:0 =0 B@5BL 1>;LH5, G5< 2 >AB0;L=KE G5BK@5E @0728BKE AB@0=0E (8 MB> 2 EC4H8E :;8<0B8G5A:8E CA;>28OE). !!!  2E>48; 2 45AOB:C AB@0= A =08;CGH8< C@>2=5< ?8B0=8O, B>G=55, 70=8<0O 7->5 <5AB> 2 1990 3>4C. 0 >A=>20=88 ?@82545==KE 40==KE <>6=> A45;0BL 2K2>4 > B><, GB> :>;E>7=>-A>2E>7=0O D>@<0 A5;LA:>E>7O9AB25==>3> ?@>872>4AB20, >A>15==> ?>A;5 E@CI52A:>-1@56=52A:8E @5D>@<, >:070;0AL 2?>;=5 687=5A?>A>1=>9 8 >15A?5G820;0 CAB>9G82K9 @>AB ?@>872>4AB20 ?@>4>2>;LAB28O 8 AK@LO 4;O ;53:>9 ?@><KH;5==>AB8. @8 MB>< A;54C5B CG8BK20BL B> >1AB>OB5;LAB2>, GB> :@5ABLO=AB2> 5I5 4> A?;>H=>9 :>;;5:B82870F88 >1;030;>AL 40=LN-A25@E=0;>3>< (70 AG5B 1>;55 2KA>:8E F5= =0 ?@><KH;5==K5 B>20@K 8 >B=>A8B5;L=> =87:8E F5= =0 A5;LA:>E>7O9AB25==K5 ?@>4C:BK, 70:C?05<K5 3>AC40@AB2><), 0 A> 2@5<5=8 >1@07>20=8O :>;E>7>2 >=8 8A?>;L7>20;8AL 3>AC40@AB2>< :0: =0A>A 4;O ?5@5:0G:8 <0B5@80;L=KE, D8=0=A>2KE 8 B@C4>2KE @5AC@A>2 4;O =C64 8=4CAB@80;870F88 8 =0@0I820=8O 2>5==>3> ?>B5=F80;0 AB@0=K. >;E>7K ?> >B=>H5=8N : 3>AC40@AB2C 1K;8 ?>AB02;5=K 2 B0:>5 ?>;>65=85, :>B>@>5 @57:> >3@0=8G820;> 8E A0<>AB>OB5;L=>ABL 8 8=8F80B82C, 0 B5< A0<K< 8 8E 2>7<>6=>ABL >ACI5AB2;OBL @0AH8@5==>5 2>A?@>872>4AB2>. !8AB5<0 48@5:B82=>3> ?;0=8@>20=8O, 22545==0O 2 1933 3>4C, 8 ?@>ACI5AB2>202H85 4> 1958 3>40 >1O70B5;L=K5 ?>AB02:8 ?@>4C:F88 3>AC40@AB2C ?> A8<2>;8G5A:8< F5=0<  2 10-12 @07 =865 @K=>G=KE, 1N@>:@0B8G5A:>5 :><0=4>20=85 :>;E>70<8 1K;8 ?@8G8=0<8 70<54;5==>3> 8 :>=A5@20B82=>3>, B> 5ABL GC640NI53>AO =>2H5AB2 @0728B8O. >=5G=K< @57C;LB0B>< 2A53> MB>3> O28;>AL >BAB020=85 A5;LA:>3> E>7O9AB20 >B ?>B@51=>AB59 >1I5AB20, 153AB2> :@5ABLO= >B 75<;8, 70?CAB5=85 45@52=8. >;E>7K 2 ?5@8>4 AB0;8=A:>3> ?@02;5=8O AB>=0;8 ?>4 ?@5AA>< 04<8=8AB@0B82=>3> =0A8;8O. 0: A?@0254;82> >B<5G0;8 .5;;5@ 8 .5:@8G, & 33 <8;;8>=0 :>;E>7=8:>2, :>@<82H8E A2>8< BO65;K< B@C4>< 200-<8;;8>==>5 =0A5;5=85 AB@0=K, >AB020;8AL 2A;54 70 7M:0<8 A0<K< =8I8<, A0<K< >1865==K< A;>5< A>25BA:>3> >1I5AB20. >MB><C =5 C4828B5;L=>, GB> :>;E>7=0O D>@<0 E>7O9AB2>20=8O 4>;3>5 2@5<O =5 <>3;0 ?@>O28BL A2>8E ?>B5=F80;L=KE 2>7<>6=>AB59, 8 B>;L:> 2 1960-1970 3>40E ?>A;5 @O40 @5D>@< :>;E>7K ?>AB5?5==> AB0;8 AB0=>28BLAO =0 =>38 8 2> <=>38E @538>=0E AB@0=K, =0?@8<5@, 2 -AB>=88 45<>=AB@8@>20;8 ?@5:@0A=K5 B5E=8:>-M:>=><8G5A:85 ?>:070B5;8. 1989 3>4C 87 24720 :>;E>7>2 B>;L:> 275 >AB020;8AL 5I5 C1KB>G=K<8 (>:>;> 1%). !C<<0 8E C1KB:>2 A>AB028;0 49 <;=. @C1;59 ?@>B82 21 <;@4. @C1;59 ?@81K;8, ?>;CG5==KE >AB0;L=K<8 :>;E>70<8.  2 70:;NG5=85 E>B5; 1K >B<5B8BL, GB> C65 ?>A;5 @0720;0 !!! , 2 1993 3>4C !.0@0-C@70, >?8@0OAL =0 B@C4K =0@>4=8:>2 .'0O=>20 8 . >=4@0BL520, 2845; 2 >1I8=5 >A=>2C M:>=><8:8 ?@54@52>;NF8>==>9 >AA88 8 2 A2>5< ?@>872545=88 !>25BA:0O F828;870F8O (:=830 1, 3;020 1 2 ?0@03@0D5 2@>F5=B@87< 8 =0@>4=8:8) ?8A0;: & .>1I8=0 ?>:070;0 C4828B5;L=CN A?>A>1=>ABL A>G5B0BLAO A :>>?5@0F859 8 B0:8< >1@07>< @072820BLAO 2 AB>@>=C :@C?=KE E>7O9AB2 <& > A<>3;0 >1I8=0, E>BO 8 A B@02<0<8 2>AAB0=>28BLAO 8 2 >1;8:5 :>;E>7>2  :@C?=KE :>>?5@0B82=KE ?@>872>4AB2.  MB>< CB25@645=88 !.0@0-C@7K A>45@68BAO 1>;LH0O 4>;O 8AB8=K 8 1>;LH528:8 , ?>;030N, =5 <>3;8 =5 CG8BK20BL MBC A?5F8D8:C >1I5AB25==>3> CAB@>9AB20 45@525=A:>9 687=8 >AA88, ?@>2>4O =M? 8 :>;;5:B82870F8N. >4B25@645=85< MB><C A;C68B B>B D0:B, GB> ?@8 >1AC645=88 2 1920 3>4C 2 :><8AA88 -  ?@54?>GB5=85 1K;> >B40=> :>=F5?F88 .'0O=>20 > A<KG:5 A :@5ABLO=A:>9 M:>=><8:>9, 0 =5 ?@54;>65=8O< .8B>H5=:>, :>B>@K9 @0AA<0B@820; 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?@>4>;65=8O 2 =>2KE CA;>28OE @5D>@< .!B>;K?8=0. 51578=B5@5A=> B0:65 70<5B8BL, GB> .0@:A 5I5 2 1881 3>4C 2 A2>5< =01@>A:5 ?8AL<0 : .0AC;8G ?8A0; > ?5@A?5:B82=>AB8 @0728B8O @>AA89A:8E >1I8= ?CB5< ?>AB5?5==>3> ?@52@0I5=8O ?0@F5;;O@=>3> 75<;545;8O 2 :>;;5:B82=>5. 2.3.4. 5B0<>@D>7K ?>;8B8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K, 8;8 8:B0BC@0 2> 8<O A>F80;87<0 !B0;8= C=8GB>68; 1>;LH5 @52>;NF8>=5@>2, G5< 2A5 @CAA:85 F0@8, 2<5AB5 27OBK5. .@;>2 ">B, :B> 8<55B 2;0ABL, GB>1K 45;0BL 4>1@>, >4=>2@5<5==> ?>;CG05B 2>7<>6=>ABL B2>@8BL 7;>& .$@84<0= 0 70 A ;8H=8< ;5B A2>53> ACI5AB2>20=8O ?>;8B8G5A:0O A8AB5<0 2 !!!  ?@5B5@?5;0 @O4 @048:0;L=KE 87<5=5=89. >2>;L=> 1KAB@> 2;0ABL !>25B>2 A<5=8;0AL 48:B0BC@>9 ?0@B89=>-3>AC40@AB25==>3> 0??0@0B0, :>B>@0O 2 =0G0;5 1930 3>4>2 ?@8>1@5;0 C@>4;82CN D>@<C :C;LB0 ;8G=>AB8 .!B0;8=0. >A;5 53> A<5@B8 2 1953 3>4C 8 2?;>BL 4> 3>@10G52A:>9 ?5@5AB@>9:8 MB0 48:B0BC@0 2 A2>59 >A=>25 >AB020;0AL =587<5==>9, =5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> >=0 >B:070;0AL >B ?@0:B8:8 <0AA>2KE @5?@5AA89, >AC645==KE .%@CI52K< =0 %% AJ5745 ><<C=8AB8G5A:>9 ?0@B88.  ;8HL A 1985 3>40 MB0 48:B0BC@0 AB0;0 @07@CH0BLAO 2 E>45 A>25@H5==> 15740@=KE ?>?KB>: 55 @5D>@<8@>20=8O, ?@54?@8=OBKE .>@10G52K<. 0:>20 1K;0 8AB>@8G5A:0O :0=20 MB8E <5B0<>@D>7? !>25BK :0: D>@<0 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 2;0AB8 =5 1K;0 87>1@5B5=0 1>;LH528:0<8, >4=0:> >=0 1K;0 8<8 C<5;> 8A?>;L7>20=0 2 1>@L15 70 2;0ABL. !>25BK 2?5@2K5 2>7=8:;8 2 >AA88 2 E>45 @52>;NF88 1905-1907 3>4>2. 0: ?@028;>, !>25BK 2K@0AB0;8 :0: 45?CB0BA:85 A>1@0=8O =0 1075 AB0G5G=KE :><8B5B>2, B.5. >=8 1K;8 >@30=0<8, AD>@<8@>20==K<8 ?CB5< ?@O<>3> ?@54AB028B5;LAB20 @01>G8E (A>;40BA:8E, :@5ABLO=A:8E, :070GL8E 8 B.?.) :>;;5:B82>2 2 <5AB=KE !>25B0E. !>25BK >1@07>2K20;8AL 2=5 2AO:8E 70:>=>2 8 CAB0=>2;5==KE :5<-B> A2KH5 =>@< 8 >B@060;8 =0?@O<CN 8=B5@5AK ?@54AB02;5==KE 2 =8E :>;;5:B82>2, ?>;L7COAL 8E ?>;=K< 4>25@85< 8 C2065=85< : ?@8=OBK< !>25B0<8 @5H5=8O<. 0: >B<5G05BAO 2 AB>@88 ><<C=8AB8G5A:>9 ?0@B88 !>25BA:>3> !>N70, & A@548 1>;LH528:>2 2>?@>A > @>;8 8 7=0G5=88 !>25B>2, >1 8E 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE A ?0@B859 40;5:> =5 A@07C 8 =5 2A5<8 1K; ?@028;L=> ?>=OB. 5:>B>@K5 G;5=K  !  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"0:65 =5 ?@>B82>@5G8B AE5<5 0@:A0 8 @0745;5=85 8AB>@88 >1I5AB20 =0 75<;545;LG5A:CN, 8=4CAB@80;L=CN 8 8=D>@<0F8>==CN M?>E8. 5425452 .!>F80;87< 2 >AA88? .: 740B5;LAB2> @0DB+. 2006. A.86.  !<. ?0@03@0D 3.6.1.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ". 3, A. 54. (8@>:> 8725AB=> >?@545;5=85 ?>=OB8O :;0AA, 40==>5 .5=8=K<. >B >=>: ;0AA0<8 =07K20NBAO 1>;LH85 3@C??K ;N459, @07;8G0NI8EAO ?> 8E <5ABC 2 8AB>@8G5A:8 >?@545;5==>9 A8AB5<5 >1I5AB25==>3> ?@>872>4AB20, ?> >B=>H5=8N (1>;LH59 G0AB8 70:@5?;5==><C 8 >D>@<;5==><C 2 70:>=0E) : A@54AB20< ?@>872>4AB20, ?> 8E @>;8 2 >1I5AB25==>9 >@30=870F88 B@C40, 0 A;54>20B5;L=>, ?> A?>A>10< ?>;CG5=8O 8 @07<5@0< B>9 4>;8 >1I5AB25==>3> 1>30BAB20, :>B>@>9 >=8 @0A?>;030NB. ;0AAK  MB> B0:85 3@C??K ;N459, 87 :>B>@KE >4=0 <>65B ?@8A20820BL A515 B@C4 4@C3>9 1;03>40@O @07;8G8N 8E <5AB0 2 >?@545;5==>< C:;045 >1I5AB25==>3> E>7O9AB20. 5=8= . !!. B.29. A.388.   A:>1:0E  4>;8 2 >1I59 <8@>2>9 B5@@8B>@88, :>B>@0O A>AB02;O5B 52,5 <8;;8>=0 :204@0B=KE <8;L (157 =B0@:B8:8). AB>G=8:: Britannica Book of Year (Chicago Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. 1992-1994). 0:A8<0;L=>5 G8A;> F828;870F89, :>B>@K5 =0< C40;>AL =0=5AB8 =0 :C;LBC@=CN :0@BC, @02=O;>AL 37. ">9=18 . 6. &828;870F8O ?5@54 AC4>< 8AB>@88. .: 9@8A @5AA, 2003, A. 43.  A.D.Bozeman, Civilizations Under Stress, Virginia Quarterly Review, 51 (Winter 1975), p.1.  %0=B8=3B>= !. !B>;:=>25=85 F828;870F89. .: !", 2003, A. 48-49.  MB><C 0170FC %0=B8=3B>=>< !. 40=> ?@8<5G0=85 A;54CNI53> A>45@60=8O: E.Durkheim and M.Mauss, Notion of Civilization, p.811; F.Braudel, On History, pp.177,202; M.Melko, Nature of Civilizations, p.8; J.Wallerstain, Geopolitics and Geoculture, p.215; C.Dawson, Dynamics of World History, pp.51,402; O.Spengler, Decline of the West,1,p.31. =B5@5A=>, GB> 2 International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences (New York: Macmillan and Free Press, ed. David L.Sills, 17 vols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http://www.leland-stanford.ru./IDL/102/lectures/Readings/L4R3.htm >2>;L=> 1;87:>9 : B0:>9 B@0:B>2:5 ?>=OB8O F828;870F8O O2;O5BAO 8 ?>78F8O .@>?>B:8=0, :>B>@K9 ?>4 F828;870F859 ?>=8<0; ?@>A25I5=85, @0728B85 7=0=8O, <KH;5=8O, B2>@G5AB2> 8 AB@5<;5=85 : ;CGH5<C AB@>N 687=8. !<. @>?>B=:8= .. -B8:0..: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K. 1991. A.112.  $>@4 . >O 687=L, <>8 4>AB865=8O. !53>4=O 8 702B@0. 8=A:: %0@25AB, 2003, A. 438.  AB0B8, B>B 65 .$>@4 1K; C15645==K< AB>@>==8:>< 0<5@8:0=A:>9 <>45;8 F828;870F88. = ?8A0;: & =0AB0820BL =0 0<5@8:0=87<5 =5 7=0G8B =0AB0820BL =0 C7:>< =0F8>=0;87<5. A=>2=K5 ?@8=F8?K 0<5@8:0=87<0  MB> B0 F5;L, : :>B>@>9 AB@5<8BAO 2AO F828;870F8O. -B> =5 2KA>:>?0@=K5 A;>20, ?>B><C GB> MB8 ?@8=F8?K @>48;8AL @0=LH5 !>548=5==KE (B0B>2. !>548=5==K5 (B0BK 1K;8 ?8B><=8:><, 345 MB8 ?@8=F8?K 4>AB83;8 A2>53> ?>;=>3> @0728B8O, GB>1K 2A5 =0@>4K <>3;8 C2845BL 8 ?>AB8GL ?@0:B8G5A:85 A2>9AB20 2A5AB>@>==59 A2>1>4K. 8AA8O !>548=5==KE (B0B>2  40BL <8@C 4>:070B5;LAB2> @50;L=>AB8 8 4>;3>25G=>AB8 =5:>B>@KE ?@8=F8?>2. $>@4. . >O 687=L, <>8 4>AB865=8O. !53>4=O 8 702B@0. 8=A:: %0@25AB, 2003, A.426.  %0=B8=3B>= !. !B>;:=>25=85 F828;870F89. .: !", 2003, A.91,92,94. @>20; <>45;8 F5=B@0;87>20==>3> ?;0=8@>20=8O 2>2A5 =5 4>:07K205B ?@028;L=>AB8 <>45;8 A2>1>4=>3> ?@54?@8=8<0B5;LAB20, =5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> 2 MB>< C25@5=K B5, :B> 2>A?@8=8<05B E>;>4=CN 2>9=C :0: ?@>B82>1>@AB2> <564C :0?8B0;87<>< 8 A>F80;87<><. !>@>A . 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">9=18 . 6. &828;870F8O ?5@54 AC4>< 8AB>@88. .: 9@8A @5AA, 2003, A. 318.  %0=B8=3B>= !. !B>;:=>25=85 F828;870F89. .: !", 2003, A. 112. 5AL<0 8=B5@5A=> ?@87=0=85 1K2H53> 3>AA5:@5B0@O !( 04;5= ;1@09B: ?@>AK ?>:070;8, GB> 1>;LH8=AB2> ;0B8=>0<5@8:0=F52 =5 C4>2;5B2>@5=K 45<>:@0B859 8 284OB 2 =59 ;8HL A@54AB2>, A ?><>ILN :>B>@>3> =5G8AB>?;>B=0O M;8B0 AB@5<8BAO C70:>=8BL C3=5B5=85 154=KE A;>52. !E>4=K5 ?@>1;5<K ACI5AB2>20;8 2 &5=B@0;L=>9 2@>?5, 788 8 D@8:5: BCB <>;>4K5 45<>:@0B8G5A:85 @568<K 1>@>;8AL A BO65;K< =0A;5485< ?@>H;>3> 8 A>1AB25==>9 =5C25@5==>ABLN 2 45<>:@0B8G5A:8E ?>4E>40E <& > @0=LH5, :>340 ?0;0 5@;8=A:0O AB5=0, ;N48 ;8:>20;8 8 B0=F520;8 =0 C;8F0E. "5?5@L M9D>@8O CH;0 2 ?@>H;>5, 8 <K >:070;8AL =0 =>2>9 ABC?5=8.  =5:>B>@KE :@C30E GC2AB2>20;0AL >?0A=>ABL, GB> >?B8<87< CABC?8B <5AB> ?>@065=G5AB2C 8 >B:@>5B ?CBL >B682H8< ?>4E>40< ?@>H;>3>.  @O45 AB@0= 4065 CA8;820;0AL B>A:0 ?> 1K;><C ?>@O4:C. ;1@09B. >A?>60 3>AA5:@5B0@L. .: ;L?8=0 87=5A C:A, 2004, A. 573-574.  Jeffery R.Barnett,  Exclusion as National Security Policy , Parameters, 24 (Spring 1994).  ">G=> B0: 65, :0: 70?04=K5 1>30BAB20 4> MB>3> A2845B5;LAB2>20;8 > ?@52>AE>4AB25 70?04=>9 :C;LBC@K, =5DBO=K5 1>30BAB20 AB0;8 4>:070B5;LAB2>< ?@58<CI5AB20 8A;0<0. %0=B8=3B>= !. !B>;:=>25=85 F828;870F89. .: !", 2003, A.175.  >8A552 . !C4L10 F828;870F88. CBL 07C<0. http://www.leland-stanford.ru./IDL/102/lectures/Readings/L4R3.htm  Major Problems of United States Foreign Policy, 1954, A.215.  6578=A:89 . K1>@. 8@>2>5 3>A?>4AB2> 8;8 3;>10;L=>5 ;845@AB2>. .: 564C=0@>4=K5 >B=>H5=8O. 2001. A.123.  -@E0@4 . ;03>A>AB>O=85 4;O 2A5E. .: 0G0;0 @5AA, 1991, A.257-258. &8B. 874., A. 296.  4=0:> ACI5AB2CNB 8 8=K5 >F5=:8 52@>8=B53@0F8>==>3> ?@>F5AA0. 0?@8<5@, ."MBG5@ AG8B05B, GB> 2@>?0  @57C;LB0B ?;0=>2. > A2>59 ACB8 >=0  :;0AA8G5A:0O CB>?8O, <>=C<5=B BI5A;028N 8=B5;;5:BC0;>2, ?@>3@0<<0, >1@5G5==0O =0 ?@>20;& . "MBG5@ . A:CAAB2> C?@02;5=8O 3>AC40@AB2><. !B@0B5388 4;O <5=ONI53>AO <8@0. .: ;L?8=0 01;8H8@, 2003, A.390.   =0G0;5 2006 3. !>25BA:0O 8AB>@8G5A:0O M=F8:;>?548O. ". 10, A. 573.  5:>B>@K5 ?@>3=>78ABK 284OB 2 <8@5 1C4CI53> <& > A>B=8, 4065 BKAOG8 <8=8-3>AC40@AB2, 3>@>4>2-3>AC40@AB2, @538>=>2 8 =5A<56=KE ?>;8B8G5A:8E AC1J5:B>2. ">DD;5@ -. 8 ">DD;5@ %. >9=0 8 0=B82>9=0. .: "@0=78B:=830, 2005, A. 305.  > 2>?@>AC > 2708<>>B=>H5=88 =0F88 8 3>AC40@AB20 ACI5AB2CNB @07;8G=K5 B>G:8 7@5=8O. 0?@8<5@, .030@;8F:89 AG8B05B, GB> =5 548=AB2> O7K:0, :@>28 8;8 25@K A>7405B =0F8N, 0 3>AC40@AB2>. 030@;8F:89 0@:A87<. 5 @5:><5=4>20=> 4;O >1CG5=8O. .: ;3>@8B<. -!. 2006.A.388.  :C@4K? 1E07FK? 0A:8? 8 B.4.  > @>;L 3>AC40@AB2 ?>:0 >AB05BAO >?@545;ONI59. 0: ?8A0; 7=0B>: 52@>?59A:>9 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 48?;><0B .;89 28F8=A:89, & 2@>?0 5I5 >G5=L 4>;3>5 2@5<O, =5A<>B@O =0 8=B53@0F8>==K5 ?@>F5AAK, 1C45B >AB020BLAO 2@>?>9 >B5G5AB2. B >B=>H5=89 <564C >B5G5AB20<8 8 1C45B ?@5645 2A53> 7028A5BL ?>;>65=85 2 52@>?59A:>9 =04AB@>9:5. 28F8=A:89 .. @5<O 8 A;CG09. 0<5B:8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;0. .: ;<0-@5AA, 1999, A.72.  ;8B5@0BC@5 <>6=> 2AB@5B8BL 8 ?@>B82>?>;>6=>5 <=5=85. "0: .59=8G5=:> AG8B05B, GB> 2 80-5 3>4K %% 25:0 & 2A5 24@C3 ?@8H;8 : 2K2>4C, GB> 3@0=8FK  MB> 2A53> ;8HL CA;>2=K5 ;8=88, @0745;ONI85 ;N459, => =5A?>A>1=K5 70I8B8BL 8E 8 GB> D0:B8G5A:8 1990-5 3>4K AB0;8 =0G0;>< :>=F0 =0F8>=0;L=KE 3>AC40@AB2. 59=8G5=:> . XXI 25:. AB>@8O =5 :>=G05BAO. .: ;<0-@5AA, 2000, A. 26,27. "0:>9 65 B>G:8 7@5=8O ?@845@68205BAO 8 .5>=0@4, A@02=820O 3>AC40@AB20 A ?;0AB8:>2K<8 <C;O60<8 CB>:, ?>:0G820NI8EAO =0 2>;=0E <8@>2>3> :0?8B0;87<0 8 0<5@8:0=A:>9 3535<>=88. !<. 53> :=83C XXI 25:  25: 2@>?K. 740B5;LAB2> %@0=8B5;L. .: 2006. A.138.  "5=45=F8O >1@07>20=8O =>2KE 3>AC40@AB2 2 @57C;LB0B5 AB@5<;5=8O =0@>4>2 : 3>AC40@AB25==><C >D>@<;5=8N A2>59 A0<>1KB=>AB8 ?>;CG8;0 =0720=85 ;>:0;870F88.  1974 3. 2 <8@5 =0AG8BK20;>AL >:>;> 140 AC25@5==KE 3>AC40@AB2, 0 : 1998 3. 8E G8A;> 2>7@>A;> 4> 195.  'B> :0A05BAO <563>AC40@AB25==KE >B=>H5=89, B> >G5284=0 ?5@A?5:B820 2>7=8:=>25=8O A:>>@48=8@>20==>3> 3;>10;L=>3> ?>;8B8G5A:>3> ?>@O4:0. "5=45=F8O : 3;>10;870F88 2K=C6405B AB@0=K A>B@C4=8G0BL 2 @5H5=88 ?@>1;5<, A :>B>@K<8 ?5@2>=0G0;L=> >=8 AB@5<8;8AL A?@028BLAO A0<>AB>OB5;L=> <& > 8@>2>5 ?@028B5;LAB2>, A:>@55, <>65B ?@54?>;030BL A>2<5AB=CN ?@>@01>B:C 3;>10;L=>9 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 AB@0B5388 3>AC40@AB2 8 A:>>@48=8@>20==K5 ?>4E>4K : @07@5H5=8N :>=D;8:B>2, G5< D>@<8@>20=85 A25@E3>AC40@AB20. 8445=A. >A;54AB28O <>45@=8B8. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia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the common ecological risks); 2B>@>9  <8@>2KE A8AB5< (the world systems approach) c C?>@>< =0 M:>=><8G5A:85 ?@>F5AAK; B@5B89  :C;LBC@>;>38G5A:89 ?>4E>4 (the global cultury approach)  8AA;54C5B D>@<8@>20=85 548=>9 3;>10;L=>9 :C;LBC@K; G5B25@BK9  3;>10;L=>5 >1I5AB2> (the global societe approach)  :>=F5=B@8@C5BAO =0 87CG5=88 ?;0=5B0@=>3> A>7=0=8O; ?OBK9  3;>10;L=K9 :0?8B0;87< (the global capitalism approach)  AD>:CA8@>20= =0 45OB5;L=>AB8 B@0=A=0F8>=0;L=KE :>@?>@0F89 ("), <564C=0@>4=>3> :;0AA0 () 8 B@0=A=0F8>=0;L=KE >@30=870F89 (") 2 8E 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE A 3>AC40@AB2>< 8;8 3>AC40@AB25==K<8 8=AB8BCB0<8. @8= . 8@ 157 >AA88. .: -!, ;3>@8B<, 2002, A.289-290.  http://www.un.org./russian/whatnew/docs/sgress.htm  !>@>A . B:@KB>5 >1I5AB2>. 5D>@<8@CO 3;>10;L=K9 :0?8B0;87<. .: 2001, A. 236-237. >B :0: . !>@>A >?8AK205B ?@>F5AA AB0=>2;5=8O 3;>10;L=>3> :0?8B0;87<0: ;>10;870F8O 2 B>< 2845, :0: <K 55 >?@545;8;8, >B=>A8B5;L=> =>2K9 D5=><5=, :>B>@><C =0AG8BK205BAO =5 1>;55 50 8;8 4065 25. >A;5 B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K M:>=><8:0 =>A8;0 2 >A=>2=>< =0F8>=0;L=K9 E0@0:B5@, 1>;LH8=AB2> 20;NB 1K;> =5:>=25@B8@C5<K<8, <564C=0@>4=0O B>@3>2;O >G5=L 2O;>9, 0 <564C=0@>4=K5 ?@O<K5 8=25AB8F88 2 >A=>2=K5 A@54AB20 8 ?@>G85 D8=0=A>2K5 >?5@0F88 ?@0:B8G5A:8 >BACBAB2>20;8 <& > >=B@>;L 70 42865=85< :0?8B0;0 >A;01520; >G5=L <54;5==>: 2 5;8:>1@8B0=88, =0?@8<5@, >= 1K; >D8F80;L=> A=OB B>;L:> 2 1979 3>4C. !>@>A . K;L=K9 ?C7K@L 0<5@8:0=A:>3> ?@52>AE>4AB20. .: ;L?8=0 87=5A C:A, 2004, A.89-90.  &8B. 874., A.87.  >:;04   70 1999 3>4, A. 25.  &8B. 874., A. 45-47.  ;03>40@O @0728B8N 8=D>B5E=>;>388, =5A<>B@O =0 =0;8G85 ;>:0;L=KE ?;>I04>:, 345 A>25@H0NBAO A45;:8, @0A?>;>65==K5 2 @07=KE AB@0=0E (>=4>=5, LN->@:5, ">:8>, $@0=:DC@B5 8 B.4.), <K <>65< 3>2>@8BL > DC=:F8>=8@>20=88 548=>3> 3;>10;L=>3> @K=:0 >A=>2=KE :>=25@B8@C5<KE 20;NB.  !>@>A . K;L=K9 ?C7K@L 0<5@8:0=A:>3> ?@52>AE>4AB20. .: ;L?8=0 87=5A C:A, 2004, A.88.  !>@>A . B:@KB>5 >1I5AB2>. 5D>@<8@CO 3;>10;L=K9 :0?8B0;87<. .: 2001, A. 230.  >:D5;;5@ . 0=:8@ 2 %% 25:5. 5<C0@K. .: 564C=0@>4=K5 >B=>H5=8O, 2003, A.199-200.  1988 3>4C 2 <8@5 =0AG8BK20;>AL >:>;> 17000 <564C=0@>4=KE B5;5D>==KE AB0=F89, ?> :>B>@K< >ACI5AB2;O;AO <3=>25==K9 >1<5= :>=AB@C:B>@A:8<8 G5@B560<8, 2845>87>1@065=8O<8 8 40==K<8 <564C ;8F0<8, :>B>@K5, =0E>4OAL =0 @07;8G=KE :>=B8=5=B0E, >1J548=ONB A2>8 CA8;8O. @8 MB>< B0:85 =8B8 A:;04K20NI59AO 3;>10;L=>9 ?0CB8=K >AB0NBAO ?@0:B8G5A:8 =52848<K<8 8 ?>MB><C :>=B@>;N G0AB> =5 ?>4;560B. 09E . "@C4 =0F89. >B>2OAL : :0?8B0;87<C XXI 25:0. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia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cademia, 1999, A.511.  A;8 :>3>-B> 8 <>6=> =0720BL @C:>2>48B5;5< 8 :>>@48=0B>@>< A>2@5<5==>9 M:>=><8G5A:>9 ?>;8B8:8, MB8< :5<-B> O2;ONBAO !(. 07C<55BAO, A0<8 !( =5 <>3CB 45;0BL 2A5, GB> 1K 8< =8 701;03>@0AAC48;>AL, >4=0:> ?@0:B8G5A:8 =8 >4=> A>1KB85 2 <8@5 =5 ?@>8AE>48B 157 A>3;0A8O <5@8:8. !>@>A .  3;>10;870F88. .: -!, 2004, A. 181.  World Investment Report 2003. UNCTAD, 2003. p.187.  09E . "@C4 =0F89. >B>2OAL : :0?8B0;87<C XXI 25:0. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A.512-513.  >:;04   70 1999 3>4, A. 31-32.  AB@0=0E, 345 :>=A>;840F8O =>A8B 3;>10;L=K9 E0@0:B5@, A;8O=8O 8 ?>3;>I5=8O 4>AB83;8 :>;>AA0;L=KE <0AHB01>2. A5 1>;LH55 @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 ?>;CG0NB B@0=A3@0=8G=K5 A45;:8. !>740=85 548=>9 52@>?59A:>9 20;NBK 40;> <>I=K9 B>;G>: :>=A>;840F88 2 <0AHB015 :>=B8=5=B0. 5>@30=870F8O :><?0=89 845B 8=B5=A82=55, G5< <>6=> 1K;> >6840BL. >7=8:0NB 3;>10;L=K5 <>=>?>;88 8 >;83>?>;88 (=0?@8<5@, Microsoft 8 Intel).  <8@5 >AB0;>AL 2A53> 4 :@C?=59H85 0C48B>@A:85 D8@<K. !>@>A . B:@KB>5 >1I5AB2>. 5D>@<8@CO 3;>10;L=K9 :0?8B0;87<. .: 2001, A. 267.  &8B. 874., A.255.  ! <><5=B0 A2>53> 70@>645=8O :0?8B0;87< =5 @07 AB0;:820;AO A> A?040<8, M:>=><8G5A:8<8 1C<0<8& ; =8:B> 5I5 =5 >B<5=O; F8:; 45;>2>9 0:B82=>AB8 8, ?> 2A59 2848<>AB8, =8:>340 =5 >B<5=8B; 0 B>, GB> (C<?5B5@ =07K20; 27@K20<8 A>7840B5;L=>3> @07@CH5=8O, ?5@8>48G5A:8 >1@CH8205BAO =0 =0A 4> A8E ?>@. "MBG5@ . A:CAAB2> C?@02;5=8O 3>AC40@AB2><. !B@0B5388 4;O <5=ONI53>AO <8@0. .: ;L?8=0 01;8H8@, 2003, A.484.  -:>=><8G5A:0O M=F8:;>?548O. ". 4, A. 502.  >:;04   70 1999 3>4, A. 40.  "0< 65.  ;8=B>= . >O 687=L. .: ;L?8=0 87=5A C:A, 2005, A.719.  "0:, A>3;0H5=85 TRIPS =5A10;0=A8@>20=>: >=> A>7405B 1;03>?@8OB=K5 CA;>28O 4;O B@0=A=0F8>=0;L=KE :>@?>@0F89, 70:@5?;OO 8E 4><8=8@CNI55 ?>;>65=85 2 >1;0AB8 2;045=8O B5E=>;>3859, ?@5?OBAB2CO 8 ?>2KH0O AB>8<>ABL 55 ?5@540G8 2 @072820NI85AO AB@0=K. >:;04   70 1999 3>4, A. 35. TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights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cademia, 1999, A.405.  &8B. 874., A. 406.  &8B. 874., A. 411.  7 AB@0= 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O @50;87CNB A>2<5AB=K9 ?@>5:B "  (M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K9 B5@<>O45@=K9 @50:B>@) =0 1075 @>AA89A:>9 CAB0=>2:8 ">:0<0:. >20O B5E=>;>38O ?>72>;8B =0 548=8FC 25A0 B5@<>O45@=>3> B>?;820 ?>;CG0BL 2 10 <;=. @07 1>;LH5 M=5@388, G5< ?@8 A3>@0=88 >@30=8G5A:>3> B>?;820 8 ?@8<5@=> 2 100 @07 1>;LH5, G5< ?@8 @0AI5?;5=88 O45@ C@0=0.  8;LF5@ . 573@0=8G=>5 1>30BAB2>. "5>@8O 8 ?@0:B8:0  -:>=><8G5A:>9 0;E8<88. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A. 416.  http://news.mail.ru/society/1619311/print  >:;04   70 1999 3>4, A. 67.  &8B. 874., A. 6.  &8B. 874., A. 69.  & 70% <564C=0@>4=KE @>O;B8 ?> B5E=>;>38O< >?;0G820;8AL 2 @0<:0E @>4AB25==KE D8@< 8 8E 70@C156=KE D8;80;>2. -B> A2845B5;LAB2C5B > :;NG52>9 @>;8 " 2 @0A?@>AB@0=5=88 B5E=>;>388 ?> 75<=><C H0@C. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thomson. Globalization in Question, p.68.  >20: . CE 45<>:@0B8G5A:>3> :0?8B0;87<0. 8=A:, 1997, A. 187.  708<>7028A8<>ABL >7=0G05B, GB> AB@0=0  =5 <>65B ?@54?@8=OBL 459AB289, =5 2K7202 @50:F88 8 ?>A;54AB289 2 AB@0=0E , !, D 8 B0: 40;55 <& > 5@5E>4 <5@8:8 =0 2>;>:>==CN >?B8:C <>65B A18BL F5=K =0 <54L 2 '8;8 8 2K720BL ?>;8B8G5A:CN =5AB018;L=>ABL 2 0<188, 4>E>4K ?@028B5;LAB20 :>B>@>9 7028AOB >B M:A?>@B0 <548. @028;0 >E@0=K >:@C60NI59 A@54K 2 @078;88 <>3CB 87<5=8BL F5=K =0 4@525A8=C 8 ?>2;8OBL =0 687=L ;5A>@C1>2 0;09788, GB> <>65B 87<5=8BL ?>;8B8G5A:85 2708<>>B=>H5=8O <564C F5=B@0;L=K< ?@028B5;LAB2>< 8 AC;B0=0<8, ?@02OI8<8 2 A2>8E @538>=0E. ">DD;5@ -. 8 ">DD;5@ %. >9=0 8 0=B82>9=0. .: "@0=78B:=830, 2005, A. 310-311.  !>@>A . B:@KB>5 >1I5AB2>. 5D>@<8@CO 3;>10;L=K9 :0?8B0;87<. .: 2001, A. 234.  ;>10;870F8O <8@>2>3> E>7O9AB20. # 8<. ..><>=>A>20. -:>=><8G5A:89 D0:C;LB5B. .: =D@0-. 2006. A.291.  Futuribles. 2001. 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H259F0@A:>-H254A:0O :><?0=8O  70:@K;0 40000 @01>G8E <5AB 2 !525@=>9 <5@8:5 8 2 2@>?5 8 A>740;0 21150 <5AB 2 >AB>G=>9 2@>?5, 2 >A=>2=>< 2 >;LH5. @8 MB>< =04> 8<5BL 2 284C, GB> A@54=OO G0A>20O 70@?;0B0 2 70?04=KE AB@0=0E ?>GB8 2 12 @07 2KH5, G5< 2 >;LH5. 4>102>: ?>;LA:89 @01>G89 @01>B05B =0 400 G0A>2 2 3>4 1>;LH5, G5<, =0?@8<5@, 35@<0=A:89 @01>G89. Lester Thurow. The Future of Capitalism. London. Nicholas Brecley, 1996, p.168.  >:;04   70 1999 3>4, A. 32.  ;>10;870F8O <8@>2>3> E>7O9AB20. # 8<. ..><>=>A>20. -:>=><8G5A:89 D0:C;LB5B. .: =D@0-. 2006. A.124.  &8B. 874., A. 33. A;8 C =5AG0AB=KE 1565=F52 =5 E20B0;> 45=53 70?;0B8BL 70 ?5@51@>A:C 2 B0;8N, 0;10=FK 2 ?>A;54=55 2@5<O ?@84C<0;8 =>2CN D>@<C >?;0BK: ?@>409 ?>G:C 8;8 4@C3>9 >@30= 4;O B@0=A?;0=B0F88. !;CG08 B0:>3> @071>O AB0=>2OBAO 2 1;03>A;>25==>9 2@>?5 2A5 G0I5. ;NG=8:>2 . 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Washington DC. 2004. p. 260.  http://www.vz.ru/society/2006/12/7/60106.html K?>;=O;8 A2>8 >1O70B5;LAB20 B>;L:> 5 AB@0=: 0=8O, >@2538O, 845@;0=4K, (25F8O, N:A5<1C@3.  htp://www.undp.org/hdr2003/russian/pdf/hdr03_rus_overview.pdf.p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evelopment-Dependency - cci iii.  htp://www.undp.org/hdr2003/russian/pdf/hdr03_rus_overview.pdf. p.10.  >:;04   70 1999 3>4, A. 22.  "0< 65. > @0AG5B0< , : 2025 3>4C 3 <8;;80@40 G5;>25: =0 ?;0=5B5 1C4CB 68BL 2 CA;>28OE =54>AB0B:0 ?8BL52>9 2>4K.  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cademia, 1999, A. 117. >=5G=>, 45;> =5 2 A;5?>B5, :0: ?8H5B .>@, 0 2 =5CB>;8<>9 60645 :0?8B0;0 : ?>;CG5=8N <0:A8<0;L=>9 ?@81K;8.  >:;04   70 1999 3>4, A. 5, 41. >;>456L -AB>=88, 2001, 8.02. -AB>=8O, 2001, 12.02.   HYPERLINK http://news.mail http://news.mail. ru/ society/1639501  ">DD;5@ -. 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".3, A. 192). !>45@60=85 2A5E F8B0B 87 ?@>872545=89 ;N1>3> 02B>@0 =5>1E>48<> @0AA<0B@820BL 2 :>=B5:AB5. AB8==0O B>G:0 7@5=8O .0@:A0 =0 B@C4 :0: =0 :0B53>@8N ?>;8BM:>=><88 B0:>20: & @>F5AA B@C40, A B>G:8 7@5=8O 53> 2A5>1I59 D>@<K, 5I5 =5 2KABC?05B, A;54>20B5;L=>, =8 2 :0:>9 >A>1>9 M:>=><8G5A:>9 >?@545;5==>AB8.  =5< =5 2K@065=> =8:0:>3> >?@545;5==>3> 8AB>@8G5A:>3> (>1I5AB25==>3>) ?@>872>4AB25==>3> >B=>H5=8O, 2 :>B>@>5 ;N48 2ABC?0NB 2 ?@>872>4AB25 8E >1I5AB25==>9 687=8, =0?@>B82, 2 =5< 2K@065=0 B0 2A5>1I0O D>@<0 8 B5 2A5>1I85 M;5<5=BK, =0 :>B>@K5 2> 2A5E >1I5AB25==KE A?>A>10E ?@>872>4AB20 >48=0:>2> 4>;65= @07;030BLAO B@C4, GB>1K 459AB2>20BL 2 :0G5AB25 B@C40. (0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ".47, A. 64-65).  @01>B5 .0@:A0 8 $.-=35;LA0 5<5F:0O 845>;>38O $595@10E0. @>B82>?>;>6=>ABL <0B5@80;8AB8G5A:>3> 8 8450;8AB8G5A:>3> 2>77@5=89 (!>G. 2-5 874. ". 3) >=8 B@0:B>20;8 C=8GB>65=85 B@C40 :0: B@C40 M:A?;C0B8@C5<>3> :0?8B0;><, 0 C=8GB>65=85 3>A?>4AB20 :0?8B0;0 B@0:B>20;8 :0: C=8GB>65=85 2;0AB8 =0:>?;5==>3> B@C40, B.5. :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:8E A@54AB2 ?@>872>4AB20. !;54>20B5;L=>, .=>75<F52 ?@>AB>-=0?@>AB> =5 @07>1@0;AO 2 <KA;OE .0@:A0 8 $.-=35;LA0 8 ?@8<5=8; =525@=K9 ?@85< 0@3C<5=B0F88.  !>25BA:89 M=F8:;>?548G5A:89 A;>20@L. .: 1980, A.1322.  ">;:>2>< A;>20@5 653>20 !. 8 (254>2>9 . (.: 2001, A. 791) 40=> B0:>5 >?@545;5=85 B2>@G5AB20: !>740=85 =>2KE ?> 70<KA;C :C;LBC@=KE 8;8 <0B5@80;L=KE F5==>AB59.  =>9 @07 A:;04K205BAO 2?5G0B;5=85, GB> .=>75<F52 2@O4 ;8 ?>=8<05B B>, > G5< >= ?8H5B. 'B> 7=0G8B 0:B82=>ABL 2 ?@54B@C4>2CN M?>EC, B.5. 2 M?>EC, :>340 5I5 =5 1K;> G5;>25:0?  :0:0O <>3;0 1KBL AC3C1> 2=CB@5==OO <>B820F8>==0O A8AB5<0 C 682>B=KE, G5;>25:>?>4>1=KE >157LO=, :@><5 ?@8<8B82=KE 8=AB8=:B>2  =0AKI0BLAO 8 A>2>:C?;OBLAO?  =>75<F52 . 0 45AOBL ;5B.  :>=F5?F88 ?>ABM:>=><8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20. .: Academia, 1998, A.136.  &8B. 874., A. 134.  0@F8=:528G ., !>1>;520 . -:>=><8:0 G5;>25:0. .: A?5:B ?@5AA, 1995, A.35.  C1=>2 . =B8<0@:A87<. !0=:B-5B5@1C@3: 2000, A. 57, 65.  & 2?5@2K5 <0H8=K A>740NBAO :0: ?><>I=8:8 =5 @C: G5;>25G5A:8E, 0 G5;>25G5A:>3> <>730. >8A552 . '5;>25: 8 =>>AD5@0. .: >;>40O 320@48O, 1990, A.184.  & 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K5 459AB28O 5ABL AB>;L 65 0CB5=B8G=0O D>@<0 45OB5;L=>AB8, :0: 2>;52K5 CA8;8O 8;8 D878G5A:0O M=5@38O. ">9=18 . 6. &828;870F8O ?5@54 AC4>< 8AB>@88. .: 9@8A @5AA, 2003, A.293.  =48:0B>@>< =0G0;0 ?@>F5AA0 AB0=>2;5=8O B2>@G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 <>6=> AG8B0BL :0@48=0;L=K5 87<5=5=8O H:0;K 687=5==KE F5==>AB59 G5;>25:0. ;O =081>;55 @0728BKE AB@0= MB> ?@>A;568205BAO A :>=F0 60-E 3>4>2. =>75<F52 . 0 45AOBL ;5B.  :>=F5?F88 ?>ABM:>=><8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20. .: Academia, 1998, A.154.  4=0:>, A?@0254;82>AB8 @048, A;54C5B 70<5B8BL, GB> 2 A0<>< :>=F5 F8B8@C5<>3> ?@>872545=8O (=0 AB@. 489) .=>75<F52 ?@87=0; 2A5-B0:8 ACI5AB2>20=85 B2>@G5AB20 8 2 B.=. M:>=><8G5A:CN M?>EC, >4=0:> B2>@G5AB2>, :0: >= ?8H5B, 1K;> B>340 @54:8< C45;><. 5 7=0N, >?8A:0 MB> 8;8 ?@>O2;5=85 =5?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8, => 2 70:;NG8B5;L=>9 G0AB8 A2>59 :=838 .=>75<F52 8A?>;L7>20; B5@<8= 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K9 B@C4. &8B8@CN MB> <5AB>: & ;N48, A?>A>1=K5 35=5@8@>20BL 7=0=8O 8 A>74020BL 8=D>@<0F8>==K9 ?@>4C:B, =5 3>@OB 65;0=85< B@C48BLAO 2 :0G5AB25 75<;5:>?>2 8 ?@>402F>2 A>A8A>:, 0 ?>?>;=ONB >B=>A8B5;L=> 70<:=CBCN >1I=>ABL @01>B=8:>2 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> B@C40, ?@>B82>AB>OICN 1>;LH8=AB2C G;5=>2 >1I5AB20... &8B. 874., A.486.  &8B. 874., A.355.  &8B. 874., A. 123.  &8B. 874., A. 258.  0: A;54C5B ?>=8<0BL MB> CB25@645=85 .=>75<F520?  CA;>28OE B>20@=>-45=56=>3> E>7O9AB20 C =05<=>3> @01>B=8:0 =8:>340 =5 87K<05BAO G0ABL B>3> ?@>4C:B0, 2 ?@>872>4AB25 :>B>@>3> >= CG0AB2C5B. = A2>N 70@01>B=CN ?;0BC ?>;CG05B 2 D>@<5 45=53.  2>>1I5, GB> >7=0G05B 3;02=0O F5;L 4;O =05<=>3> @01>B=8:0? 0725 2K?CA: ?@>4C:B0, 0 =5 ?>;CG5=85 A?@0254;82>9 ?;0BK 70 A2>N @01>GCN A8;C, :>B>@CN 8A?>;L7C5B =0=O2H89 53> :0?8B0;8AB, O2;O5BAO 3;02=>9 F5;LN =05<=>3> @01>B=8:0?  >=5G=>, =04> @04>20BLAO B><C, GB> >= =5 ?>?>;=O5B 0@<8N 157@01>B=KE 8 8<55B =0456=K9 70@01>B>:.  &8B. 874., A.147.  >GC2AB2>202 7K1:>ABL A2>8E 0@3C<5=B>2, .=>75<F52 A0< A51O =0G8=05B >?@>25@30BL: & :0: B>;L:> <>B820F8O >4=>3> 87 AC1J5:B>2 >:07K205BAO A2O70==>9 A 2>7<>6=>ABO<8 53> A0<>2K@065=8O 2 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 ?5@A?5:B820<8 ;8G=>3> @>AB0, B> >:07K205BAO A8;L=> ?>4>@20==K< 5A;8 =5 A0< D0:B M:A?;C0B0F88, B> ?> :@09=59 <5@5 55 AC1J5:B82=>5 2>A?@8OB85. &8B. 874., A.157.  @50;L=>9 687=8 =8GB> =5 >:07K205BAO ?>4>@20==K<; M:A?;C0B0F8O, :0: 1K >=0 =8 2>A?@8=8<0;0AL =05<=K< @01>B=8:>< 8 =8 8=B5@?@5B8@>20;0AL 8<, 2A5340 >AB05BAO M:A?;C0B0F859.  @50;L=>9 687=8 M:A?;C0B0F8O 1C45B ?@5>4>;5=0 ?>A;5 CAB@0=5=8O :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:8E ?@>872>4AB25==KE >B=>H5=89, 0 =5 ?>A;5 ?5@5AB@>9:8 8=48284C0;L=>3> A>7=0=8O, :0: MB> ?@>8AE>48B 2 D0=B078OE .=>75<F520.   ?>G5<C B>;L:> AC60NBAO, 0 =5 >B<5=ONBAO?  &8B. 874., A.129.   1996 3. 2?5@2K5 2 ?5@2CN 45AOB:C A0<KE :@C?=KE :><?0=89 <8@0 2>H;8 Jntel 8 Microsoft, 70=O2 A>>B25BAB25==> 7-5 8 8-5 <5AB0 A @K=>G=>9 :0?8B0;870F859 2 107,5 8 98,8 <;@4. 4>;;0@>2 !(.  5;L7O =5 A>3;0A8BLAO A> A;54CNI8< 2K2>4>< .=>75<F520: >=>?>;88 =5 AC<5;8 C=8GB>68BL <5;:89 8 A@54=89 187=5A, >=8 =5 >15A?5G8;8 A515 ?>;=>3> 3>A?>4AB20 D0:B8G5A:8 =8 2 >4=>9 >B@0A;8, >=8 =5 AC<5;8 C=8GB>68BL 25AL <5E0=87< A2>1>4=>9 :>=:C@5=F88 8 @K=>G=>3> @53C;8@>20=8O, <>48D8:0F88 459AB28O 70:>=0 AB>8<>AB8 >:070;8AL <5=55 7=0G8B5;L=K<8, G5< MB> <>6=> 1K;> ?5@2>=0G0;L=> ?@54?>;>68BL, 8, =0:>=5F, :@C?=K5 :>@?>@0F88 A0<8 AB0;8 >15A?5G820BL 2KA>:85 ?@81K;8 87 2=CB@5==8E @575@2>2& &8B. 874., A.34.  &8B. 874., A.334.  @>F5AA 87<5=5=8O M=5@3>5<:>AB8, :0: 8 <0B5@80;>5<:>AB8 ?@>872>4AB20, 2=CB@5==5 ?@>B82>@5G82. 0?@8<5@, A 1973 ?> 1986 3>4 ?>B@51;5=85 15=78=0 >4=8< =>2K< 0<5@8:0=A:8< 02B><>18;5< A>:@0B8;>AL A 17,8 4> 8,7 ; =0 100 :<.  B> 65 2@5<O ?@>87>H5; @>AB M=5@3>5<:>AB8 2 ?@>872>4AB25 @8A0, 2K@0I820=88 D@C:B>2. >7@>A;8 AC<<0@=K5 M=5@3>70B@0BK =0 ?@>872>4AB2> B0:8E <5B0;;>2, :0: F8=:, E@><, <54L, <03=89, <>;8145= 8 B.?.  K 8 @0=LH5 >1@0I0;8 2=8<0=85 =0 B>, GB> .=>75<F52 8<55B A:;>==>ABL : 38?5@1>;870F88 B5E 8;8 8=KE O2;5=89. >B 8 2 40==>< A;CG05 >= 2 F5=B@ M:>=><8G5A:>3> @0728B8O ?>AB028; 8=D>@<0F8N. 4=0:> AB>8B ?@8A;CH0BLAO : <=5=8N "><0A0 !BN0@B0, A?5F80;8AB0 2 >1;0AB8 8=D>@<0B8:8, :>B>@K9 ?@8H5; : A;54CNI5<C 2K2>4C: 7<5=5=8O, ?@>8AH54H85 2 >@30=870F8OE ?>4 2>7459AB285< 8=D>@<0F8>==>9 @52>;NF88, ?>:0 GB> 5420 @07;8G8<K, => >=8 5ABL. -B8 A;>20 =0?8A0=K 8< 2 1997 3. (!) 2 :=835 Intellectual Capital. The New Wealth of Organizations. NY.-L.,Doubleday/Currency.1997. !BN0@B ". =B5;;5:BC0;L=K9 :0?8B0;. >2K9 8AB>G=8: 1>30BAB20 >@30=870F89. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A. 376.  =>75<F52 . 0 45AOBL ;5B.  :>=F5?F88 ?>ABM:>=><8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20. .: Academia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cademia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cademia, 1998, A.380.  0=LH5 .=>75<F52 CB25@640; >1@0B=>5.  &8B. 874., A.380-381.  "0< 65, A. 381.  &8B. 874., A. 446-448.  -428=AA>= . 8 M;>C= . =B5;;5:BC0;L=K9 :0?8B0;. ?@545;5=85 8AB8==>9 AB>8<>AB8 :><?0=88. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A.436.  =>75<F52 . 0 45AOBL ;5B.  :>=F5?F88 ?>ABM:>=><8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20. .: Academia, 1998, A.452.  "0:, <564C 1979 8 1987 3>40<8 :>;8G5AB2> CG0AB=8:>2 B>@3>2 =0 LN->@:A:>9 D>=4>2>9 18@65 8 AC<<0@=K9 :0?8B0; 1@>:5@>2 2K@>A;8 1>;55 G5< 2 45AOBL @07. &8B. 874., A. 458.  &8B. 874., A. 460.  &8B. 874., A. 381,403,431,432.  &8B. 874., A.433. &8B. 874., A.435. 'B>1K >:>=G0B5;L=> C1548BL G8B0B5;O 2 A2>59 ?@02>B5, .=>75<F52 2=>2L >1@0I05BAO : ?>OA=5=8O< =0 0=3;89A:>< O7K:5: K @0AA<0B@8205< 40==K9 ?@>F5AA 2 @0<:0E ?5@5E>40 >B labour (?>=8<05<>3> :0: B0 M:>=><8G5A:8 >@30=87>20==0O 45OB5;L=>ABL, :>B>@0O, 1C4CG8 ?>@>645=0 <0B5@80;L=K<8 ?>B@51=>ABO<8, <>65B A2>48BLAO : 01AB@0:B=><C B@C4C) : creativity (45OB5;L=>AB8, A2>1>4=>9 >B <0B5@80;L=KE AB8<C;>2 8 2 A8;C MB>3> AC3C1> 8=48284C0;L=>9 8 =52>A?@>872>48<>9) 2 @0<:0E work (?>4 :>B>@>9 ?>=8<05BAO >A>7=0==0O 0:B82=>ABL G5;>25:0 :0: B0:>20O). "0< 65.  !0:09O ". !B>8<>ABL, A>740205<0O 7=0=85<, 8;8 AB>@8O 1C4CI53>. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A.350.  =>75<F52 . 0 45AOBL ;5B.  :>=F5?F88 ?>ABM:>=><8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20. .: Academia, 1998, A. 421-422.  &8B. 874., A. 333.  "0< 65.  01>B=8: :><?0=88 ?@>405B A53>4=O 55 2;045;LF0< =5 AB>;L:> A2>N A?>A>1=>ABL : B@C4C, A:>;L:> :>=:@5B=K5 @57C;LB0BK 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. &8B. 874., A.334. 01>B0 A 8=D>@<0F859 5I5 =5 ?@52@0I05B =05<=>3> @01>B=8:0 02B><0B8G5A:8 2 =57028A8<>3> 8 A0<>AB>OB5;L=>3> B>20@>?@>872>48B5;O, ?@>40NI53> 8=D>@<0F8N :0?8B0;8ABC 2 :0G5AB25 B>20@0, 81> A0< D0:B @01>BK A 40==>9 8=D>@<0F859 (8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 A>1AB25==>ABLN :0?8B0;8AB0) =5 45;05B @01>B=8:0 55 A>1AB25==8:><.  &8B. 874., A. 246.  &8B. 874., A. 379.  &8B. 874., A. 438-439.  653>2 !., (254>20 . ">;:>2K9 A;>20@L @CAA:>3> O7K:0. .: 2001, A.191.  >;LH>9 0=3;>-@CAA:89 A;>20@L. .: !>25BA:0O M=F8:;>?548O, 1972, A. 85, 755.  !<. 2 ?0@03@0D5 3.7.2 A=>A:C, ?>A2OI5==CN @071>@C B5@<8=0 ?>B@51=>AB8 2 B@0:B>2:5 .8=>2L520.  !?@0254;82>AB8 @048 A;54C5B 70<5B8BL, GB> .=>75<F52 A0< ?>GC2AB2>20;, GB> 70H5; A;8H:>< 40;5:> 2 @0AAC645=8OE > B@0=AD>@<0F88 ?>B@51=>AB59 8 ?>:;>=5=88 M:A?@5AA8287<C (H:>;0 .5F>;L40). = 2K=C645= ?@87=0BL, GB> & ?>2KH5=85 <0B5@80;L=>3> 1;03>A>AB>O=8O A>7405B A:>@55 ?>B5=F80;L=K5, G5< @50;L=K5, ?@54?>AK;:8 4;O AB0=>2;5=8O =>2>9 <>B820F8>==>9 A8AB5<K 8 & =5 2K7K205B =5<54;5==>3> 4><8=8@>20=8O =>2>9 A8AB5<K F5==>AB59 2 <0AHB010E >1I5AB25==>3> F5;>3>. &8B. 874., A. 427.  &8B. 874., A.305.  .=>75<F52 =5 ?>OA=O5B, GB> >= ?>=8<05B ?>4 =5?@>872>48B5;L=K< B@C4><. 54L ;N1>9 B@C4 GB>-B> ?@>872>48B.  2B>@>9 2>?@>A  :C40 B5?5@L C =53> 4520;>AL B2>@G5AB2>?  &8B. 874., A.305.  "0< 65.  "0< 65.  &8B. 874., A .254. &8B. 874., A. 250. & 25AB5@=878@>20==>5 8;8 G0AB8G=> 25AB5@=878@>20==>5 >1I5AB2> >E20BK205B =K=5 =5 1>;55 G5B25@B8 2A53> G5;>25G5AB20. "@8 G5B25@B8 G5;>25G5AB20  MB> :@5ABLO=AB2> A C@>2=5< B5E=>;>388 :0<5==>3> 25:0. ">9=18. . 6. &828;870F8O ?5@54 AC4>< 8AB>@88. .: 9@8A @5AA, 2003, A.83.  Bell D. The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. p.198 note.  .6.">9=18 B0:8< >1@07>< >F5=820; <>@0;L=K9 0A?5:B =5@025=AB20: 0:8< 1K 2KA>:8< =8 1K; C@>25=L <0B5@80;L=>9 687=8, MB> =5 >A2>1>48B 4CHC G5;>25:0 >B B@51>20=8O A>F80;L=>9 A?@0254;82>AB8; 0 =5@02=>5 @0A?@545;5=85 B>20@>2 8 A@54AB2 2 <8@5 <564C ?@828;538@>20==K< <5=LH8=AB2>< 8 =58<CI8< 1>;LH8=AB2>< ?@52@0B8;>AL 87 =587156=>3> 7;0 2 =52K=>A8<CN =5A?@0254;82>ABL 8<5==> 2 @57C;LB0B5 ?>A;54=8E 4>AB865=89 0?040. ">9=18. . 6. &828;870F8O ?5@54 AC4>< 8AB>@88. .: 9@8A @5AA, A. 282. ;O .6.">9=18 =5A?@0254;82>ABL O2;O5BAO =52K=>A8<>9, 0 4;O .=>75<F520 =5A?@0254;82>ABL =5 ?@5?OBAB285 4;O 1>3>B2>@5=8O >B25@3=C2H8E!  &8B. 874., A.479. !53>4=O & G5;>25G5AB2> 2KE>48B 70 ?@545;K M:>=><8G5A:>9 M?>E8, ?@5>4>;520O <0B5@80;L=K5 8=B5@5AK, @0=55 C?@02;O2H85 <8@><; ?>4>1=>3> =5 ?@54?>;030; 4065 >A?>4L, ?@54@5:0O, GB> G5;>25: 25G=> 1C45B >1@5G5= 2 ?>B5 ;8F0 A2>53> 4>1K20BL E;51 A2>9. &8B. 874., A.490. 848<>, ?>A?5H8; .=>75<F52 >128=8BL >A?>40 >30 2 =540;L=>284=>AB8. N4O<, >1;040NI8< =5 B>;L:> 4CE><, => 8 B5;><, =8:>340 =5 AC645=> @0AAB0BLAO A <0B5@80;L=K<8 ?>B@51=>ABO<8, A;54>20B5;L=>, 8 A <0B5@80;L=K<8 8=B5@5A0<8.  &8B. 874., A.356. A;8 3;02=K< 459AB2CNI8< ;8F>< ?@>H;KE AB0 ;5B 1K; ?@54?@8=8<0B5;L, 187=5A<5=, C?@02;ONI89 ?@><KH;5==K< ?@>872>4AB2><, B> =>2K<8 ;N4L<8 O2;ONBAO CG5=K5, <0B5<0B8:8, M:>=><8ABK 8 A>740B5;8 >@838=0;L=KE 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=KE B5E=>;>389. Bell D. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, p.344.  5 ?>=OB=>  >B:C40 ?>O2OBAO 2=>2L C3=5B5==K5, 5A;8 4>;6=0 8AG57=CBL M:A?;C0B0F8O G5;>25:0 G5;>25:><, 0 ;N48 4>;6=K =0CG8BLAO =5 ?@8G8=OBL 7;0 A515 ?>4>1=K< B>;L:> ?>B><C, GB> MB8 ?>4>1=K5  ;N48, :>340 >B25@3=CBK5 =094CB 2 A515 A8;K 4> :>=F0 4=59 1>3>B2>@8BL >B25@3=C2H8E 8E.  &8B. 874., A.486.  &8B. 874., A. 484.  &8B. 874., A.348.  &8B. 874., A. 484.  &8B. 874., A.485.  .6.">9=18 =5>4=>:@0B=> >B<5G0;, GB> M:>=><8G5A:89 @>AB 70?04=KE AB@0= <>3 ?@>8AE>48BL & B>;L:> 70 AG5B >BAB0;>AB8 4@C38E AB@0= 8 E8I=8G5A:>3> 8A?>;L7>20=8O ?@8@>4=KE @5AC@A>2. ">9=18. . 6. &828;870F8O ?5@54 AC4>< 8AB>@88. .: 9@8A @5AA, 2003, A.84.  =>75<F52 . 0 45AOBL ;5B.  :>=F5?F88 ?>ABM:>=><8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20. .: Academia, 1998, A. 368.  &8B. 874., A.358.  "0:, =0?@8<5@, 2 @0B>, 345 40 ;5B =0704 1K;> >:>;> 20 :@C?=KE B5:AB8;L=KE ?@54?@8OB89, B5?5@L  1>;55 50 BKA. <5;:8E, =0 :>B>@KE @01>B0NB ?> 5, 10, 15 G5;>25:. 0H8=K @>740=K @01>G8< 2 0@5=4C, ?>O28;0AL A5BL <5;:8E 0:F8>=5@=KE >1I5AB2.  @57C;LB0B5 ?@>872>48B5;L=>ABL B@C40 CB@>8;0AL. 0C<>2 . >>?5@0F8O 2 B0;88. .: 564C=0@>4=K5 >B=>H5=8O, 1989, A. 52.  B0;88 =0 <5;:>< 8 A@54=5< ?@>872>4AB25 1078@C5BAO ?@8<5@=> 50 >B@0A;59 ?@>872>4AB20  <0H8=>AB@>5=85, B5:AB8;L=0O, H259=0O, ?>;83@0D8G5A:0O, ?8I520O 8 4@. 5;:85 ?@54?@8OB8O O2;ONBAO B0:65 >A=>2>9 B@0=A?>@B=>9 A5B8 (80,5% 2A5E ?5@52>7>: >ACI5AB2;O5BAO 02B>B@0=A?>@B><). &8B. 874., A. 52-53.  =>75<F52 . 0 45AOBL ;5B.  :>=F5?F88 ?>ABM:>=><8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20. .: Academia, 1998, A.360.  >2KH0BL :0G5AB2> 2K?CA:05<>9 ?@>4C:F88 8 ?>;=55 AG8B0BLAO A 70?@>A0<8 ?>:C?0B5;59 :0?8B0;8AB0 70AB02;O5B 65AB:0O :>=:C@5=F8O, 0 =5 AB@5<;5=85 A;C68BL >1I5AB2C.  >8A5520 . AB>@8O F828;870F89. >AB>2-=0->=C: $5=8:A, 2000, A. 81-82.  =>75<F52 . 0 45AOBL ;5B.  :>=F5?F88 ?>ABM:>=><8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20. .: Academia, 1998, A.112.  C1=>2 . =B8<0@:A87< (@8B8:0 B@C4>2>9 B5>@88 AB>8<>AB8 .0@:A0, 8;8  B><, :0: ?@>;5B0@80B M:A?;C0B8@C5B :0?8B0;8AB>2). !0=:B-5B5@1C@3: 2000.  =>75<F52 . 0 45AOBL ;5B.  :>=F5?F88 ?>ABM:>=><8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20. .: Academia, 1998, A.38-39.  &8B. 874., A.31-32.  &8B. 874., A. 323.  &8B. 874., A.319-320. 45AL AAK;:0 =0 Touraine A. Critique of Modernity. Oxford (UK)  Cambridge (US), 1995, p.141.  .!>@>A, 7=0:><K9 A 45OB5;L=>ABLN :>@?>@0F89 =5 ?>=0A;KH:5 8 =5 87 :=83, :0: .=>75<F52, ?8A0;: & ?@02;5=85 AB028B ?@81K;L ?@52KH5 :0:8E 1K B> =8 1K;> 8=KE A>>1@065=89, 8 G5;>25:0 <>3CB 2 ;N1CN <8=CBC C2>;8BL 157 2AO:8E :>;510=89. !>@>A . B:@KB>5 >1I5AB2>. 5D>@<8@CO 3;>10;L=K9 :0?8B0;87<. .: 2001, A.182.  &8B. 874., A.224.  0?@8<5@, .$>@4 ?8A0;: 8:><C =5 :070;>AL =5;>38G=K<, GB> 45=L38 745AL ?>AB02;5=K 2?5@548 B@C40, E>BO 2A5 4>;6=K ?@87=0BL, GB> ?@81K;L ?@>8AB5:05B B>;L:> 87 B@C40. $>@4 . >O 687=L, <>8 4>AB865=8O. !53>4=O 8 702B@0. 8=A:: %0@25AB, 2003, A.42.  3@><=K< ?@>3@5AA>< C 40<0 !<8B0 1K;> B>, GB> >= >B1@>A8; 2AO:CN >?@545;5==>ABL 45OB5;L=>AB8, ?>@>640NI59 1>30BAB2>,  (?>AB0282 =0 MB> <5AB>) B@C4 :0: B0:>2>9, =5 <0=CD0:BC@=K9, =5 :><<5@G5A:89, =5 A5;LA:>E>7O9AB25==K9 B@C4, 0 :0: B>B, B0: 8 4@C3>9. <5AB5 A 01AB@0:B=>9 2A5>1I59 45OB5;L=>ABLN, A>740NI59 1>30BAB2> (2KABC?05B) B0:65 2A5>1I=>ABL ?@54<5B0, >?@545;5==>3> :0: 1>30BAB2>; MB>  ?@>4C:B 2>>1I5 8;8 >?OBL-B0:8 B@C4, => C65 :0: ?@>H54H89, >25I5AB2;5==K9 B@C4. 0@:A .  :@8B8:5 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 M:>=><88. >A?>;8B8740B, 1953, A.217.  8:0@4> . !>G. ".1.  >A?>;8B8740B, 1941, A. 1.  &8B.874., A. 9.  &8B.874., A. 1.  0@:A.. 0?8B0;. ".1, A. 87 (A=>A:0).  !G8B05BAO, GB> 02B>@>< MB>9 B5>@88 O2;O5BAO ".0;LBCA. @8G5<, 02B>@ AB>@88 M:>=><8G5A:8E CG5=89 /.!./430@>2 (.: -:>=><8:0, 1996, A. 103), AAK;0OAL =0 A0<>3> . 8:0@4>, CB25@6405B, GB> =8:0:>9 @07=8FK <564C B5>@859 AB>8<>AB8 0;LBCA0 8 8:0@4> =5 ACI5AB2C5B. 0A:>;L:> =54>1@>A>25AB=> 8 ?@5427OB> /430@>2 F8B8@C5B . 8:0@4>, 284=> 87 ?>4;8==>3> B5:AB0 ?@8<5G0=8O : 3;025 I  AB>8<>AB8 0G0; ?>;8B8G5A:>9 M:>=><88 (>B45; VI): -= 0;LBCA 70<5G05B ?> ?>2>4C MB>9 B5>@88: K, :>=5G=>, <>65< ?@>872>;L=> =07K20BL B@C4, 70B@0G5==K9 =0 B>20@, 459AB28B5;L=>9 AB>8<>ABLN 53>, =>, 45;0O B0:, <K C?>B@51;O5< A;>20 =5 2 B>< A<KA;5, 2 :0:>< >=8 >1K:=>25==> C?>B@51;ONBAO; <K ?@8 MB>< 701K205< 25AL<0 206=CN @07=8FC <564C 8745@6:0<8 8 AB>8<>ABLN, 0 2 B0:>< A;CG05 ?>GB8 =52>7<>6=> A45;0BL OA=K< 3;02=>5 ?>1C645=85 : ?@>872>4AB2C 1>30BAB20, :>B>@>5 D0:B8G5A:8 7028A8B >B MB>9 @07=8FK (Principles of Political Economy, 1820, p.61). -= 0;LBCA 4C<05B, ?>-2848<><C, GB> A>3;0A=> <>59 B5>@88 8745@6:8 ?@>872>4AB20 :0:>9-;81> 25I8 8 AB>8<>ABL 55 B>645AB25==K; MB> B0:, 5A;8 ?>4 8745@6:0<8 ?>=8<05B 8745@6:8 ?@>872>4AB20, 2:;NG0NI85 ?@81K;L.  2KH5?@82545==>< >B@K2:5 >= 8<55B 2 284C =5 MB>, A;54>20B5;L=>, >= =5 2?>;=5 ?>=O; <5=O. 8:0@4> . !>G. ".1.  >A?>;8B8740B, 1941, A.27. /430@>2 F8B8@>20; B>;L:> BC G0ABL ?@8<5G0=8O 8:0@4>, :>B>@0O =01@0=0 <=>N :C@A82><. > MB><C ?>2>4C .0@:A A?@0254;82> 70<5B8;, GB> 3>A?>48= 0;LBCA E>G5B A@07C 2:;NG8BL 2 >?@545;5=85 AB>8<>AB8 ?@81K;L, GB>1K >=0 =5?>A@54AB25==> 2KB5:0;0 87 MB>3> >?@545;5=8O, G53> =5B C 8:0@4>. 0@:A . "5>@8O ?@8102>G=>9 AB>8<>AB8. ".3, A. 7.  -:>=><8G5A:0O M=F8:;>?548O. >;8B8G5A:0O M:>=><8O. ".4. .: !>25BA:0O M=F8:;>?548O, 1980, A. 266.  !M9 .. "@0:B0B ?> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 M:>=><88. .: 1986, A. 58.  !M9 .. "@0:B0B ?> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 M:>=><88.  HYPERLINK http://ek-lit http://ek-lit. agava.ru/ saysod.htm.  "0< 65.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ". 25, G0ABL I, A. 42.  &8B. 874., A.45.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ". 32, A.60.  Grundzge der Theorie des Wirtschattlichen Gterwertes, Jahrbcher fr Nationalkoonomie und Statistik, 1886, Bd 13, S.503.  2AB@89A:0O H:>;0 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 M:>=><88: .5=35@, .5<-025@:, $.875@. .: 1992, A. 101.  &8B. 874., A.125.  &8B. 874., A.126.  5=35@ . A=>20=8O ?>;8B8G5A:>9 M:>=><88. htp://ex-lit.agava.ru/men 001.htm .!5;83<5= ?8A0;: ;O 5=35@0 =5 ACI5AB2>20;> B@5E D0:B>@>2 ?@>872>4AB20, 0 1K;8 B>;L:> 1;030 2KAH53> ?>@O4:0. = >B25@30; E0@0:B5@=>5 4;O :;0AA8G5A:>9 H:>;K 45;5=85 D0:B>@>2 ?@>872>4AB20 =0 75<;N, B@C4 8 :0?8B0;, 0 2<5AB> MB>3> G5B:> D>@<C;8@>20; <KA;L > B><, GB> 2A5 @5AC@AK 83@0NB ?> ACI5AB2C >48=0:>2CN @>;L. !5;83<5= . A=>2=K5 B5G5=8O A>2@5<5==>9 M:>=><8G5A:>9 <KA;8. .: @>3@5AA. 1968. economicus.ru/cgiise/gallery/frame_rightn.pl?type=in&links=/school/=lectures/austria13.txt&img=lectures_small.ipg&name=menger  5=35@ . A=>20=8O ?>;8B8G5A:>9 M:>=><88. htp://ex-lit.agava.ru/men 003.htm  "0< 65. > ?>2>4C A>45@60=8O B01;8FK .5=35@0 .!5;83<5= 70<5B8;: & 40==>5 ?>;>65=85 5ABL =8 GB> 8=>5, :0: ?@8=F8? C1K20NI59 ?@545;L=>9 ?>;57=>AB8, ?> :>B>@><C AB>8<>ABL >4=>@>4=>3> 70?0A0 B>3> 8;8 8=>3> 1;030 >?@545;O5BAO AB>8<>ABLN ?>A;54=59, 8;8 =08<5=55 206=>9, 53> 548=8FK. 4=0:> AC645=8O 5=35@0 ?> MB><C 206=><C 2>?@>AC 2@5<5=0<8 =>A8;8 BC<0==K9 E0@0:B5@ 8, ?>-2848<><C, 2ABC?0;8 2 ?@>B82>@5G85 A ?@8=F8?>< 2708<>4>?>;=O5<>AB8.  ?@8<5@5, 8;;NAB@8@>202H5< E>4 53> @0AAC645=89, 5=35@ ?KB0;AO C@02=OBL <564C A>1>9 C4>2;5B2>@5=85, ?>;CG5==>5 >B 42CE 1;03, 871530O ?@8 MB>< :0:>3> 1K B> =8 1K;> A>?>AB02;5=8O 40==KE 1;03 ?> 70B@0B0< B@C40 8;8 2 45=56=>9 >F5=:5.  @57C;LB0B5 >=, =025@=>, 87;030; A>45@60=85 ACI5AB2CNI8E 0;LB5@=0B82=KE 20@80=B>2. 5=35@ =5 A<>3 2KOA=8BL 8 B>3>, :0: 8=48284CC< AB0=5B @0A?>@O60BLAO ?@8=04;560I8<8 5<C 1;030<8, 4;O B>3> GB>1K 4>AB83=CBL <0:A8<0;L=>3> C4>2;5B2>@5=8O A2>8E ?>B@51=>AB59. !5;83<5= . A=>2=K5 B5G5=8O A>2@5<5==>9 M:>=><8G5A:>9 <KA;8. .: @>3@5AA,1968. economicus.ru/cgiise/gallery/frame_rightn.pl?type=in&links=/school/=lectures/austria13.txt&img=lectures_small.ipg&name=menger  >74=55 ?@54AB028B5;L 2B>@>9 <0@68=0;8ABA:>9 2>;=K .0@5BB> A?@0254;82> 70<5B8;, GB> ?>;L70 :064>3> 8=482840  25;8G8=0 A?5F8D8G5A:0O, 8 ?>MB><C =5 8<55B =8:0:>3> A<KA;0 3>2>@8BL > AC<<0@=>9 ?>;L75, 81> 55 ?@>AB> =5 ACI5AB2C5B. >A:>;L:C MB0 ?@>1;5<0 8 2 %% 25:5 >AB020;0AL 5I5 0:BC0;L=>9, .5>=BL52 40; A2>N >F5=:C MB><C 2>?@>AC. = ?8A0;: 5:>B>@K5 B5>@5B8:8 CB25@640NB, GB> ?>;57=>ABL ACI5AB2C5B 8 459AB28B5;L=> <>65B 1KBL 87<5@5=0 :0: AB0;L 8;8 E;51, E>BO <5@:8, ?@8<5=8<K5 : @07;8G=K< ;N4O<, 8 @57C;LB0BK 87<5@5=89 =8:0: =5 <>3CB A@02=8BLAO <564C A>1>9 <& > >A:>;L:C =01;N45=85 70 ?>2545=85< ?>B@518B5;59 ?@8 2K1>@5 B>20@>2 >AB05BAO 548=AB25==K< 8AB>G=8:>< 8=D>@<0F88 > 2845 DC=:F88 ?>;57=>AB8, ?>@O4:>2>5 A@02=5=85 55 @07;8G=KE C@>2=59 O2;O5BAO 548=AB25==>9 @50;L=>9 ?@>F54C@>9, :>B>@0O 8 B@51C5BAO 4;O F5;59 8AA;54>20=8O. 5>=BL52 . -:>=><8G5A:85 MAA5. "5>@88, 8AA;54>20=8O, D0:BK 8 ?>;8B8:0. .: >;8B8740B, 1990, A.77, 51. !>;840@5= A .5>=BL52K< 8 .;0C3. = ?8A0;: /A=>, GB> 5A;8 <K =5 <>65< 87<5@8BL ?>;57=>ABL :>;8G5AB25==> 8 ?>B><C >ICI05< =5>1E>48<>ABL >B:070BLAO >B AB0@>9 B5>@88 ?@545;L=>9 ?>;57=>AB8& ;0C3. . -:>=><8G5A:0O <KA;L 2 @5B@>A?5:B825. .: 5;> ", 1994, A.326.  -:>=><8G5A:0O M=F8:;>?548O. >;8B8G5A:0O M:>=><8O. .: !>25BA:0O M=F8:;>?548O, 1972, A. 14. 2B>@>< MB>3> ?>=OB8O O2;O5BAO $.875@.  ?>A;54CNI5< B5>@8O 2<5=5=8O 1K;0 @0728B0 6..;0@:><.  !5;83<5= . A=>2=K5 B5G5=8O A>2@5<5==>9 M:>=><8G5A:>9 <KA;8. .: @>3@5AA, 1968,economicus.ru/cgi-ise/gallery/frame_rightn.pl?type=in&links=/school/=lectures/austria-13.txt&img=lectures_small.ipg&name=menger  2AB@89A:0O H:>;0 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 M:>=><88: .5=35@, .5<-025@:, $.875@. .: 1992, A.426.  0@H0;; . @8=F8?K M:>=><8G5A:>9 =0C:8. ".II. .: 740B5;LA:0O 3@C??0 @>3@5AA, 1993, A. 31-32.  ;0@: 6.. 0A?@545;5=85 1>30BAB20. .: -:>=><8:0, 1992, A.68.  !5;83<5= . A=>2=K5 B5G5=8O A>2@5<5==>9 M:>=><8G5A:>9 <KA;8. .: @>3@5AA. 1968.http//gallery.economicus.ru/cgiise/gallery/frame_rightn.pl?type=/in/clark_11txt&img=lectures_small.gif&name=clark  "0< 65.   A?@0254;82>AB8 MB>3> 2K2>40 <>6=> C1548BLAO =0 ?@8<5@5 B@C4>2 .=>75<F520 (A<. ?@54K4CI89 ?0@03@0D).   A;CG05, 5A;8 =>A8B5;5< 8=D>@<0F88 (7=0=89) 8 53> A>1AB25==8:>< O2;O5BAO =05<=K9 @01>B=8:, B> 70B@0BK =0 8=D>@<0F8N (7=0=85) CG8BK20NBAO G5@57 F5=C @01>G59 A8;K.  ;0C3 . -:>=><8G5A:0O <KA;L 2 @5B@>A?5:B825. .: 5;> ", 1994, A. 224.  %0@0:B5@=>9 >A>15==>ABLN :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:>9 M?>E8 O2;O5BAO B>B D0:B, GB> @01>G0O A8;0 4;O A0<>3> @01>G53> ?@8=8<05B D>@<C ?@8=04;560I53> 5<C B>20@0 <& > >4>1=> 2A5< 4@C38< B>20@0< >=0 >1;0405B AB>8<>ABLN. '5< >?@545;O5BAO ?>A;54=OO? !B>8<>ABL @01>G59 A8;K <& > >?@545;O5BAO @01>G8< 2@5<5=5<, =5>1E>48<K< 4;O ?@>872>4AB20, 0 A;54>20B5;L=>, 8 2>A?@>872>4AB20 MB>3> A?5F8D8G5A:>3> ?@54<5B0 B>@3>2;8. 0@:A . 8 $.-=35;LA. !>G. 2-5 874. ".23, A. 181. .;0C3 2 MB>9 A2O78 70<5G05B, GB> & B@C4>20O B5>@8O F5==>AB59 :0: B0:>20O =5 405B 30@0=B88 B>3>, GB> @01>G0O A8;0 ?@>405BAO ?> A2>59 B@C4>2>9 AB>8<>AB8. & 0@:A =54>>F5=820; M:>=><8G5A:85 ?>A;54AB28O ?>O2;5=8O ?@>DA>N7>2 8 8718@0B5;L=KE ?@02 @01>G8E. ;0C3 . -:>=><8G5A:0O <KA;L 2 @5B@>A?5:B825. .: 5;> ", 1994, A. 250, 239. ">, GB> 2> <=>38E 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 @0728BKE AB@0=0E 8=B5@5AK @01>G8E 70I8I0NBAO ?@>DA>N70<8 8 ?>;8B8G5A:8<8 ?0@B8O<8 ;52>3> B>;:0 O2;O5BAO =5>A?>@8<K< D0:B><, :0: 8 B>, GB> <=>385 @01>G85 <>3CB O2;OBLAO 2;045;LF0<8 0:F89 :>@?>@0F89, ?@54AB02;5==KE =0 D>=4>2>9 18@65. 4=0:> >10 MB8E D0:B0 =5 >B<5=ONB ACI=>AB8 M:>=><8G5A:>3> >B=>H5=8O <564C =05<=K<8 @01>B=8:0<8 8 :0?8B0;8AB0<8.  &8B. 874., A. 224.  &8B. 874., A.225.  ;0B0 2;045;LFC 70 ?>;L7>20=85 53> ?@>872>48B5;L=K<8 CA;C30<8, GB>1K :><?5=A8@>20BL 5<C ?>B5@N 0;LB5@=0B82=>3> ?@8<5=5=8O A2>59 A>1AB25==>AB8, >1@07C5B F5=C ?@54;>65=8O MB8E CA;C3. &8B. 874., A. 226.  &8B. 874., A. 224.  & :0?8B0;8ABK :0:8<-B> >1@07>< 4>;6=K >15A?5G8BL =5>1E>48<>5 :0G5AB2> B@C40 ?CB5< ?>AB>O==>3> :>=B@>;O =04 2K?>;=5==>9 @01>B>9, ?>4:@5?;O5<>3> C3@>70<8 C2>;L=5=8O. >@>G5 3>2>@O, ACI5AB2C5B =5GB>, GB> <>6=> 1K;> 1K =0720BL 45A?>B87<>< @01>G53> <5AB0, 8 ?@81K;L 4>AB05BAO B>;L:> B5< :0?8B0;8AB0<, :B> =0AB>OI89 45A?>B. &8B.874., A. 225.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ". 23, A.181-187.  &8B. 874., A. 182.  0@:A . 0?8B0;. ". 1. !. 182-184.  Quadragesimo Anno, 54. Encyclicals, p.140.  0@H0;; . @8=F8?K M:>=><8G5A:>9 =0C:8. ".III. .: 740B5;LA:0O 3@C??0 @>3@5AA, 1993, A.132-133.  $@84<0= . 0?8B0;87< 8 A2>1>40. .: >2>5 8740B5;LAB2>. 2005. A. 193.  "0< 65.  "0< 65.  ><10@B . C@6C0. .: 0C:0, 1994, A.63.  "@C4=> >?@545;8BL, A :0:>3> 2@5<5=8 =0G0;AO MB>B A>2@5<5==K9 MB0?. 5:>B>@K5 AG8B0NB, GB> A <><5=B0 @0720;0 !>25BA:>3> !>N70 8 A>F80;8AB8G5A:>3> ;035@O. @C385 C15645=K, GB> A>2@5<5==K9 :0?8B0;87< A;>68;AO >4=>2@5<5==> A D>@<8@>20=85< 3;>10;L=KE D8=0=A>2KE @K=:>2.  1KBC5B 8 B0:0O B>G:0 7@5=8O, GB> B>;L:> A ?@8E>4>< : 2;0AB8 5930=0 8 "MBG5@ =0G0;AO ?5@8>4 B.=. @K=>G=>3> DC=40<5=B0;87<0, E0@0:B5@87CNI53> A>2@5<5==CN AB048N @0728B8O :0?8B0;87<0.  -:>=><8G5A:0O M=F8:;>?548O. >;8B8G5A:0O M:>=><8O. ".4. .: 1980, A. 298.  0AB5;LOA . >3CI5AB2> A0<>1KB=>AB8. >20O 8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. =B>;>38O. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A. 497.  $C=:F8O :0?8B0;0  ?>;CG5=85 ?@8102>G=>9 AB>8<>AB8 2 ?@>F5AA5 A>740=8O 8;8 @50;870F88 B>20@>2 8 CA;C3. 4=0:> =0 1075 A>740==>9 ?@8102>G=>9 AB>8<>AB8 2 @57C;LB0B5 DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O ?@>872>48B5;L=>3> :0?8B0;0 ?>O2;O5BAO 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>;CG0BL ?@81K;L, 1C4CG8 ?@>AB> A>1AB25==8:>< D8=0=A>2>3> :0?8B0;0. >6=> 70@01>B0BL 45=L38, ?@>4020O :><?0=88 B0: 65, :0: ?@8>1@5B0NB 8 ?@>40NB 0:F88 ?>@BD5;L=K5 8=25AB>@K. !0<8 :>@?>@0F88 =0E>4OBAO 2 A>1AB25==>AB8 MB8E ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=KE ?>@BD5;L=KE 8=25AB>@>2, 548=AB25==0O F5;L :>B>@KE  ?>;CG5=85 ?@81K;8. !>@>A . B:@KB>5 >1I5AB2>. 5D>@<8@CO 3;>10;L=K9 :0?8B0;87<. .: 2000, A.248. . &8B. 874., A. 120-121.   !( B>@3>2;O 0:F8O<8 AB0;0 A2>5>1@07=K< 187=5A>< 4;O 4><>E>7O5:. >;O A5<59, 2;045NI8E 0:F8O<8 8 ?@8=8<0NI8E CG0AB85 2 83@5 =0 D>=4>2>< @K=:5, 2K@>A;0 A 32% 2 1989 4> 49% 2 2000 3. 7<5=8;AO 8 E0@0:B5@ A45;>:. >:C?0NB B>, GB> 3>@OG>. $C=40<5=B0;L=K9 0=0;87 CH5; 2 ?@>H;>5.  @>3=>7 .!>@>A0 2A:>@5 >?@0240;AO.  !( A <0@B0 2000 3. ?> <0@B 2001 3. 2 A2O78 A ?045=85< :>B8@>2>: D>=4>2K9 @K=>: ?>B5@O; ?>@O4:0 4,9 B@;=. 4>;;0@>2, GB> 1K;> @02=> ?>;>28=5 AB>8<>AB8 B>20@>2 8 CA;C3, ?@>872545==KE 2 2000 3. $8@<K, 0:F88 :>B>@KE :>B8@>20;8AL =0 18@65 NASDAQ, ?>B5@O;8 4> 3/4 A2>59 AB>8<>AB8.  !>@>A . B:@KB>5 >1I5AB2>. 5D>@<8@CO 3;>10;L=K9 :0?8B0;87<. .: 2000, A.268-269.  0AB5;LOA . >3CI5AB2> A0<>1KB=>AB8. >20O 8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. =B>;>38O. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A. 502.  & <=>385 E@8AB80=5 A5@L57=> >15A?>:>5=K A53>4=OH=8< A>AB>O=85< <8@0, B>9 3;C1>:>9 ?@>?0ABLN, :>B>@0O ?@>;53;0 <564C 1>30BK<8 8 154=K<8, >3@><=K<8 @0AE>40<8 =0 2>>@C65=85 8 @>A:>HL,  2 B> 2@5<O, :>340 >AB0NBAO =5C4>2;5B2>@5==K<8 ?5@259H85 ?>B@51=>AB8, @0ABCI59 2;0ABLN 3830=BA:8E :>@?>@0F89 8 @0AF25B>< :C;LBC@K, ?>4@K20NI59 E@8AB80=A:85 F5==>AB8 8 ?@5=51@530NI59 8AB8==K<8 =C640<8 ;N459. McCovern. Marxism: An American Christian Perspective, p.135.  >20: . CE 45<>:@0B8G5A:>3> :0?8B0;87<0. 8=A:: 1997, A.39.  &8B. 874., A. 40-41.  &8B. 874., A. 40.  &8B. 874., A. 41.  &8B. 874., A. 42.  &8B. 874., A. 43-44.  =5 4C<05BAO, GB> 25AL<0 >B:@>25==CN E0@0:B5@8AB8:C 8A:>==>3> 1C@6C07=>3> 4CE0 40; 2 A2>5 2@5<O .><10@B, :>B>@K9 ?8A0;: 5AB8 B>@3>2;N (:@C?=CN B>@3>2;N) B>340 >7=0G0;> A=0@O60BL 8 2>>@C60BL :>@01;8, 25@1>20BL 1>9F>2, 702>52K20BL AB@0=K, CA<8@OBL BC75<F52 A ?><>ILN @C659 8 A015;L, >B=8<0BL C =8E 4>1@>, =03@C60BL 53> =0 :>@01;8 8 =0 @>48=5 ?CB5< ?C1;8G=KE 0C:F8>=>2 ?@>4020BL 53> B><C, :B> 1>;LH5 40AB; 2 B> 65 2@5<O 70E20BK20BL AB>;L:> 8=>75<=KE AC4>2, A:>;L:> ?>72>;O; A;CG09. B0:, 4CE, 428302H89 B>@3>2;N 8 2A5 :>;>=80;L=K5 ?@54?@8OB8O (?>A:>;L:C >=8 =5 8<5;8 F5;LN ?>A5;5=85 52@>?59F52), 1K;, ?>;030N O, @071>9=8G89 4CE. ><10@B . C@6C0. .: 0C:0, 1994, A.63.  .>20: ?@82>48B A;54CNICN F8B0BC 87 @01>BK .515@0 @>B5AB0=BA:0O MB8:0 8 4CE :0?8B0;87<0: 0?8B0;87<, 157CA;>2=>, B>645AB25=5= AB@5<;5=8N : =06825 2 @0<:0E =5?@5@K2=> 459AB2CNI53> @0F8>=0;L=>3> :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:>3> ?@54?@8OB8O, : =5?@5@K2=> 2>7@>640NI59AO ?@81K;8, : @5=B015;L=>AB8& (:C@A82  .>20:0). &8B. 874., A.106. <5==> AB@5<;5=85 : 70:>==>9 ?@81K;8 8 A>AB02;O5B =081>;55 04M:20B=CN 4CE>2=CN 4286CICN A8;C ?@8 :0?8B0;87<5 (515@ .71@0==K5 ?@>872545=8O. .: 1990. A.85).  >20: . CE 45<>:@0B8G5A:>3> :0?8B0;87<0. 8=A:: 1997, A. 51.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. 7 @0==8E ?@>872545=89. >A?>;8B8740B. .: 1956. A.563.  .0@:A 8 $.-=35;LA 2 0=8D5AB5 :><<C=8AB8G5A:>9 ?0@B88 ?8A0;8:  ;54O=>9 2>45 M3>8AB8G5A:>3> @0AG5B0 ?>B>?8;0 >=0 A2OI5==K9 B@5?5B @5;838>7=>3> M:AB070, @KF0@A:>3> M=BC7807<0, <5I0=A:>9 A5=B8<5=B0;L=>AB8. =0 ?@52@0B8;0 ;8G=>5 4>AB>8=AB2> G5;>25:0 2 <5=>2CN AB>8<>ABL 8 ?>AB028;0 =0 <5AB> 15AG8A;5==KE ?>60;>20==KE A2>1>4 >4=C 15AA>25AB=CN A2>1>4C B>@3>2;8. 0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ". 4, A. 426.  >20: . CE 45<>:@0B8G5A:>3> :0?8B0;87<0. 8=A:: 1997, A.65.  &8B. 874., A. 74  &8B. 874., A.75.  &8B. 874., A.67. @>B82>?>;>6=>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O ?@845@68205BAO .!>@>A. = AG8B05B, GB> @K=>G=K5 F5==>AB8 =5 A?>A>1=K 70<5=8BL A>1>N 4CE 3@0640=AB25==>AB8, 8;8, ?@8153=5< : AB0@><>4=><C >1>@>BC, 3@0640=A:8E 4>1@>45B5;59. !>@>A . B:@KB>5 >1I5AB2>. 5D>@<8@CO 3;>10;L=K9 :0?8B0;87<. .: 2001, A.209.  5I5 >4=> >G5=L B>G=>5 2KA:07K20=85 .!>@>A0 2 >B=>H5=88 3>A?>4AB2CNI8E A53>4=O D8=0=A>2KE @K=:>2, :>B>@K5 & ?@52@0I0NB ;N459 2 <0H8=K, @01>B0NI85 B>;L:> =0 ?@81K;L.  MB>< 5ABL A2>8 ?;NAK, => >1I5AB2>, 2 :>B>@>< D8=0=A>2K5 @K=:8 83@0NB >?@545;ONICN @>;L, ;53:> <>65B AB0BL 15AG5;>25G=K<. &8B. 874., A.76.  & <>B82 ?>3>=8 70 ?@81K;LN 2>7>1;040; =04 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K<8 F5==>ABO<8 8 4065 2@0G8 8 N@8ABK  =5 3>2>@O C65 > ?>;8B8:0E, CG5=KE, A>B@C4=8:0E 1;03>B2>@8B5;L=KE 8 2>>1I5 =5?@028B5;LAB25==KE >@30=870F89, ?@52@0B8;8AL 2 187=5A<5=>2. &8B. 874., A. 209. "0:, 0<5@8:0=A:0O <548F8=0  8 MB> >1I58725AB=K9 D0:B  A>>@85=B8@>20=0 =0 2K68<0=85 45=53 87 ?0F85=B>2, 2 G0AB=>AB8, 2@0G8 70AB02;ONB G5;>25:0 ?>:C?0BL ;5:0@AB20, =5 4C<0O > ?>A;54AB28OE.  C <548F8=A:8E, D0@<0F52B8G5A:8E 8 AB@0E>2KE :><?0=89 <>I=59H55 ;>118, :>B>@><C =8:B> =5 2 A>AB>O=88 ?@>B82>AB>OBL, 4065 ?@57845=B !(.  >20: . CE 45<>:@0B8G5A:>3> :0?8B0;87<0. 8=A:: 1997, A.67.  &8B. 874., A.96.  > D>@<8@>20=8O 459AB25==KE ?@>DA>N7>2, <=>385 :>@?>@0F88 2 >B=>H5=88 A2>8E @01>B=8:>2 25;8 A51O :0: =0AB>OI85 B8@0=K. John C.Bennet. The Cuban Revolution and Liberation Theology: Matters of Principle. Christianity & Crisis 40. 1981, p.207. 4=0:>, GB>1K 4>18BLAO A>740=8O ?@>DA>N7>2, ?@8H;>AL ?@5>4>;5BL >BG0O==>5 A>?@>B82;5=85 :;0AA0 :0?8B0;8AB>2.  ?>78F88 :0?8B0;0 ?> >B=>H5=8N : ?@>DA>N70< A2845B5;LAB2C5B B0:>5 2KA:07K20=85 .$>@40: K =8:>340 8 =8 2 :>5< A;CG05 =5 ?@87=05< ?@>DA>N70 @01>G8E 02B><>18;L=>9 ?@><KH;5==>AB8 <& > K 2>>1I5 =5 ?@87=05< =8:0:>9 ?@>DA>N7 <& > @>DA>N7K  MB> A0<>5 EC4H55 7;>, :>B>@>5 :>340- ;81> ?>@060;> MB>B <8@.  >20: . CE 45<>:@0B8G5A:>3> :0?8B0;87<0. 8=A:: 1997, A.193-194.  &8B. 874., A.246-247.  $C:CO<0 $. >=5F 8AB>@88? http.//www.ckp.ru./biblio/f/hist_ends.htm, AB@.5.  K=5H=OO :>=F5?F8O 7>;>B>3> <8;;80@40  B8?8G=0O @0A8ABA:0O :>=F5?F8O, B>;L:> 55 D0H87< =>A8B B5?5@L =5 =0F8>=0;L=K9, 0 3;>10;L=K9 E0@0:B5@. <5AB> @0AK 0@89F52 B5?5@L AB0@0NBAO A>740BL @0AC 1>30BKE F828;87>20==KE ;N459. 0@0-C@70 ! !>25BA:0O F828;870F8O. =830 1. ;020 11. 0@03@0D '5;>25:- =0@>4- @0A0 (=B5@=5B=K9 20@80=B ?C1;8:0F88).  &8B. 874., A. 5-6.  -B0 25@A8O 2545B A2>5 ?@>8AE>645=85 >B .!<8B0.  >20: . CE 45<>:@0B8G5A:>3> :0?8B0;87<0. 8=A:: 1997, A.12.  =5 B>;L:> 28:8=30<8. 0: ?8H5B .><10@B, 2 ?5@2K5 AB>;5B8O >2>3> 2@5<5=8 2A5 70?04=>52@>?59A:85 =0F88 & ?@845@6820;8AL >@30=87>20==>3> 2 2845 ?@>D5AA88 <>@A:>3> @071>O <& > "0:, 3>;;0=4A:0O 5AB-8=4A:0O :><?0=8O A=0@O605B A 1623 ?> 1635 3., 70B@0B82 =0 MB> 4500000 ;8@, 800 :>@01;59; >=0 70E20BK205B, >4=0:>, 540 :>@01;59, 3@C7 :>B>@KE A>AB02;O5B >:>;> 6 <;=. ;8@; : =8< >=0 ?@8A>548=O5B 3 <;=., :>B>@K5 >=0 >B=O;0 ?CB5< @071>O 8 3@01560 C ?>@BC30;LF52. ><10@B . C@6C0. .: 0C:0, 1994, A. 58, 62.  ;5ABOI89 7=0B>: :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20 .!>@>A A?@0254;82> 70<5B8;, GB> & 845O > B><, GB> AB@5<;5=85 : ;8G=>9 2K3>45 ?>72>;O5B 4>AB8GL >1I53> 1;030, O2;O5BAO ?@82;5:0B5;L=>9, => ;>6=>9. !>@>A . B:@KB>5 >1I5AB2>. 5D>@<8@CO 3;>10;L=K9 :0?8B0;87<. .: 2001. A. 192. 45AL C<5AB=> ?@825AB8 02B>@8B5B=>5 <=5=85 5I5 >4=>3> 2K40NI53>AO 7=0B>:0 :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K  6..5;1@59B0: >30BK5 ;N48 A =5>E>B>9 3>2>@OB > B><, GB> 8E 1>30BAB2> 8 1>;LH85 4>E>4K  MB> =5:>5 >1I5AB25==>5, <>@0;L=>5 8;8 40==>5 >3>< ?@02>, B0: GB> 548=AB25==> 2>7<>6=>5 4;O =8E >1>A=>20=85 1>30BAB20  @0AAC645=8O > DC=:F8>=0;L=>9 F5;5A>>1@07=>AB8. 57K1;5<K9 ?@8=F8? =5@02=>3> @0A?@545;5=8O 4>E>4>2 @0AA<0B@8205BAO :0: AB8<C; : B@C4C 8 =>20B>@AB2C, GB> ?@8=>A8B ?>;L7C 2A5<C >1I5AB2C <& > !>F80;L=K5 8 M:>=><8G5A:85 F5;8 8 7040G8 :>@@5:B8@CNBAO 2 A>>B25BAB288 A A>>1@065=8O<8 ;8G=>3> C4>1AB20. M;1@59B .. !?@0254;82>5 >1I5AB2>. C<0=8AB8G5A:89 273;O4. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A. 235.  5 <>3C =5 ?@>F8B8@>20BL 5I5 @07 .><10@B0, :>B>@K9 ?8A0;, GB> ?> 2840< 45OB5;L=>ABL A>2@5<5==>3> :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:>3> ?@54?@8=8<0B5;O 2 55 >A=>2=KE G5@B0E B0 65, GB> 8 ?@5645,  >= 4>;65= 702>52K20BL, >@30=87>2K20BL, 25AB8 ?5@53>2>@K, A?5:C;8@>20BL 8 :0;L:C;8@>20BL. ><10@B . C@6C0. .: 0C:0, 1994, A. 137.  >20: . CE 45<>:@0B8G5A:>3> :0?8B0;87<0. 8=A:: 1997, A.20.  AB0B8, 745AL C<5AB=> =0?><=8BL, GB> !.0@0- C@70 A?@0254;82> >?@545;O; D0H87< :0: 2KAHCN ABC?5=L @0728B8O 70?04=>9 45<>:@0B88.  AB0B8, A0< 09:; >20: :>=AB0B8@C5B, GB> 2 5@<0=88 >?@545;5==0O D>@<0 :0?8B0;87<0 ACI5AB2>20;0 =0 ?@>BO65=88 1>;55 G5< AB0 ;5B ?@8 B0:8E @07;8G=KE ?>;8B8G5A:8E @568<0E, :0: @568<K 8A<0@:0 8 0975@0, 59<0@A:0O @5A?C1;8:0, =0F8>=0;-A>F80;87< 8 $545@0B82=0O 5A?C1;8:0 5@<0=88. &8B. 874., A. 386.  B>< 65 2K=C645= ?8A0BL 8 .$@84<0= 2 A2>59 :=835 0?8B0;87< 8 A2>1>40: AB>@8O ;8HL =02>48B =0 <KA;L > B><, GB> :0?8B0;87< 5ABL =5>1E>48<>5 CA;>285 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 A2>1>4K. G5284=>, MB> CA;>285 =54>AB0B>G=>5. (&8B. :=830. .: >2>5 8740B5;LAB2>. 2006. A.33)  :0G5AB25 ?@8<5@>2, <><8<> 5@<0=88, >= ?@82>48B 8 D0H8ABA:CN B0;8N, 8 A?0=8N $@0=:>, 8 /?>=8N ?5@54 5@2>9 8 B>@>9 <8@>2K<8 2>9=0<8.  "C@>C . C4CI55 :0?8B0;87<0. 0: M:>=><8:0 A53>4=OH=53> 4=O D>@<8@C5B <8@ 702B@0H=89. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia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leksander Solzhentsyn. A world spirit Apart. New York, Harper & Row, 1978, @. 64.  ;N@0;87< ?@8 :0?8B0;87<5 & C4>2;5B2>@O5B 872@0I5==K5 A0<>@07@CH8B5;L=K5 ?>B@51=>AB8 B0: 65 CA?5H=>, :0: 8 ?>B@51=>AB8 0;LB@C8AB8G5A:85 8 3C<0==K5 <& > 65;0=85 AB0BL ?@5ABC?=8:>< AB>;L 65 70:>==>, :0: 8 65;0=85 AB0BL A2OI5==8:><. "C@>C . C4CI55 :0?8B0;87<0. 0: M:>=><8:0 A53>4=OH=53> 4=O D>@<8@C5B <8@ 702B@0H=89. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A. 201.>@>G5 3>2>@O, 01A>;NB=0O A2>1>40, 2 B>< G8A;5 A2>1>40 A;>20, =5@54:> <>65B >7=0G0BL 8 01A>;NB=CN 157>B25BAB25==>ABL ;8G=>AB8.  >20: . CE 45<>:@0B8G5A:>3> :0?8B0;87<0. 8=A:: 1997, A. 62-64.  -B0 8=4CAB@80;L=0O F828;870F8O, :>B>@0O 1K;0 <=5 7=0:><0 ?> 2@>?5, ?>:070;0AL <=5 745AL (2 !(  ..) >4=>2@5<5==> 8 ?>@078B5;L=> @0728B>9 (:0: 8 <=>385 25I8, ?5@5=5A5==K5 AN40 87 2@>?K), 8 2 B> 65 2@5<O A2>5>1@07=K< @8BC0;><, ?>A2OI5==K< :0:>9-B> GC6575<=>9 1>38=5. 5 A:@KB0O ;>38:0, =0A:>;L:> O ?>=8<0N, :>B>@0O ?5@2>=0G0;L=> >A=>2K20;0AL =0 A?>A>1=>AB8 45=53 : ?@8C<=>65=8N 8 01A>;NB=><C ?@8>@8B5BC G0AB=>9 2K3>4K, ?>2AN4C 1K;0 0=B83C<0==>9 8 <0B5@80;8AB8G=>9. Y.Mariten. Reflections on America. New York, Charles Scibiner Sons, 1958, p.178-179.  >340 ?>2A54=52=0O 687=L >1I5AB20 >@30=87>20=0 B0:, GB> 1>30BAB2> AB0=>28BAO 206=59H8< :@8B5@85< CA?5E0, >=0 2K7K205B ;8E>@04>G=CN ?>3>=N 70 45=L30<8 8 ;>6=>5 C2065=85 : ?>1548B5;O< 2 MB>9 3>=:5. A;8 >F5=820BL 55 <>@0;L=K5 ?>A;54AB28O, B> >=8 AB>;L 65 D0B0;L=K, :0: 8 ?>A;54AB28O ;N1>9 4@C3>9 D>@<K 84>;>?>:;>=AB20. The Churches Survey Their Task, edit. by D. Oldhem. London, Allen L Unwin, 1937, p.104-105.  AB@0=5 2>7@>645==>3> :0?8B0;87<0  2 >AA88  2 F5;OE ?5@545;0 A>1AB25==>AB8 1K;> 2 2002 3>4C A>25@H5=> 1200 2>>@C65==KE =0?045=89, 0 2 2003 3>4C  1900.  0@0-C@70 !. ?OBL 2>?@>AK 2>64O<. ;020 12. 5I5@=K5 ;N48 %% 25:0. (=B5@=5=B=K9 20@80=B ?C1;8:0F88).  Alexis de Tocqueville (ed. J.P. Mayer and Max Lerner, trans. George Lawrence), Democracy in America (New York: Harper and Row; 1966), p.667.  "@C4=> =5 A>3;0A8BLAO A 2K40NI8<AO 0<5@8:0=A:8< ?8A0B5;5< .%59;8, :>340 >= @0AAC6405B > A2>1>45 2K1>@0 2 !(: & 2 MB>< >1I5AB25 5ABL ;N48, :>B>@K5 @>640NBAO A 25AL<0 >3@0=8G5==>9 2>7<>6=>ABLN 2K1>@0, >?@>25@30NI59 AB0@>5 :0: <8@ CB25@645=85, GB> 2A5 ;N48 @>640NBAO @02=K<8. >;;8 8 45AOB:8 BKAOG 5<C ?>4>1=KE, GL5 ?@>42865=85 ?> 687=8 A A0<>3> @>645=8O =0B0;:8205BAO =0 ?@53@04K, 2>74283=CBK5 =8I5B>9, =5@025=AB2><, A:C4=K<8 2>7<>6=>ABO<8, 40 8 : B><C 65 1>;55 G5< A:@><=K< >1@07>20=85<, =5 40NI8< 4>AB0B>G=>9 ?>43>B>2:8 4;O ?@8=OB8O 687=5==> 206=KE @5H5=89, A A0<>3> =0G0;0 >1@5G5=K AB@040BL. 07=8F0 <>65B 1KBL ;8HL 2 AB5?5=8 8E AB@040=8O. %59;8 . >;5A0. >A:>2A:89 @01>G89, 1985, A.418-419.   4>:;045 0B8:0=0 70 2005 3>4, :0: A>>1I05B " -"!! (16.01.2006.), 3>2>@8BAO > B><, GB> ?@8<5@=> 860 <;=. 45B59 ?> 2A5<C <8@C AB0;8 2 2005 3>4C 65@B20<8 =54>540=8O, 1>;57=59, B>@3>2;8 ;N4L<8 8 ?@>G8E D>@< M:>=><8G5A:>9 8 A>F80;L=>9 M:A?;C0B0F88. A>1CN B@52>3C 2K7K205B :>;>AA0;L=>5 :>;8G5AB2> 45B59 8 ?>4@>AB:>2 2 2>7@0AB5 >B 5 4> 14 ;5B, :>B>@K5 70=8<0NBAO ?@8=C48B5;L=K< B@C4>< <& > E G8A;>, ?> =5?>;=K< 40==K<, ?@52KH05B 200 <8;;8>=>2 G5;>25:. 8;;8>=K 45B59 2K=C645=K CG0AB2>20BL 2 2>5==KE 459AB28OE 8 2>2;5G5=K 2 ?@>AB8BCF8N. > <=>38E AB@0=0E =>2>@>645==KE 45B59 ?@>AB> =5 @538AB@8@CNB, ?@52@0I0O 8E B0:8< >1@07>< 2 65@B2 ?>687=5==>9 M:A?;C0B0F88. "0:>2K 8AE>4=K5 @02=K5 ?>78F88 ;N459, :>B>@K5 B>;L:> GB> 2ABC?0NB 2 687=L!  .."MBG5@. A:CAAB2> C?@02;5=8O 3>AC40@AB2><. !B@0B5388 4;O <5=ONI53>AO <8@0. .: ;L?8=0 01;8H8@, 2003, A.45.  >20: . CE 45<>:@0B8G5A:>3> :0?8B0;87<0. 8=A:: 1997, A. 51. &8B. 874., A. 52. !;>2><, :0: 2 !:>B=>< 42>@5 6>@460 @CM;;0: 2A5 682>B=K5 @02=K, => =5:>B>@K5 87 =8E @02=55 4@C38E.  %M=48 '. ;GCI89 4CE. 0 3@0=LN :0?8B0;87<0: ?>8A: F5;8 2 A>2@5<5==>< <8@5. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A. 180.  "C@>C . C4CI55 :0?8B0;87<0. 0: M:>=><8:0 A53>4=OH=53> 4=O D>@<8@C5B <8@ 702B@0H=89. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A. 192.  "MBG5@ . A:CAAB2> C?@02;5=8O 3>AC40@AB2><. !B@0B5388 4;O <5=ONI53>AO <8@0. .: ;L?8=0 01;8H8@, 2003, A.85.  . /:>2;52, 1K2H89 A5:@5B0@L & !! ?> 845>;>388, AB02H89 O@K< 0=B8:><<C=8AB><, 2 A2>59 :=835 <CB ?0<OB8 (.: 03@8CA, 2000) ?8A0;: N10O @52>;NF8O  ?@O<>5 A;54AB285 45D8F8B0 >B25BAB25==>AB8 8 7=0=89; >=0  @57C;LB0B BI5A;028O 8 =52565AB20. 8:0:85 AAK;:8 =0 1;03>@>4=K5 4CH52=K5 ?>@K2K =5 2 A>AB>O=88 >?@0240BL =0A8;85 8 65@B2K @048 ?@87@0G=KE F5;59. 52>;NF8O  8AB5@8:0, 15AA8;85 ?5@54 402OI8< E>4>< A>1KB89. :B >BG0O=8O, 157C<=0O ?>?KB:0 A E>4C ?@5>4>;5BL B>, GB> B@51C5B 45AOB8;5B89 =0?@O65==KE CA8;89 2A53> >1I5AB20. "O30 : @52>;NF88  ?;>4 1>;L=>3> <5AA80=A:>3> A>7=0=8O 8 =574>@>2>9 ?A8E8:8 (F8B. 874., A. 75).  &8B. 874., A.85, 87.  >4@>1=>5 87;>65=85 A>1KB89 2 >AA88 2 ?5@8>4 $52@0;LA:>9 @52>;NF88 A>45@68BAO 2 :=835 '5@=>20 . 5;8:0O @CAA:0O @52>;NF8O. >A?><8=0=8O ?@54A540B5;O #G@548B5;L=>3> A>1@0=8O. 1902-1920. .: &5=B@>?>;83@0D. 2007.  >B ;8HL 420 >1@07F0 53> =5?0@;0<5=BA:8E 2KA:07K20=89: & =58A:>@5=8<>5 AB@5<;5=85 (@5GL 845B > @CCA:>< =0@>45  ..) : =5A:>=G05<>9 4@0:5 (!) ?@825;8 8 : 2>9=5, 8 : $52@0;LA:>9 @52>;NF88, 8 : ?>A;54CNI59 :>=B@@52>;NF88 2 >:BO1@5 1917 3>40 (F8B. 874., A. 71). 5=8=  2K@>4>:, =@02AB25==K9 848>B >B @>645=8O (F8B. 874., A. 81).  &8B. 874., A. 78  80.  5@B . AB>@8O !>25BA:>3> 3>AC40@AB20. B>@>5, 8A?@02;5==>5 8740=85. .: @>3@5AA-:045<8O.1995.  >4@>1=>AB8 A<. 2 :=835 0;5>;>30  (D@0=FC7A:>3> ?>A;0 2 >AA88) 0A?CB8=. >A?><8=0=8O. 740B5;LAB2> 52OB>5 O=20@O .: 1923, 0 B0:65 2 C?><8=02H59AO 2KH5 :=835 '5@=>20 . 5;8:0O @CAA:0O @52>;NF8O. >A?><8=0=8O ?@54A540B5;O #G@548B5;L=>3> A>1@0=8O. 1905-1920. .: &5=B@>?>;83@0D.2007.  &8B. ?> :=. ??>;8B>20 . 5=8:8=. . .: >;>40O 320@48O, 2000, A. 189..   1905 1906 33. 2>9A:0 8A?>;L7>20;8AL 4;O ?>402;5=8O 2>;=5=89 6486 @07, 0 2 1907 3.  C65 156787 @07.  1906 3. 1K;> :07=5=> 94 G5;>25:0, 2 1907 3.  1632, 0 A 1907 ?> 1910 33.  5086 G5;>25:. A53> >AC645=> 2>5==>-?>;52K<8 AC40<8 (AC4>?@>872>4AB2> 2 2>5==>-?>;52KE AC40E ?@>8AE>48;> 2 B5G5=85 48 G0A>2, ?@83>2>@ A0=:F8>=8@>20;AO :><0=4CNI8< 2>5==K< >:@C3>< 8 8A?>;=O;AO 2 24 G0A0) 26 BKAOG G5;>25:. ??>;8B>2 . 5=8:8=. . .: >;>40O 320@48O, 2000, A. 43, 115. > >D8F80;L=K< ?@028B5;LAB25==K< 40==K<, 2 023CAB5 1917-3> 70E20BK :@5ABLO=0<8 ?><5I8GL8E 75<5;L 8 8<5=89 A>AB02;O;8 440 A;CG052, 0 2 A5=BO1@5  958. !>25BA:0O 8AB>@8G5A:0O M=F8:;>?548O. ".3, A. 47.  >A;5 $52@0;LA:>9 @52>;NF88 2 5B@>3@04A:89 !>25B AB0;8 ?@8E>48BL =0:07K  60;>1K 8 ?>65;0=8O <& > =0;87 ?5@2KE AB0 :@5ABLO=A:8E =0:07>2 ?>:07K205B, GB> >=8 B@51CNB, ?@5645 2A53>, :>=D8A:0F88 ?><5I8GL8E, 3>AC40@AB25==KE 8 4@C38E 75<5;L 8 @0740G8 8E :@5ABLO=0<, 0 70B5<  1KAB@>3> 70:;NG5=8O A?@0254;82>3> <8@0. 5;;5@ , 5:@8G . #B>?8O C 2;0AB8. .: , 2000, A. 24.  %>A:8=3 . AB>@8O !>25BA:>3> !>N70. 1917-1991. .: 03@8CA, 1994, A. 381.  '5@=>2 . 5;8:0O @CAA:0O @52>;NF8O. >A?><8=0=8O ?@54A540B5;O #G@548B5;L=>3> A>1@0=8O. 1905-1920. .: &5=B@>?>;83@0D.2007. A.230.  $01@8G=K5 @01>G85 >@30=870F88, 8;8 D01702:><K, 1KAB@> =018@0;8 A8;C 8 2;8O=85. ?5@2K5 >=8 2>7=8:;8 2 $52@0;LA:CN @52>;NF8N =0 3>AC40@AB25==KE >1>@>==KE 702>40E, ?>A;5 B>3> :0: C?@02;ONI8E ?5@5AB0;8 =07=0G0BL A25@EC. 0B5< MBC ?@0:B8:C ?5@5=O;8 G0AB=K5 ?@54?@8OB8O. 10 <0@B0 5B@>3@04A:>5 >1I5AB2> D01@8:0=B>2 8 702>4G8:>2 ?>4?8A0;> A>3;0H5=85 A A?>;:><>< > 22545=88 D01702:><>2 =0 2A5E 702>40E AB>;8FK.  0?@5;5 8E >D8F80;L=> ?@87=0;> @5<5==>5 ?@028B5;LAB2>  :0: ?>;=><>G=KE ?@54AB028B5;59 @01>G8E. $01702:><K AB0;8 ?5@2K< >@30=>< A0<>C?@02;5=8O, =0 :>B>@K9 @0A?@>AB@0=8;>AL 1>;LH528ABA:>5 2;8O=85. 09?A . CAA:0O @52>;NF8O. .: >AA?M=, 1994, A. 82.   1917 3. ?>A;5 $52@0;LA:>9 @52>;NF88 @O4 ?@54?@8=8<0B5;59, >15A?>:>5==KE 70 AC4L1C A2>53> :0?8B0;0, AB0;8 70:@K20BL A2>8 ?@54?@8OB8O. 01>G85 2 >B25B 70E20BK20;8 D01@8:8 8 CAB0=02;820;8 A2>5 C?@02;5=85 ?@>872>4AB2><.  5@B . AB>@8O !>25BA:>3> 3>AC40@AB20. .: @>3@5AA-:045<8O. 1995. A.18-19.  0@0-C@70 !. !>25BA:0O F828;870F8O. ;. 2. (B@8E8 : A>F80;L=><C ?>@B@5BC >AA88: :B> H5; 2 @52>;NF8N. (=B5@=5B=K9 20@80=B ?C1;8:0F888). AB0B8, !.0@0-C@70 ?@82;5: >1H8@=K9 AB0B8AB8G5A:89 <0B5@80;, =0 >A=>20=88 :>B>@>3> =0@8A>20; @5;L5D=CN :0@B8=C >1I5AB20 2 ?@54@52>;NF8>==K9 ?5@8>4.  .CE0@8=, 0=0;878@CO ?@8G8=K, ?@8254H85 : A>F80;8AB8G5A:>9 @52>;NF88 2 >AA88, 3>2>@8;: ">2. 5=8= AB028B :>@5==>9 2>?@>A: CB25@640NB, GB> C =0A =5 1K;> 4>AB0B>G=KE >1J5:B82=KE M:>=><8G5A:8E 8 :C;LBC@=KE ?@54?>AK;>: 4;O ?5@5E>40 : A>F80;87<C. %>@>H>. > MB> 5I5 =5 @5H05B 45;0. '53> =5 ?>=8<0NB ?540=BK-:0CBA8:0=FK? =8 =5 ?>=8<0NB B>3> >A=>2=>3>, GB> 5A;8 A B>G:8 7@5=8O 2A5<8@=>9 8AB>@88 ?@>45;K20BL ?@>;5B0@A:CN @52>;NF8N 4>;6=K @0728BK5 AB@0=K, AB@0=K A G@572KG09=> @0728B>9 M:>=><8G5A:>9 107>9, 2?>;=5 8 2?>;=5 4>AB0B>G=>9 4;O ?5@5E>40 : A>F80;87<C (E>BO =8:B> =5 <>65B A:070BL, A :0:>9 ABC?5=L:8 @0728B8O =0G8=05BAO MB0 4>AB0B>G=>ABL), B> <>3CB 1KBL >A>1K5 8A:;NG5=8O, >?@545;O5<K5 A2>5>1@0785< 2=CB@5==59 8 2=5H=59 >1AB0=>2:8. -B> A2>5>1@0785 >1AB0=>2:8 :0: @07 C =0A 8 8<5;> <5AB>, 81> C =0A @52>;NF8O 1K;0 A2O70=0, 2>-?5@2KE, A <8@>2>9 2>9=>9, 2>-2B>@KE, A =0G0;>< 3830=BA:>3> @52>;NF8>==>3> 1@>65=8O A@548 <8;;8>=>2 2>AB>G=KE =0@>4>2 8, 2-B@5BL8E, A >A>1> 1;03>?@8OB=K< A>G5B0=85< :@5ABLO=A:>9 2>9=K A ?@>;5B0@A:>9 @52>;NF859. CE0@8= . >;8B8G5A:>5 7025I0=85 5=8=0. .: @0240, 54=>B0, 1929.  8:>O= . "0: 1K;>. .: 03@8CA, 1999, A.44.  $>@<C;C !0<>45@60285. @02>A;0285. 0@>4=>ABL 2K428=C; >48= 87 A0<KE @50:F8>==KE 845>;>3>2 XIX 25:0 3@0D !5@359 #AB@O;>2 ?@8 ?>;=>9 ?>445@6:5 8:>;0O I.  (0<10@>2 . >AC40@AB2> 8 @52>;NF88. .: -!- !!. ;3>@8B<, 2002, A. 51-53.  >340 2 @>=HB04B5 <0B@>AK :>?0;8 A515 <>38;K, :><5=40=B :@5?>AB8 35=5@0; 4;5@15@3 874520;AO =04 =8<8: >?09B5, @51OB0 , :>?09B5! K E>B5;8 75<;8, 2>B 20< 75<;O, 0 2>;N =0945B5 =0 =515A0E! -B>3> 5<C ?>:070;>AL <0;>. >A;5 B>3>, :>340 <>38;K 1K;8 A@02=5=K A 75<;59, ?> =8< <0@H5< ?@>3=0;8 2>9A:0 8 0@5AB>20==KE. >A;5 ?>402;5=8O @52>;NF88 1905 3>40 ?@>2>48;8AL <0AA>2K5 ?>@:8 :@5ABLO=, <=>38E :07=8;8 2>>1I5 157 AC40, E>@>=82 8E :0: 15AD0<8;L=KE. @5ABLO= 70AB02;O;8 G0A0<8 AB>OBL =0 :>;5=OE 2 A=53C 8 BKAOG8 ;N459 >1<>@>78;8 A515 =>38.  45AL, ?>60;C9, C<5AB=> >B<5B8BL, GB> 2 =0CG=>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 2KA:070=K A0<K5 @07;8G=K5 <=5=8O > ?@8G8=0E 8 ?@8@>45 $52@0;LA:>9 8 :BO1@LA:>9 @52>;NF89 1917 3>40. .515@, .0CBA:89, =0?@8<5@, =5 A><=520OAL 2 >1@5G5==>AB8 F0@87<0 8 2A59 ?>;8B8:>-M:>=><8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K 2 >AA88, 2<5AB5 A B5< 2KA:07K20;8 <KA;8, >B;8G0NI85AO >B <0@:A8ABA:>9 8=B5@?@5B0F88 >B=>A8B5;L=> @52>;NF8>==>3> ?@>F5AA0, 2 G0AB=>AB8, >B<5G0;8 =5@0728B>ABL 2 >AA88 :0?8B0;87<0, 8 @01>G53> :;0AA0, ?@5>1;040=85 :@5ABLO=A:>9 <0AAK, ?@845@6820NI59AO >1I8==>3> CAB@>9AB20 A2>59 687=8. A5 MB8 >1AB>OB5;LAB20 2 A2>59 A>2>:C?=>AB8 , ?> 8E <=5=8N, 4>;6=K 1K;8 >?@545;8BL A2>5>1@0785 @>AA89A:>3> @52>;NF8>==>3> ?@>F5AA0, 0 2 ?>A;54CNI5< - 8 53> B@038G5A:CN AC4L1C.  '5@=>2 . 5;8:0O @CAA:0O @52>;NF8O. >A?><8=0=8O ?@54A540B5;O #G@548B5;L=>3> A>1@0=8O. 1905-1920. .: &5=B@>?>;83@0D. 2007. A. 14,23.  5B@>3@04A:89 !>25B 1K; >1@07>20= 27 D52@0;O 1917 3>40. 3> >@30=870B>@K >1@0B8;8AL : @01>G8< 5B@>3@040 A ?@54;>65=85< ?@8A;0BL : 25G5@C MB>3> 4=O 45?CB0B>2  ?> >4=><C >B BKAOG8 @01>G8E. 6>= 84 ?8A0;, GB> !>25BK A0<8 ?> A515 O2;ONBAO GC45A=K< 2K@065=85< >@30=870F8>==>3> 35=8O @CAA:8E B@C4OI8EAO. 84 . 5AOBL 4=59, :>B>@K5 ?>B@OA;8 <8@. .: %C4>65AB25==0O ;8B5@0BC@0. 1968. A.256.  52 "@>F:89 =0720; !>25BK E@51B>< @52>;NF88.  &8B. ?> :=. %>A:8=30 . AB>@8O !>25BA:>3> !>N70. 1917-1991. .: 03@8CA, 1994, A. 35. =3;89A:89 8AB>@8: 65DD@8 %>A:8=3, 0=0;878@CO >1AB0=>2:C, A;>682HCNAO 2 >AA88 2 1917 3>4C, ?@8H5; : 2K2>4C, GB> 2>5==K5 ?@>1;5<K ?>4@K20;8 CA8;8O @5<5==>3> ?@028B5;LAB20, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 CAB0=>2;5=85 =>2>9 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 =0@>4=K5 >6840=8O, 2K720==K5 : 687=8 $52@0;LA:>9 @52>;NF859, =5 ?@825;8 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 : 2;0AB8 1>;LH528:>2 (F8B. 874., A. 37). @C3>9 8AB>@8: 8G0@4 09?A ?8A0;:  MB>B ?5@8>4 1>;LH528:8 2=>2L 70O28;8 > A515 :0: > ?>;8B8G5A:>9 A8;5. =8 2K83@0;8 2 @57C;LB0B5 ?@>8AE>482H59 2 B5G5=85 ;5B0 ?>;O@870F88, :>340 ;815@0;K 8 :>=A5@20B>@K ?>BO=C;8AL : >@=8;>2C, 0 @048:0;K AB0;8 ?5@5E>48BL =0 :@09=5 ;52K5 ?>78F88. 01>G8E, A>;40B 8 <0B@>A>2 2>7<CI0;0 =5@5H8B5;L=>ABL <5=LH528:>2 8 MA5@>2, 8 >=8 1C:20;L=> B>;?0<8 ?>:840;8 8E, ?5@5E>4O : 1>;LH528:0<, 81> >=8 =5 2845;8 0;LB5@=0B82K. 09?A . CAA:0O @52>;NF8O. .: >AA?M=, 1994, A. 138-139.  '5@=>2 . 5;8:0O @CAA:0O @52>;NF8O. >A?><8=0=8O ?@54A540B5;O #G@548B5;L=>3> A>1@0=8O. 1905-1920. .: &5=B@>?>;83@0D. 2007 A.. 351.  6>= 84 B0:8< >1@07>< >?8AK205B 7=0<5=8B>5 70A540=85 @C:>2>4AB20 1>;LH528ABA:>9 ?0@B88, ?@8=O2H55 @5H5=85 > 2>AAB0=88: & & 70A540; 2AN =>GL 23 (10) >:BO1@O. 45AL 1K; ?@54AB02;5= 25AL 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K9 F25B ?0@B88, 2A5 55 2>648, 0 B0:65 45;530BK >B ?5B@>3@04A:8E @01>G8E 8 30@=87>=0. 7 8=B5;;835=B>2 70 2>AAB0=85 AB>O;8 B>;L:> 5=8= 8 "@>F:89. 065 2>5==K5 1K;8 ?@>B82. !>AB>O;>AL 3>;>A>20=85. >AAB0=85 1K;> >B25@3=CB>! ">340 2AB0; A> A2>53> <5AB0 ?@>AB>9 @01>G89. 8F> 53> 1K;> ?5@5:>H5=> O@>ABLN. / 3>2>@N >B 8<5=8 ?5B@>3@04A:>3> ?@>;5B0@80B0, - @57:> 70O28; >=.  K 70 2>AAB0=85. 5;09B5 :0: 7=05B5, => 70O2;ON 20<, GB> 5A;8 2K 4>?CAB8B5 @073>= !>25B>2, B> =0< A 20<8 1>;LH5 =5 ?> ?CB8!  =5<C ?@8A>548=8;>AL =5A:>;L:> A>;40B. >A;5 MB>3> A=>20 3>;>A>20;8 8 2>?@>A > 2>AAB0=88 1K; @5H5=& 84 . 5AOBL 4=59, :>B>@K5 ?>B@OA;8 <8@. .: %C4>65AB25==0O ;8B5@0BC@0. 1968. 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A.145.  5@2>5 A5@L57=>5 :@>2>?CA:0=85 1K;> CG8=5=> 15;K<8 2 =>O1@5 1917 3>40 2 >A:25 2> 2@5<O 27OB8O @5<;O, 0 B0:65 15;>D8==0<8 8 =5<F0<8 2 1918 3>4C ?@8 A25@65=88 @01>G53> ?@028B5;LAB20 2 $8=;O=488 (B0: GB> C <0@H0;;0 0==5@359<0, AB02H53> ?@57845=B>< $8=;O=488, @C:8 ?> ;>:>BL 2 :@>28).  ??>;8B>2 . 5=8:8=. . .: >;>40O 320@48O, 2000, A. 191.  ?5@2K5 4=8 =0ABC?;5=8O 2>9A: '5B25@B=>3> A>N70 (5@<0=8O 8 55 A>N7=8:8) 2 D52@0;5 1918 3. 2 @0A=CN @<8N 2ABC?8;> 4>1@>2>;L=> A2KH5 8 BKAOG 1K2H8E >D8F5@>2 8 35=5@0;>2. 0@0-C@70 !.!>25BA:0O F828;870F8O. =830 1. ;. 4. 0@03@0D 5@2K5 >@30=K 2;0AB8 8 3;. 6 @0640=A:0O 2>9=0. (=B5@=5B=K9 20@80=B ?C1;8:0F88). A53> 2 @0A=>9 @<88 A;C68;> 70-75 BKAOG >D8F5@>2, 2 B>< G8A;5 639 >D8F5@>2 5=5@0;L=>3> HB010.   ?@8:075 ! 148 >B 14 =>O1@O 1918 3. ..5=8:8= 2K=C645= 1K; :>=AB0B8@>20BL, GB> : 1>;LH><C ABK4C 8 ?>7>@C, <=>385 87 >D8F5@>2, 4065 2 2KAH8E G8=0E, A;C60B 2 @0A=>9 0@<88. >A;5 ?@87=0=8O MB>3> 15AA?>@=>3> D0:B0 2 ?@8:075 3>2>@8;>AL: 54O A<5@B=K9 1>9 A 1>;LH528:0<8, 2 ?@>2>:0B>@0E =5 =C6405<AO, 0 2A5E, :B> 157>B;030B5;L=> =5 >AB028B @O4K @0A=>9 0@<88, 645B ?@>:;OB85 =0@>40 8 ?>;52>9 AC4 CAA:>9 0@<88, AC@>2K9 8 15A?>I04=K9. ??>;8B>2 . 5=8:8=. . .: >;>40O 320@48O, 2000.A.326.  5=8= .!!.B.33. A.438.  5@B . AB>@8O A>25BA:>3> 3>AC40@AB20. .: @>3@5AA  :045<8O. 1995. A.14-15.  ><0=>2K< ?@8=04;560;> 8 <8;;8>=>2 45AOB8= 75<;8.  21 0?@5;O (1917 3>40  ..) 1K; CG@5645= ;02=K9 75<5;L=K9 :><8B5B, 0 B0:65 3C15@=A:85, C574=K5 8 2>;>AB=K5 75<5;L=K5 :><8B5BK. !>AB02 ;02=>3> 75<5;L=>3> :><8B5B0 1K; G8AB> :045BA:8<. 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A.487. ??>;8B>2 . 5=8:8=. . .: >;>40O 320@48O, 2000, A. 519 (?@8;. ! 18). >;8B8G5A:85 ?@>3@0<<K 15;KE 1K;8 =5>?@545;5==K<8 8 =5 >B25G0;8 8<52H8<AO ?>B@51=>ABO<; B0:, >=8 =8G53> =5 45;0;8, GB>1K C1548BL :@5ABLO=, GB> 2 A;CG05 ?>154K C =8E =5 >B15@CB 75<;N, :>B>@CN >=8 ?>;CG8;8 2 1917 3>4C. < =5 C40;>AL ?@54;>68BL @01>G8< =0456=>3> AB0BCA0 4;O ?@>DA>N7>2, D01@8G=KE :><8B5B>2 8 4@C38E =>2KE ?@54AB028B5;L=KE >@30=>2, 2>7=8:H8E 2 1917 3>4C. 50;L=> 548=AB25==>9 8E ?>A;54>20B5;L=>9 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 84559 1K;0 >AA8O 548=0O 8 =545;8<0O, GB>, :>=5G=> 65, >BB0;:820;> ?@54AB028B5;59 =5@CAA:8E =0F8>=0;L=>AB59& %>A:8=3 . AB>@8O !>25BA:>3> !>N70. 1917-1991. .: 03@8CA, 1994, A.67-68.  09?A . CAA:0O @52>;NF8O. .: >AA?M=, 1994, A.534.  ."@>F:89 ?@82>48B B0:>9 D0:B: & :>340 2 3>;>4=>9 8 E>;>4=>9 >A:25, >B402H59 F25B A2>8E @01>G8E D@>=BC, >1JO2;O5BAO ?0@B89=0O =545;O, 87 ?@>;5B0@A:>9 <0AAK 2;8205BAO 2 =0H8 @O4K 2 B5G5=85 7 4=59 15 BKAOG G5;>25:.  2 :0:>9 <><5=B? >340 >?0A=>ABL 3815;8 !>25BA:>9 2;0AB8 4>AB83;0 =082KAH59 >AB@>BK, 2 <><5=B, :>340 1K; 27OB @5; 8 5=8:8= ?@81;860;AO : "C;5 8 >A:25, .45=8G C3@>60; 5B5@1C@3C... "@>F:89 . "5@@>@87< 8 :><<C=87<. >AC40@AB25==>5 8740B5;LAB2>. -, 1920.  HYPERLINK http://www http://www. magister.msk.ru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CAA:0O @52>;NF8O. .: >AA?M=, 1994, A.490-491. 0 2AN >AA8N  14 G5;>25:!  :0:>9 :@>2>604=>AB8 @52B@81C=0;>2 <>65B 84B8 @5GL, 5A;8 >1J5:B82=> >F5=820BL 2KH5?@82545==K5 F8D@K? >60;C9, <>6=>, =0>1>@>B, 3>2>@8BL > <O3:>B5;>AB8 @52B@81C=0;>2. >, :0: 8725AB=>, 1>;LH0O G0ABL @0AAB@5;820;0AL 157 AC40 8 A;54AB28O A0<>9 '.  :0:8E F8D@0E 845B @5GL? > 40==K< 0F8A0, ?@82>48<K< .09?A><, 2 ?5@8>4 A 1918 ?> 1920 3>4 2 A>25BA:>9 >AA88 1K;> :07=5=> 12733 G5;>25:0 (F8B. 874., A. 533). !0< .09?A 25@8B >F5=:0< '5<15@;5=0 (50 BKAOG) 8 5GG5B0 (140 BKA.). @0240, =5 8725AB=>, :0:8<8 8AB>G=8:0<8 8=D>@<0F88 >=8 ?>;L7>20;8AL. 0: 1K B0< =8 1K;>, OA=> >4=>: 8 :@0A=K9 B5@@>@, 8 15;K9 B5@@>@ O28;8AL A;54AB285< >65AB>G5==>9 @0640=A:>9 2>9=K, :>B>@0O 25;0AL >158<8 AB>@>=0<8 A =525@>OB=>9 65AB>:>ABLN. 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"@>F:89 . "5@@>@87< 8 :><<C=87<. >AC40@AB25==>5 8740B5;LAB2>. -., 1920.  HYPERLINK http://www http://www. magister.msk.ru  1915 3>4C 51% 45B59 2 2>7@0AB5 8-11 ;5B ?>;CG8;8 =0G0;L=>5 >1@07>20=85, 0 68% @5:@CB>2, ?@8720==KE =0 2>5==CN A;C61C, C<5;8 G8B0BL 8 ?8A0BL. 5;;5@ ., 5:@8G . #B>?8O 2;0AB8. .: , 2000, A. 9. =0;>38G=K9 B@C4=K9 ?CBL AB@>8B5;LAB20 A>F80;8AB8G5A:>9 M:>=><8:8 ?@>H;8 8 4@C385 AB@0=K: 3>AC40@AB20 &5=B@0;L=>9 8 >AB>G=>9 2@>?K, >15A:@>2;5==K5 B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=>9, D5>40;L=>-:>;>=80;L=K5 8B09, >@5O, >=3>;8O, L5B=0<, 0 B0:65 :>;>=8O !(  C10.  2>B GB> C4828B5;L=>  2 MB8E AB@0=0E =0H;8AL A>F80;L=K5 A8;K, 27O2H85 =0?@02;5=85 =0 A>F80;87<.  B0:85 AB@0=K A 2KA>:>@0728B>9 M:>=><8:>9, :0: !(, 3>AC40@AB20 0?04=>9 2@>?K, 8<52H85 4;8B5;L=K5 B@048F88 A>F80;-45<>:@0B8G5A:>3> 8 ?@>DA>N7=>3> 42865=89, =5 ?>H;8 =0 @52>;NF8>==K5 ?@5>1@07>20=8O.  G5< ?@8G8=K B0:>3> O2;5=8O, ?@>B82>@5G0I53>, =0 ?5@2K9 273;O4, B5>@88 <0@:A87<0? B25B =0 MB>B 2>?@>A, 2848<>, A:@K205BAO 2 AD5@5 ?>;8B8:8: 1C@6C078O 2 !( 8 AB@0=0E 0?04=>9 2@>?K 1K;0 >?KB=0, A8;L=0 8 <C4@0, >=0 C<5;0 30A8BL @52>;NF8>==K5 ?>60@K.  1AB>OB5;L=K9 0=0;87 =0F8>=0;870F88 ?@><KH;5==>AB8 40= !.0@0-C@7>9 2 ?@>872545=88 !>25BA:0O F828;870F8O (:=830 1, 3;.4, ?0@03@0D 0F8>=0;870F8O ?@><KH;5==>AB8). A>15==> 8=B5@5A5= <564C=0@>4=K9 0A?5:B ?@>F5AA0 =0F8>=0;870F88.  5=8= .!!.B.33. A.435.  5=8= .!!.B.33. A.434-435.  !>25BA:0O @5A?C1;8:0 >7=0G05B @5H8<>ABL !>25BA:>9 2;0AB8 >ACI5AB28BL ?5@5E>4 : A>F80;87<C, 0 2>2A5 =5 ?@87=0=85 =>2KE M:>=><8G5A:8E ?>@O4:>2 A>F80;8AB8G5A:8<8. 5=8= .!!.B.27. A.302.  09?A . CAA:0O @52>;NF8O. .: >AA?M=, 1994, A.361. A8=A:89 . !B@>8B5;LAB2> A>F80;87<0. .: 1918, A. 46. >;LH8=AB2> :@5ABLO=AB20, ?>;CG82 2 @57C;LB0B5 @52>;NF88 <8@, 75<;N 8 >A2>1>645=85 >B 04<8=8AB@0B82=>3> ?@>872>;0, 2 B> 65 2@5<O =5 A>G;> A51O >1O70==K< 2>7<5AB8BL A2>8 2K3>4K 2K?>;=5=85< ?@>4>2>;LAB25==>9 ?>28==>AB8. =>385 :@5?:85 :@5ABLO=5 2> 3;025 A :C;0:0<8 1@>A8;8AL 2 A2>1>4=CN B>@3>2;N ?@>4C:B0<8 ?8B0=8O, =06820OAL =0 157KAE>4=>< ?>;>65=88 3>@>4A:>3> =0A5;5=8O. !>F80;8AB8G5A:>5 3>AC40@AB2> 5I5 =5 8<5;> A8; 8 2;8O=8O 70AB028BL 7068B>G=K5 A;>8 :@5ABLO=AB20 >@30=87>20==> ?;0B8BL =0;>3, ?>MB><C 1K;> 2K=C645=> ?@8153=CBL : G@572KG09=K< <5@0<  >1JO2;5=8N ?@>4>2>;LAB25==>9 48:B0BC@K, ?>AK;:5 2>>@C65==KE M:A?548F89 70 E;51><, A>740=8N :><154>2 8 B.?. -B> @57:> >BH0B=C;> <0AAK :@5ABLO=AB20 >B !>25BA:>9 2;0AB8, 8 2 @57C;LB0B5 5I5 A8;L=59 @073>@5;0AL @0640=A:0O 2>9=0. 02;NG5=:>2 !. ! G53> =0G8=0;AO =M?? !1>@=8: "@C4=K5 2>?@>AK 8AB>@88. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1991, A.60. !?@0254;82>AB8 @048, A;54C5B 70<5B8BL, GB> 2 >AA88 2?5@2K5 ?@>4@0725@AB:0 1K;0 22545=0 A> 2 45:01@O 1916 3>40; A40G5 2 ?>@O4:5 @5:2878F88 ?>4;560;> 772 <;=. ?C4>2 E;510 ?@>B82 30 <;=. 2 1917/18 3>4C, 110 <;=.  2 1918/1919 3>4C 8 260 <;=. 2 1919/20 3>4C. & B>, GB> 1K;> CA;>285< ?>154K 2 1;>:8@>20==>9 AB@0=5 <& > >1=0@C68;> A2>N >B@8F0B5;L=CN AB>@>=C <& > : 25A=5 1921 3>40& 5=8= . !!. 5-5 874. ". 32, A. 331. "0: =07K205<0O =>20O M:>=><8G5A:0O ?>;8B8:0, >A=>2=K5 =0G0;0 :>B>@>9 1K;8 >?@545;5=K 5I5 2> 2@5<O ?5@2>9 ?5@54KH:8, 25A=>N 1918 3., >A=>2K205BAO =0 AB@>3>< CG5B5 M:>=><8G5A:8E A8; !>25BA:>9 >AA88. ACI5AB2;5=85 MB>9 ?>;8B8:8, ?@5@20==>5 :><18=8@>20==K< =0?045=85< =0 @01>G5-:@5ABLO=A:>5 3>AC40@AB2> :>=B@@52>;NF8>==KE A8; @CAA:8E ?><5I8:>2 8 1C@6C0788 8 52@>?59A:>3> 8<?5@80;87<0, AB0;> 2>7<>6=> ;8HL ?>A;5 2>5==>9 ;8:2840F88 ?>?KB>: :>=B@@52>;NF88, : =0G0;C 1921 3.. 7 ?>AB0=>2;5=8O IX A5@>AA89A:>3> AJ5740 !>25B>2. !J574K !>25B>2 !$!  2 ?>AB0=>2;5=8OE 8 @57>;NF8OE. .: 1939, A. 225. 4=0:>, :0: >B<5G0; ..!B0;8=, A >B<5=>9 ?@>4@0725@AB:8 ?@028B5;LAB2> >?>740;>. 0725 =5 ?>=04>18;8AL B0:85 D0:BK, :0: @>=HB04B 8 "0<1>2, 4;O B>3>, GB>1K <K ?>=O;8, GB> 68BL 40;LH5 2 CA;>28OE 2>5==>3> :><<C=87<0 =52>7<>6=>? 0725 A0< ;L8G =5 ?@87=0;, GB> <K =0 MB>< D@>=B5 ?>B5@?5;8 1>;55 A5@L57=>5 ?>@065=85, G5< ;N1>5 ?>@065=85 =0 D@>=B0E 5=8:8=0 8 >;G0:0? !B0;8= . !>G. ". 1, A., 37.  02;NG5=:>2 !. ! G53> =0G8=0;AO =M?? !1>@=8: "@C4=K5 2>?@>AK 8AB>@88. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1991, A.49.  0@0-C@70 !. !>25BA:0O F828;870F8O. =830 1. ;020 7. 0@03@0D !>25BA:>5 3>AC40@AB2> 2 ?5@8>4 -0. (=B5@=5B=K9 20@80=B ?C1;8:0F88).   <05 1921 3. 1K;> @07@5H5=> A>74020BL <5;:85 G0AB=K5 ?@54?@8OB8O, 2 8N;5 45=0F8>=0;878@>20BL ?@54?@8OB8O, 345 ?> =09<C @01>B0;> <5=55 21 G5;>25:. ">;L:> 70 >48= 3>4 1>;55 10 BKA. ?@54?@8OB89 1K;> >B40=> G0AB=K< ;8F0<, 8=>340 1K2H8< 2;045;LF0<, =0 A@>: >B 42CE 4> ?OB8 ;5B 270<5= 10-15 % ?@>872>48<>9 8<8 ?@>4C:F88. '0ABL 87 =8E AB0;8 A<5H0==K<8 ?@54?@8OB8O<8 A CG0AB85< 8=>AB@0==KE D8@< 5@B . AB>@8O !>25BA:>3> 3>AC40@AB20 .: @>3@5AA-:045<8O.1995. A.158.  K=>: ?;NA ?;0=  2>B D>@<C;0 =M?0. !B@C<8;8= !. 0 ?;0=>2>< D@>=B5. .: >A?>;8B8740B, 1958, A. 333. M? <& > ?@54AB02;O5B 87 A51O 2 B>< >B=>H5=88 ?@>3@5AA, GB> >= ?@8=>@02;8205BAO : C@>2=N A0<>3> >1K:=>25==>3> :@5ABLO=8=0, GB> >= =5 B@51C5B >B =53> =8G53> 2KAH53>. 5=8= . !!. 5-5 874. ". 45, A. 372.  !B@C<8;8= !. 0 ?;0=>2>< D@>=B5. .: >A?>;8B8740B, 1958, A. 5 -12.  >;>4 >E20B8; 1>;55 30 3C15@=89 A =0A5;5=85< A2KH5 30 <8;;8>=>2 G5;>25:. A>15==> ?;>E> 1K;> 2 >2>;6L5. >;8G5AB2> 3>;>40NI8E 2 >4=8E ?@82>;6A:8E 3C15@=8OE 8AG8A;O;>AL 1>;55 G5< 2 17 <;=. G5;>25: <& > 0 III A5AA88 & 2 <05 1922 3>40 ..0;8=8= 4>:;04K20;, GB> 3>AC40@AB2> ?>A;0;> 2 MB8 @09>=K 2 >1I59 A;>6=>AB8 >:>;> 12 <;=. ?C4>2 ?@>4>2>;LAB28O. >;55 800 BKA. G5;>25: 1K;> M20:C8@>20=> 2 4@C385 3C15@=88. K >B?@028;8 BC40 1>;55 50 <;=. ?C4>2 A5<O=. 0 A@54AB20 >B A>1@0==>3> A?5F80;L=>3> 3@0640=A:>3> =0;>30 8 =0 87JOBK5 F5@:>2=K5 F5==>AB8 70 3@0=8F59 1K;8 ?@>872545=K 1>;LH85, 8AG8A;O5<K5 A>B=O<8 BKAOG ?C4>2 70:C?:8 <C:8. 8:>O= . "0: 1K;>. .: 03@8CA, 1999, A. 193. 'B> 65 :0A05BAO 87JOB8O F5@:>2=KE F5==>AB59, B> ?0;L<0 ?5@25=AB20 2 MB>< 45;5 ?@8=04;568B 5=8:8=C, :>B>@K9 2 1919 3>4C ?>A;0; 35=5@0;0 (:C@> >1>4@0BL 7>;>B> 8 A5@51@> A 8:>=>AB0A>2 F5@:259 2 &5=B@0;L=>9 >AA88. & 8AB5:H89 1924/25 3. 40; @5:>@4=K9 ?@8@>AB ?@>4C:F88 2 64% 70 3>4, B>340 :0: 2 ?@54H5AB2CNI85 3>4K <K 8<5;8 F8D@K ?@8@>AB0: 1921/22 3.  50%, 1922/23 3.  45%, 1923/24 3.  30%.  01A>;NB=KE F8D@0E ?@>4C:F8O 2 1924/25 3. 2>7@>A;0 1>;LH5, G5< =0 <8;;80@4. "0:8< >1@07><, <K ?5@568;8 B5<? ?>4J5<0, =5A;KE0==K9 2 8AB>@88, =5 B>;L:> 2 8AB>@88 =0H53> 2>AAB0=>2;5=8O, => 8 2 8AB>@88 2>AAB0=>2;5=8O ?>A;52>5==KE E>7O9AB2 2 4@C38E 3>AC40@AB20E. 75@68=A:89 $. 71@0==K5 ?@>872545=8O. .: >A?>;8B8740B, 1957, A. 238.  > ?>4AG5B0< @5>1@065=A:>3>, =8:5< =5 >?@>25@3=CBK<,  ?>4AG5B0<, ?>42545==K< >G5=L >AB>@>6=>, A <8=8<0;L=K<8 F8D@0<8, GB>1K =5 A45;0BL >H81:8 2 AB>@>=C ?@5C25;8G5=8O, 284=>, GB> :@5ABLO=A:>5 =0A5;5=85 (2 ?@545;0E !!! ) C?;0G820;> 2 1924/25 3. =0 800 <;=. @C1. <5=LH5 =0;>3>2, G5< 2 4>2>5==>5 2@5<O, B.5. 2 ?5@52>45 =0 G5@2>==K5 @C1;8 ?;0B8;> <5=LH5 =0 1400 <8;;8>=>2. @><5 B>3>, A59G0A :@5ABLO=0< =5 ?@8E>48BAO ?;0B8BL 0@5=4=>9 ?;0BK 70 75<;N ?><5I8:0<, :>B>@0O, ?> <8=8<0;L=K< @0AG5B0<, @02=O;0AL 200 <;=. 4>2>5==KE @C1;59. @8<5G0=85 : B5:ABC: &8D@0 200 <;=. 4>2>5==KE @C1;59, 8;8 350 <;=. 2 ?5@52>45 =0 G5@2>==K5 @C1;8, =C6405BAO 2 CB>G=5=88, B0: :0: >=0 CG8BK205B 0@5=4=CN ?;0BC =5 ?> 2A59 >AA88, E>BO 8 2 1>;LH8=AB25 55 3C15@=89. 04> 8<5BL B0:65 2 284C, GB> 2 @O45 >:@08= >AA88 0@5=4=0O ?;0B0 278<0;0AL =0BC@>9.  5A;8 CG5ABL, GB> :@5ABLO=AB2> >A2>1>48;>AL =5 B>;L:> >B 0@5=4=>9 ?;0BK, => 8 >B 5653>4=KE @0AE>4>2 =0 ?>:C?:C 75<;8, B> >1I0O AC<<0 A>AB028B A2KH5 700 <;=. @C1;59 7>;>B>< 5653>4=>. 75@68=A:89 $. 71@0==K5 ?@>872545=8O. .: >A?>;8B8740B, 1957, A. 239, 355.  0=0@8= . A:CH5=85 3;>10;87<><. .: CAA:89 0F8>=0;L=K9 $>=4, 2000, A.30-32.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ".7, A. 85-86.  5=8= . !!. ".28, A.279.  & 2 =0H59 !>25BA:>9 @5A?C1;8:5 A>F80;L=K9 AB@>9 >A=>20= =0 A>B@C4=8G5AB25 42CE :;0AA>2: @01>G8E 8 :@5ABLO=, : :>B>@><C B5?5@L 4>?CI5=K =0 8725AB=KE CA;>28OE 8 =M?<0=K, B.5. 1C@6C078O. 5=8= . !!. ".45, A.387.  A2>5< B.=. 7025I0=88 .5=8= ?8A0;, GB> ?0@B8O 1>;LH528:>2 >?8@05BAO =0 420 :;0AA0.  75@68=A:89 $. 71@0==K5 ?@>872545=8O. .: >A?>;8B8740B, 1957, A. 216. @0240, .!B0;8= 2=5A 2 MBC D>@<C;8@>2:C ACI5AB25==>5 CB>G=5=85: !>N7 ?@>;5B0@80B0 A :@5ABLO=AB2>< 2 CA;>28OE 48:B0BC@K ?@>;5B0@80B0 =5;L7O @0AA<0B@820BL, :0: A>N7 53> A> 2A5< :@5ABLO=AB2><. !>N7 ?@>;5B0@80B0 A :@5ABLO=AB2>< O2;O5BAO A>N7>< @01>G53> :;0AA0 A B@C4OI8<8AO <0AA0<8 :@5ABLO=AB20. "0:>9 A>N7 =5 <>65B 1KBL >ACI5AB2;5= 157 1>@L1K A :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:8<8 M;5<5=B0<8 :@5ABLO=AB20, 157 1>@L1K A :C;0G5AB2><. !B0;8= . !>G. ".11, A.96.  0?@8<5@, 2 1913 3. :@5ABLO=8= 70 ?C4 @68 8<5; 2>7<>6=>ABL :C?8BL 2 A@54=5< 5,7 0@H8=0 A8BF0, 70 ?C4 ?H5=8FK  8 0@H8=, 0 2 1923 3. >= <>3 :C?8BL A>>B25BAB25==> C65 B>;L:> 1,5 8 2,1 0@H8=0 A8BF0. 8:>O= . "0: 1K;>. .: 03@8CA, 1999, A. 247.  75@68=A:89 $. 71@0==K5 ?@>872545=8O. .: >A?>;8B8740B, 1957, A. 216.  07<5@ >1>@>B>2 :>>?5@0F88 2 >?B5 8 @>7=8F5 2 1924/25 3. 1>;LH5 >1>@>B>2 G0AB=>9 B>@3>2;8 2 G5BK@5 @070.  1923/24 3. A>>B=>H5=85 1K;> EC65: =0 1 @C1;L >1>@>B0 :>>?5@0F88 1K;> 90 :>?. >1>@>B0 G0AB=>3> B>@3>2F0. > MB8 CA?5E8 70 AG5B >?B>2>9 B>@3>2;8, 0 2 45@52=5 <K 8<55< 4> 60% 8 1>;LH5 G0AB=>9 @>7=8FK. 75@68=A:89 $. 71@0==K5 ?@>872545=8O. .: >A?>;8B8740B, 1957, A. 218.  45AL C<5AB=> ?@>F8B8@>20BL !.0@0-C@7C, :>B>@K9 A?@0254;82> >B<5G0;, GB> 4> 1917 3. 25AL ?@8102>G=K9 ?@>4C:B =5I04=> 87K<0;AO 87 A5;0 (=54>548<, 0 2K2575<). A5 <0;>-<0;LA:85 @0728BK5 AB@0=K, ?@>872>482H85 <5=55 500 :3 75@=0 =0 4CHC =0A5;5=8O, 75@=> 22>78;8. >AA8O 2 @5:>@4=K9 1913 3. 8<5;0 471 :3 75@=0 =0 4CHC  8 2K2>78;0 >G5=L <=>3> 75@=0  70 AG5B 2=CB@5==53> ?>B@51;5=8O, ?@8G5< 8<5==> :@5ABLO=. 065 2 1911 3. 2 3>4 8A:;NG8B5;L=> BO65;>3> 3>;>40 1K;> 2K2575=> 53,4 % 2A53> 75@=0  1>;LH5 8 >B=>A8B5;L=>, 8 B5< 1>;55 01A>;NB=>, G5< 2 3>4K ?@54K4CI53> ?OB8;5B8O. 0@0-C@70 !. !>25BA:0O F828;870F8O. =830 1. ;.2. (=B5@=5B=K9 20@80=B ?C1;8:0F88).  5@2K< 2 <8@5 =0CG=K< ?5@A?5:B82=K< ?;0=>< AG8B05BAO ?;0= -  (1920 3.), @0AAG8B0==K9 =0 10 15 ;5B.  1921 3. 1K;0 >1@07>20=0 >AC40@AB25==0O ?;0=>20O :><8AA8O (>A?;0=) 4;O @07@01>B:8 548=>3> >1I53>AC40@AB25==>3> ?;0=0 =0 >A=>25 ?;0=0 - .  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ". 46, G.1, A. 117.  5=8= . !!. 5-5 874. ".32, A.149. & 2 :064>< ?@54?@8OB88 1>;55 :@C?=>3> @07<0E0 E>@>H> ?@>4C<0==K9 ?;0= =0E>48B A515 ?>;=>5 >ACI5AB2;5=85, GB> =52>7<>6=> 157 >A=>20B5;L=>3> ?@>4C<K20=8O, 157 40;L=>284=>9 ?>AB0=>2:8 A>>B=>H5=89 F5;59 8 A@54AB2& ><10@B. . C@6C0. .: 0C:0, 1994, A.86.  !B@C<8;8= !. 0 ?;0=>2>< D@>=B5. .: >A?>;8B8740B, 1958, A. 20-21.  &8B. 874., A. 21. &8B. 874., A. 189. 081>;55 >1I55 7040=85, D>@<C;8@>20==>5 =0<8 2 :>=B@>;L=KE F8D@0E >A?;0=0,  MB> =5 ?@>AB> 42865=85 2?5@54, 0 42865=85 : A>F80;87<C. &8B. 874., A. 225.  &8B. 874., A.189.  0G0; 459AB2>20BL A IV :20@B0;0 1928 3.  !B0=>2;5=85 8 @0728B85 A>25BA:>3> ?;0=8@>20=8O ?@>8AE>48;> 2 CA;>28OE >65AB>G5==>9 845>;>38G5A:>9 1>@L1K. !<. :=. !.. !B@C<8;8=0 0 ?;0=>2>< D@>=B5. .: >A?>;8B8740B, 1958, 3;020 XII 5@2K5 >?KBK ?5@A?5:B82=>3> ?;0=8@>20=8O.  >;N=B0@8ABA:85 ?5@5381K =01;N40;8AL C65 ?@8 D>@<8@>20=88 8 @50;870F88 ?5@2>9 ?OB8;5B:8. 0: O728B5;L=> 2K@078;AO !..!B@C<8;8=, 1>;LH8=AB2> A?5F80;8AB>2 >A?;0=0 ?@54?>G8B0;> ?>445@6820BL 2KA>:85 B5<?K, G5< A845BL 70 =87:85.  AB0B8, =5;8H=5 2A?><=8BL, GB> C@>25=L, :>B>@>3> C40;>AL 4>AB8GL 10 ;5B A?CABO ?>A;5 @52>;NF88, 1K; G@572KG09=> =87:8<. 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II, 1954, A. 452-453.  02;>2 . =B5@2LN 3075B5 !>25@H5==> A5:@5B=> ! 8. 1994. 081>;55 1KAB@K9 B5<? @0728B8O 4>;65= 1KBL ?@840= B5< >B@0A;O< BO65;>9 8=4CAB@88, :>B>@K5 ?>4K<0NB 2 :@0BG09H89 A@>: M:>=><8G5A:CN <>IL 8 >1>@>=>A?>A>1=>ABL !!! & &8B. 874., A. 457. 564C ?@>G8<, MB8 425 AB@0B538G5A:85 F5;8, AD>@<C;8@>20==K5 5I5 2 1927 3., AB0;8 4;O 2KAH53> A>25BA:>3> @C:>2>4AB20 ?>AB>O==K<8, =587<5==K<8. <8 >=> @C:>2>4AB2>20;>AL 2?;>BL 4> =0G0;0 3>@10G52A:>9 ?5@5AB@>9:8. $5B8H870F8O MB8E F5;59, AB02H8E 4;O G;5=>2 >;8B1N@> A0<>F5;O<8, O28;0AL >4=>9 87 3;02=KE ?@8G8=, 703=02H8E M:>=><8:C !!!  2 AB@C:BC@=K9 BC?8:.  !B@C<8;8= !. 0 ?;0=>2>< D@>=B5. .: >A?>;8B8740B, 1958, A. 346.  !>25BA:0O 8AB>@8G5A:0O M=F8:;>?548O. .: !>25BA:0O M=F8:;>?548O, 1965, A. 31.  &8B. 874., A. 29. >;O 8A?>;L7>20==>3> 4;O @0728B8O ?@><KH;5==>AB8 ?@8102>G=>3> ?@>4C:B0, ?@>872545==>3> 2 A5;LA:>< E>7O9AB25, 70 3>4K ?5@2>9 ?OB8;5B:8 A>AB028;0 2 A@54=5< 33,4%.  =0G0;5 ?OB8;5B:8 MB0 4>;O ?@81;860;0AL 2 50%, 0 2 1932 3. A>AB028;0 18,1%. >;>40NI0O 45@52=O : :>=FC ?5@2>9 ?OB8;5B:8 <0;> G5< <>3;0 ?><>GL @0728B8N ?@><KH;5==>AB8. @82>4O MB8 40==K5, >9 5425452 AAK;05BAO =0 0@A>20 .. 0;0=A AB>8<>AB=KE >1<5=>2 <564C 3>@>4>< 8 45@52=59. .: 1969, A. 134.  !=0G0;0 1K;8 >B<5=5=K :0@B>G:8 =0 E;51, 70B5< : >:BO1@N 1935 3. 1K;8 >B<5=5=K :0@B>G:8 =0 4@C385 ?@>4>2>;LAB25==K5 B>20@K, 0 : 1 O=20@O 1936 3. 1K;8 >B<5=5=K :0@B>G:8 =0 =5?@>4>2>;LAB25==K5 B>20@K H8@>:>3> ?>B@51;5=8O. ."@>F:89 B0: :><<5=B8@>20; MB> A>1KB85: KB5A=5=85 :0@B>G:8 @C1;5< 5ABL ;8HL >B:07 >B D8:F89 8 >B:@KB>5 ?@87=0=85 =5>1E>48<>AB8 A>74020BL ?@54?>AK;:8 4;O A>F80;87<0 ?>A@54AB2>< 2>72@0I5=8O : 1C@6C07=K< <5B>40< @0A?@545;5=8O. "@>F:89 . @540==0O @52>;NF8O. 'B> B0:>5 !!!  8 :C40 >= 845B? 1936. http://www.magister.msk.ru  "@>F:89 . @540==0O @52>;NF8O. 'B> B0:>5 !!!  8 :C40 >= 845B? 1936. http://www.magister.msk.ru  7 25 <;=. :@5ABLO=A:8E E>7O9AB2 154=OF:85 A>AB02;O;8 ?@8<5@=> 9 <;=., A5@54=OF:85  15 <;=. 8 :C;0F:85  1 <;=. (AB>@8O ><<C=8AB8G5A:>9 ?0@B88 !>25BA:>3> !>N70. .: >A?>;8B8740B, 1960, A. 416). 5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> 2> 2;045=85 :@5ABLO= ?5@5H;8 =>2K5 75<;8, 4065 8E =045;K ?>A;5 1917 3. 8<5;8 B5=45=F8N : A>:@0I5=8N. @>1;5<0 A>AB>O;0 2 B><, GB> <8;;8>=K 157@01>B=KE 8 3>;>4=KE @01>G8E CAB@5<8;8AL 87 3>@>4>2 2 45@52=N 2 =045645 A=>20 A5ABL =0 75<;N. =>385 87 =8E ?>;CG0;8 2> 2;045=85 >1I8==K5 =045;K, =0 :>B>@K5 >=8 2A5 5I5 <>3;8 ?@5B5=4>20BL. 5AL<0 25@>OB=>, GB> @52>;NF8O CA8;8;0 @074>@K 8 A?>@K 2=CB@8 :@5ABLO=A:8E A5<59, GB> ?>1C640;> <>;>4>5 ?>:>;5=85 >B45;OBLAO 8 702>48BL A>1AB25==>5 E>7O9AB2>.  @57C;LB0B5 2A5E MB8E =>2KE ?@8>1@5B5=89 >1I55 G8A;> A5<59=KE E>7O9AB2 2K@>A;> A 17-18 <;=. 2 1917 3. 4> 23 <;=. 2 1924 3. 8 4> 25 <;=. 2 1927 3. !@54=OO 25;8G8=0 E>7O9AB2 B0:65 A>:@0B8;0AL, 8 MB> 2>?@5:8 75<5;L=K< :>=D8A:0F8O< C ?><5I8:>2, F5@:28 8 3>AC40@AB20 2 1917 3. -B> 25;> : B><C, GB> ?@>872545==K9 ?@>4C:B A:>@55 ?@54=07=0G0;AO 4;O ?@>?8B0=8O, G5< 4;O ?@>4068. %>A:8=3 . 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".11, A. 82. / C65 =5 3>2>@N > B><, GB> C =0A =5B =5 B>;L:> E;51=KE @575@2>2 <& >, => C =0A =5 E20B05B B0:65 8725AB=>3> <8=8<C<0 70?0A>2 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?5@59B8 >B >4=>3> 703>B>28B5;L=>3> 3>40 : 4@C3><C 703>B>28B5;L=><C 3>4C 8 A=0160BL 15A?5@51>9=> 3>@>40 2 B0:85 B@C4=K5 <5AOFK, :0: 8N=L-8N;L. !B0;8= . !>G. ".11, A. 178. AB>@8O ><<C=8AB8G5A:>9 ?0@B88 !>25BA:>3> !>N70. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1970, A. 279.  !! 2 @57>;NF8OE 8 @5H5=8OE AJ574>2, :>=D5@5=F89 8 ?;5=C<>2 &. '. II. 74. 7-5, A. 178.  .!>;>?>2 (>3> AG8B0;8 :C;0:>< 2 1924 1925 3>40E? !1>@=8: "@C4=K5 2>?@>AK 8AB>@88. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1991) 8AA;54C5B 8AB>@8N D>@<8@>20=8O ?>;8B8:8 1>;LH528ABA:>9 ?0@B88 ?> >B=>H5=8N : :C;0G5AB2C. = ?8H5B, GB> 2?;>BL 4> 1929 3. B0: 8 =5 1K;> 40=> B>G=>3> N@848G5A:>3> >?@545;5=8O :C;0F:>3> E>7O9AB20.  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".11, A.47.  ! D52@0;O 1935 3. :>;E>7=8:8 ?>;CG8;8 @07@5H5=85 8<5BL 2 ?>4A>1=>< E>7O9AB25 :>@>2C, 42CE B5;OB, A28=LN A ?>@>AOB0<8 8 45AOBL >25F. 07<5@K ?@8CA0451=>3> CG0AB:0 CAB0=02;820;8AL =0 <5AB0E 8 :>;510;8AL >B 4> 30, :>5-345 4>E>4O 4> 1 30.  !>25BA:0O A>F80;8AB8G5A:0O M:>=><8:0 1917-1957 33. .: $8=0=AK 8 AB0B8AB8:0, 1987, A. 319.  0=8;>2 . ><<C=8AB, ! 16, 1987, A. 37. ?;>BL 4> 1952 3>40 70:C?>G=K5 F5=K 1K;8 =865 C@>2=O 1940 3>40, 2>7<5I0O ?> 75@=>2K< B>;L:> >4=C A54L<CN A515AB>8<>AB8. 0?@8<5@, 2 ;OF:>< @09>=5 0@0=>28G0=A:>9 >1;0AB8 2 A5=BO1@5 1946 3. @01>B=8: 8=8AB5@AB20 703>B>2>: ..>H8= 8 8=AB@C:B>@ @09:><0 ?0@B88 .!.>@=85=:> ?>B@51>20;8 2K?>;=8BL ?;0= 703>B>2>: ;N1>9 F5=>9.  A5;LA>25B 1K;0 2K720=0 3@C??0 :@5ABLO=-=54>8<I8:>2. "5E, :B> ?@>A8; >BA@>G:C =0 >48=-420 4=O 87-70 >BACBAB28O =0<>;>G5==>3> 75@=0, ?><5I0;8 2 ?>420;, =0E>482H89AO ?>4 740=85< A5;LA>25B0. 0B5< 4;O >AB@0AB:8 AB0;8 2K2>48BL 3@0640= 87 ?>420;0 8 >?CA:0BL 2=87 3>;>2>9 2 :>;>45F, ?@8 MB>< >=8 ?>425@30;8AL 87185=8N.  5;;5@ ., 5:@8G . #B>?8O 2;0AB8. .: , 2000, A. 479.  !;>2> !>25BK ;53;> 2 >A=>2C =0720=8O 3>AC40@AB20  !>N7 !>25BA:8E !>F80;8AB8G5A:8E 5A?C1;8:; MB8< A;>2>< AB0;8 2 >18E>4=>9 @5G8 =07K20BL 8 A0<> 3>AC40@AB2>  !>25BK. => :0: ?@8;030B5;L=>5 8A?>;L7>20;>AL 8 2 B0:8E A>G5B0=8OE, :0: A>25BA:89 =0@>4, A>25BA:89 G5;>25: 8 B.?.  0@O4C A !>25B>< @01>G8E 45?CB0B>2 2 >A:25 1K; >@30=87>20= !>25B A>;40BA:8E 45?CB0B>2, 0 2 @0A=>O@A:5  >1J548=5==K9 !>25B @01>G8E 8 A>;40BA:8E 45?CB0B>2.  '8B5 1K; A>740= !>25B A>;40BA:8E 8 :070F:8E 45?CB0B>2, 2 !520AB>?>;5  !>25B <0B@>AA:8E, A>;40BA:8E 8 @01>G8E 45?CB0B>2.  @O45 A5;LA:8E <5AB=>AB59, >A>15==> 2 0B288 8 @C788, 2>7=8:;8 :@5ABLO=A:85 :><8B5BK, :>B>@K5 D0:B8G5A:8 2K?>;=O;8 @>;L !>25B>2.  =>O1@5 :@5ABLO=5 >28=A:>9 2>;>AB8 "25@A:>9 3C15@=88 >@30=87>20;8 !>25B :@5ABLO=A:8E 45?CB0B>2. AB>@8O ><<C=8AB8G5A:>9 ?0@B88 !>25BA:>3> !>N70. ".2, .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1966, A. 104.  AB>@8O ><<C=8AB8G5A:>9 ?0@B88 !>25BA:>3> !>N70. ".2. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1966, A. 104. 5=8= . !!. ". 35, A. 238.   <0@B5 1917 3. B>;L:> 2 3C15@=A:8E, C574=KE 3>@>40E 8 ?@><. F5=B@0E 1K;> A>740=> >:. 600 !. @01>G8E 8 A>;40BA:8E 45?CB0B>2. A53> =0:0=C=5 :B. 52>;NF88 =0AG8BK20;>AL 1429 !., 87 =8E 706 !. @01>G8E 8 A>;40BA:8E 45?CB0B>2, 235 !. @01>G8E, A>;40BA:8E 8 :@5AB. 45?CB0B>2, 33 !. A>;40BA:8E 45?CB0B>2, 455 !. :@5AB. 45?CB0B>2. 5?CB0BK 8718@0;8AL =0 >1I8E A>1@0=8OE @01>G8E =0 ?@54?@8OB8OE 8 A>;40B 2 2>8=A:8E G0ABOE, 2>;>AB=K5 8 A5;LA:85 !.  =0 AE>4:0E :@5ABLO=. !>25BA:0O 8AB>@8G5A:0O M=F8:;>?548O. .: 74-2> !>25BA:0O M=F8:;>?548O, 1971. ".13, A. 194.  '5@=>2 . 5;8:0O @CAA:0O @52>;NF8O. >A?><8=0=8O ?@54A540B5;O #G@548B5;L=>3> A>1@0=8O. 1905-1920. .: &5=B@>?>;83@0D.2007. A101.  5=8= . !!. ".24, A. 25.  A;8 =0 I AJ5745 (3 8N=O 1917 3.) 87 1>;55 G5< 1000 45;530B>2 1>;LH528:8 1K;8 ?@54AB02;5=K B>;L:> 105 45;530B0<8, B> =0 II AJ5745 (25 >:BO1@O 1917 3.) 87 650 45;530B>2 >:>;> 400 O2;O;8AL 1>;LH528:0<8.  5=8= . !!. ". 26, A. 215. G5@:8 ?> 8AB>@88 >@30=>2 !>25BA:>9 3>AC40@AB25==>9 2;0AB8. .: >AC40@AB25==>5 8740B5;LAB2> N@848G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1949, A. 44.  &8B. 874., A. 48.  &8B. 874., A. 50.  !! 2 @57>;NF8OE& '.I, A. 416.  "0< 65.  !.0@0-C@70 AG8B05B, GB> 4> 2K1>@>2 1924 3. !>25BK ?@54AB02;O;8 A>1>9 =5 3>AC40@AB25==CN 2;0ABL, 0 ?@O<CN 45<>:@0B8N. 0 702>40E 2A5 @01>B=8:8 A>AB02;O;8 !>25B, 2 45@52=5  A5;LA:89 AE>4. =8 ?>AK;0;8 A2>8E ?@54AB028B5;59 2 :@C?=K5 !>25BK (:>B>@K5 B>340 =07K20;8AL A>245?0<8  2 >B;8G85 >B ?@>AB> !>25B>2. 0@0-C@70. !>25BA:0O F828;870F8O. =830 1. ;020 5. 0@03@0D 1K45==K5 ?@87=0:8 A?0A8B5;L=>AB8B ?@>5:B0 5=8=0. (=B5@=5B=K9 20@80=B ?C1;8:0F88).  "@C4=> =5 A>3;0A8BLAO A ."@>F:8<, :>B>@K9 2 B>< 65 1936 3. ?8A0;: 5<>:@0B8G5A:8 2K1@0==K5 >@30=K <5AB=>3> A0<>C?@02;5=8O ACBL <C=8F8?0;8B5BK, 4C<K, 75<AB20, 2A5, GB> C3>4=>, => =5 !>25BK. 1I53>AC40@AB25==>5 70:>=>40B5;L=>5 CG@5645=85 =0 >A=>25 45<>:@0B8G5A:>9 D>@<C;K 5ABL 70?>740;K9 ?0@;0<5=B (25@=55,  53> :0@8:0BC@0), => =8 2 :>5< A;CG05 =5 25@E>2=K9 >@30= !>25B>2. KB0OAL ?@8:@KBLAO 8AB>@8G5A:8< 02B>@8B5B>< A>25BA:>9 A8AB5<K, @5D>@<0B>@K ;8HL ?>:070;8, GB> B> ?@8=F8?80;L=> =>2>5 =0?@02;5=85, :0:>5 >=8 40NB 3>AC40@AB25==>9 687=8, =5 A<55B 5I5 2KABC?0BL ?>4 A>1AB25==K< 8<5=5<. "@>F:89 . @540==0O @52>;NF8O. 'B> B0:>5 !!!  8 :C40 >= 845B? 1936. http://www.magister.msk.ru  > 40==K< 15;>9 M<83@0F88, 2 1924 3>4C 2 !!!  1K;> >:>;> 1500 ?>;8B8G5A:8E ?@02>=0@CH8B5;59, 87 :>B>@KE 500 =0E>48;8AL 2 70:;NG5=88, >AB0;L=K5 65 =5 8<5;8 ?@020 ?@>6820BL 2 >A:25 8 5=8=3@045.  5@2K9 A5@>AA89A:89 AJ574 :@5ABLO=A:8E 45?CB0B>2 (4-28 <0O 1917 3>40) 871@0; &5=B@0;L=K9 8A?>;=8B. :-B !. :@5AB. 45?CB0B>2, 0 5@2K9 A5@>AA89A:89 AJ574 !>25B>2 (3-24 8N=O 1917 3>40)  A5@>AA89A:89 F5=B@0;L=K9 8A?>;=8B5;L=K9 :-B (&) !. @01>G8E 8 A>;40BA:8E 45?CB0B>2. !>25BA:0O 8AB>@8G5A:0O M=F8:;>?548O. .: !>25BA:0O M=F8:;>?548O, 1971, ".13, A. 184.  G5@:8 ?> 8AB>@88 >@30=>2 !>25BA:>9 3>AC40@AB25==>9 2;0AB8. .: >AC40@AB25==>5 8740B5;LAB2> N@848G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1949, A. 16. .!>A=>2A:89 >1JOA=O; =5>1E>48<>ABL MB>9 <5@K B5<, GB> <5=LH528:8 8 MA5@K <>3CB A25@3=CBL 1>;LH528:>2 B0: 65, :0: A0<8 1>;LH528:8 A25@3;8 2 A2>5 2@5<O @5<5==>5 ?@028B5;LAB2>. 09?A . CAA:0O @52>;NF8O. .: >AA?M=, 1994, A. 237.  O4>2K5 MA5@K 8 <5=LH528:8 1KAB@> ?5@5B5:;8 2  (1), 0 ;845@K M<83@8@>20;8, 1K;8 A>A;0=K 8;8 0@5AB>20=K 2 E>45 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 1>@L1K. 0@0-C@70 !. !>25BA:0O F828;870F8O. =830 1. ;.8. ?0@03@0D !>25BK 8 ?0@B8O.  .!B0;8= A;54CNI8< >1@07>< 0@3C<5=B8@>20; =5>1E>48<>ABL <>=>?>;88 1>;LH528ABA:>9 ?0@B88 =0 2;0ABL 2 AB@0=5: @>;5B0@80B >B>1@0; C 1C@6C0788 =5 B>;L:> D01@8:8 8 702>4K, 10=:8 8 65;57=K5 4>@>38, 75<;N 8 H0EBK. = >B>1@0; 5I5 C =55 ?@02> 8<5BL A2>N ?>;8B8G5A:CN >@30=870F8N, 81> ?@>;5B0@80B =5 E>G5B 2>AAB0=>2;5=8O 2;0AB8 1C@6C0788. !B0;8= . !>G. ". 10, A. 111. & 1>@L10 <=5=89 B5?5@L, ?@8 48:B0BC@5 ?@>;5B0@80B0, 8<5NI0O A2>59 F5;LN =5 A;>< ACI5AB2CNI8E A>25BA:8E ?>@O4:>2, 0 8E C;CGH5=85 8 C?@>G5=85, =5 405B ?8I8 4;O ACI5AB2>20=8O =5A:>;L:8E ?0@B89 A@548 @01>G8E 8 B@C4>2KE <0AA 45@52=8. >B ?>G5<C ;530;L=>ABL >4=>9 ;8HL ?0@B88, ?0@B88 :><<C=8AB>2, <>=>?>;8O MB>9 ?0@B88, =5 B>;L:> =5 2K7K20NB 2>7@065=89 A@548 @01>G8E 8 B@C4OI8EAO :@5ABLO=, 0 =0>1>@>B, 2>A?@8=8<0NBAO :0: =5GB> =5>1E>48<>5 8 65;0B5;L=>5. !B0;8= . !>G. ". 10, A. 114.  !! 2 @57>;NF8OE& '.I, A.446.  !! 2 @57>;NF8OE& '.I, A.446.  @>2545==K9 2 1922 3>4C CG5B ?>;8B8G5A:8E 8 >1I5>1@07>20B5;L=KE 7=0=89 G;5=>2 ?0@B88 ?> 29 3C15@=8O< 2KO28;, GB> >B 50 4> 90% 87 =8E >:070;8AL ?>;8B8G5A:8 =53@0<>B=K<8, 0 4,7% :><<C=8AB>2  ?@>AB> =53@0<>B=K<8. C;8:>20 . K;0 ;8 2 ?0@B88 ?@>1;5<0 ?>:>;5=89? !1>@=8: "@C4=K5 2>?@>AK 8AB>@88. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1991, A.118. & ?> 8B>30< ?5@5?8A8 =0A5;5=8O 2 1920 3>4C =0 1000 G5;>25: 2 >AA88 ?@8E>48;>AL 330 3@0<>B=KE& "0< 65. 5G0B=>5 A;>2> 2 A8;C MB>3> 70=8<0;> =8GB>6=>5 <5AB> 2 D>@<8@>20=88 A>7=0=8O ;N459. "0:, =0?@8<5@, 4065 70 % G;5=>2 ?0@B88 2>>1I5 =5 G8B0;8 3075B, =5 3>2>@O C65 > ?@>872545=8OE :;0AA8:>2 <0@:A87<0.  ;CGH5< A;CG05 3@0<>B=K5 G;5=K ?0@B88 G8B0;8 71C:C :><<C=87<0 .CE0@8=0 8;8 A=>2K ;5=8=87<0 .!B0;8=0.  .5@B 2 C?><8=02H59AO 2KH5 :=835 AB>@8O A>25BA:>3> 3>AC40@AB20 ?8A0;: <5==> 2 0@<88 1>;LH5 2A53> 2ABC?0;8 2 ?0@B8N: >A5=LN 1919 3. ?>A;5 ?@>2545==>9 845>;>38G5A:>9 :0<?0=88 2 ?0@B8N 70G8A;8;8AL 40 BKA. G5;>25:. >;LH8=AB2> =>2>8A?5G5==KE ?0@B89F52 70B5< ?>?>;=8;> :04@K A>25BA:>9 04<8=8AB@0F88, >A>15==> 2 45@52=OE 8 =51>;LH8E 3>@>40E.  1921 3. >:>;> 2/3 ?@54A540B5;59 A5;LA:8E !>25B>2 1K;8 87 1K2H8E 1>9F>2 @0A=>9 @<88. =8 A@07C 65 =0G0;8 =02O7K20BL A2>8< ?>4G8=5==K< 0@<59A:89 AB8;L @C:>2>4AB20 (F8B. 874. A.134-135).  >B :0: >?8AK20;0 4>GL !B0;8=0 ?>O2;5=85 M20:C8@>20==>9 <>A:>2A:>9 M;8BK 2 C91KH525 2> 2@5<O 2>9=K: & GB> :0A05BAO ?@828;538@>20==KE 1565=F52, B> 8E 2A:>@5 4@C6=> 2>7=5=02845;8 8 <5AB=K5 8 ?@857685. 065 H:>;C 4;O 45B59 <>A:>2A:8E 25;L<>6 >@30=87>20;8 A?5F80;L=CN.  MB8 7=0B=K5 <>A:>2A:85 45B8, A>1@0==K5 2<5AB5, O2;O;8 AB>;L C60A0NI55 7@5;8I5, GB> =5:>B>@K5 <5AB=K5 ?5403>38 >B:07K20;8AL 84B8 2 :;0AA 8 25AB8 C@>:8 <& > @85E0;0 :0AB0. @85E0;0 AB>;8G=0O 25@ECH:0 2 3>@>4, =0?>;>28=C 2KA5;5==K9, GB>1K @07<5AB8BL 2A5 MB8 A5<L8, ?@82K:H85 : :><D>@B015;L=>9 687=8 <& > =0 C65 CA?5;0 2>7=8:=CBL 8 B5?5@L, :>=5G=>, 68;0 ?> A2>8< :0AB>2K< 70:>=0<. 7 :=. !. ;;8;C52>9 204F0BL ?8A5< : 4@C3C. &8B. ?> :=. 0@20@K !0<A>=>2>9 >GL !B0;8=0. .:;8<?, !<>;5=A:: CA8G, 1998, A. 181, 183.  %>A:8=3 . AB>@8O !>25BA:>3> !>N70. 1917-1991. .: 03@8CA, 1994, A.87.  @0240. 1921, 12.11.  -BC 65 <KA;L 2KA:07K205B 5I5 >48= A5@L57=K9 8AA;54>20B5;L 8AB>@88 !>25BA:>3> 3>AC40@AB20  .5@B. = ?8H5B:  AB@0=5, >BAB0;>9 ?>GB8 2> 2A5E >B@0A;OE =0@>4=>3> 7>7O9AB20, >1I5AB2>, > :>B>@>< <5GB0;8 1>;LH528:8, ?@8>1@5B0;> 284 A>F8C<0, 345 70?@02;O;8 BC=5O4FK, ?0@078BK, A?5:C;O=BK 8 ?@>406=K5 G8=>2=8:8. 654=52=> C25;8G820;0AL ?@>?0ABL <564C =5A1K2H59AO 84559 8 @50;L=>ABLN. (5@B . AB>@8O !>25BA:>3> 3>AC40@AB20. .: @>3@5AA-:045<8O. 16995. A.183.)  5425452 .  !B0;8=5 8 AB0;8=87<5. .: @>3@5AA, 1990, A. 155. "@>F:89 . @540==0O @52>;NF8O. 'B> B0:>5 !!!  8 :C40 >= 845B? 1936.  HYPERLINK http://www.magister.msk.ru http://www.magister.msk.ru K2H0O 1>;LH528ABA:0O ?0@B8O 5ABL >B=K=5 =5 020=30@4 ?@>;5B0@80B0, 0 ?>;8B8G5A:0O >@30=870F8O 1N@>:@0B88. AB0;L=0O <0AA0 G;5=>2 ?0@B88 8 :><A><>;0 A;C68B B>;L:> 4;O 2K45;5=8O 87 =55 0:B820, B.5. @575@20 4;O A0<>?>?>;=5=8O 1N@>:@0B88. ">9 65 F5;8 A;C68B 8 15A?0@B89=K9 0:B82. &8B. 874.  8=>2L52 . ><<C=87< :0: @50;L=>ABL. @878A :><<C=87<0. .: &5=B@>?>;83@0D, 1994, A. 172.  %>A:8=3 . AB>@8O !>25BA:>3> !>N70. 1917-1991. .: 03@8CA, 1994, A. 147.  !>:>;>2 . @<0=4 8 @C?A:0O. !<>;5=A:: CA8G, 1999, A. 356-357.  5=8= . !>G. 4-5 874. ". 36, A. 544, 545-546.  !B0;8= @5H8; 2>A?>;L7>20BLAO A2>8< ?>;>65=85< 8 ?@54?@8=O; ?>?KB:C 70:@5?8BL 53>. 17 8N=O 1924 3>40 2 4>:;045 1 8B>30E XIII AJ5740  (1) =0 :C@A0E A5:@5B0@59 C:><>2 ?@8 & >= >128=8; 0<5=520 2 157701>B=>AB8 =0AG5B B5>@88, =0AG5B B>G=KE B5>@5B8G5A:8E >?@545;5=89. >AB0;>AL 8 8=>2L52C, 2 >A>15==>AB8 70 2K428=CBK9 8< B578A > 48:B0BC@5 ?0@B88 :0: DC=:F88 48:B0BC@K ?@>;5B0@80B0.  A2>5 2@5<O MB>B 78=>2L52A:89 B578A, ?> A;>20< !B0;8=0, 2K720; >AB@K5 A?>@K, ?CB0=8FC 8 =5@0715@8EC 8, :0: A;54AB285, =5A>3;0A85 8 =530B82=CN @50:F8N ?0@B89=KE <0AA. 20 8N=O MB0 G0ABL 4>:;040 1K;0 >?C1;8:>20=0 2 @0245, @540:B>@>< :>B>@>9 1K; ..CE0@8=. B MB>3> 2KABC?;5=8O 8 >BAG8BK205BAO =0G0;> >B:@KB>9 1>@L1K 70 2;0ABL <564C G;5=0<8 >;8B1N@>. 04B>G552 . "@8C<28@0B 8;8 A5<5@:0? !1>@=8: "@C4=K5 2>?@>AK 8AB>@88. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1991, A.66.  1J5:B82=K9 8 >1AB>OB5;L=K9 0=0;87 2=CB@8?0@B89=>9 1>@L1K 40= 2 :=835 .54254520  !B0;8=5 8 AB0;8=87<5. .: @>3@5AA, 1990.  -B> ?@>8AE>48;> 2 1929 3. !0< OB0:>2 1K; @54A540B5;5< ?@02;5=8O >A10=:0 !!! .  @;>2 . "09=0O 8AB>@8O AB0;8=A:8E ?@5ABC?;5=89. =830 :><8AA0@0 , 2 1938 3>4C 2<5AB5 A A5<L59 B09=> >AB02H53>AO 2 !(. .:  2B>@, 1991, A. 177.  &8B. ?> :=. 0@20@K !0<A>=>2>9 >GL !B0;8=0. .: ;8<?, !<>;5=A:: CA8G, 1998, A. 167.  8:>O= . "0: 1K;>. : 03@8CA, 1999, A. 7.  K2H89 @C:>2>48B5;L 3@C78=A:>3> ?@028B5;LAB20 4820=8 A:070;: K C156405B5 <5=O, GB> !B0;8= >15I0; A>E@0=8BL AB0@K< 1>;LH528:0< 687=L? / 7=0N !B0;8=0 B@84F0BL ;5B. = =5 CA?>:>8BAO, ?>:0 =5 ?5@5@565B =0A 2A5E, =0G8=0O >B 3@C4=>3> <;045=F0 8 :>=G0O A;5?>9 ?@0101CH:>9. 4820=8 >B:070;AO >:;525B0BL A51O 8 1K; @0AAB@5;O=. @;>2 . "09=0O 8AB>@8O AB0;8=A:8E ?@5ABC?;5=89. =830 :><8AA0@0 , 2 1938 3>4C 2<5AB5 A A5<L59 B09=> >AB02H53>AO 2 !(. .:  2B>@, 1991, A.239.  &8B. 874., A. 299.  XIV AJ574 (1). !B5=>3@0D8G5A:89 >BG5B. .: ., A, 274.  !B0;8= . !>G. ".10, A. 190.  5425452 .  !B0;8=5 8 AB0;8=87<5. .: @>3@5AA, 1990, A. 153.  8:>O= . "0: 1K;>. .: 03@8CA, 1999, A. 7,15.   1936-1939 33. 87 ?0@B88 1K;> 8A:;NG5=> 1>;55 1 <;=. G5;>25:.  CA;>28OE B>3> 2@5<5=8 MB> 1K;> ?>GB8 2A5340 A2O70=> A 0@5AB><.  MB><C G8A;C =C6=> ?@81028BL ;N459, 8A:;NG5==KE 87 ?0@B88 2> 2@5<O G8AB>: 1933-1934 33. '8AB:8 70B@>=C;8 1,1 <;=. G5;>25:, 8 >G5=L <=>385 87 =8E, 5A;8 =5 1>;LH8=AB2>, G5@57 =5A:>;L:> ;5B 1K;8 0@5AB>20=K. 5425452 .  !B0;8=5 8 AB0;8=87<5. .: @>3@5AA, 1990, A. 480.  B5G5=85 1938 3>40 2 B5@@8B>@80;L=KE ?0@B89=KE >@30=870F8OE 1K;> 2>AAB0=>2;5=> 2 ?0@B88 37 BKAOG G5;>25:, 2 1939 3>4C  >:>;> 65 BKAOG G5;>25:. AB>@8O ?0@B88 !>25BA:>3> !>N70. ".V, :=. 1-O. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1979, A. 21. "0:8< >1@07><, G8A;> @5018;8B8@>20==KE A>AB028;> <5=55 5% >B >1I53> G8A;0 8A:;NG5==KE 87 ?0@B88.  4=>9 87 =8E O2;O5BAO :C;LB ;8G=>AB8 !B0;8=0 8 4@C38E @C:>2>48B5;59 ?0@B88 8 3>AC40@AB20. 0: A?@0254;82> >B<5B8; .5425452, & ?>AB5?5==> <& > :C;LB ?0@B88 8 5=8=0 AB0; ?5@5:;NG0BLAO =0 CG5=8:>2 5=8=0 8 G;5=>2 >;8B1N@> & (1). E 8<5=0<8 AB0;8 =07K20BLAO =5 B>;L:> C;8FK 8 ?@54?@8OB8O (702>4 8<. K:>20, CE0@8=A:89 B@0<209=K9 ?0@: 8 4@.), => 8 3>@>40.  1924-1925 33. =0 :0@B5 =0H59 AB@0=K ?>O28;8AL =5 B>;L:> 5=8=3@04 8 !B0;8=3@04, => B0:65 8=>2L52A: 8 "@>F:. > G5< 1>;LH5 <5=O;AO A>AB02 >;8B1N@>, B5< 1>;55 =5C<5@5==K<8 AB0=>28;8AL 2>AE20;5=8O 2 04@5A !B0;8=0 <& > C;LB !B0;8=0 A;C68; =5 B>;L:> =5C<5@5==><C BI5A;028N, => 8 AB>;L 65 =5C<5@5==><C 2;0AB>;N18N, AB028; 53> 2 >A>1>5 ?>;>65=85, ?>4=8<0O =04 ?0@B859 =0 =54>AO305<CN 2KA>BC, 8 ?>;=>ABLN 87>;8@>20; >B :0:>9-;81> :@8B8:8. !B0;8= AB@5<8B5;L=> 2KE>48; 87-?>4 :>=B@>;O &, 2 A>AB025 @C:>2>4AB20 ?0@B859 =0@CH0;>AL =5>1E>48<>5 @02=>25A85. .!B0;8= A>740; & =0 >A=>25 <0@:A87<0 =5GB> 2@>45 @5;8388, => B>;L:> A 1>3><. A5A8;L=K<, 2A57=0NI8< 8 3@>7=K< 1>3>< =>2>9 @5;8388 1K; >1JO2;5= A0< !B0;8=. 5425452 .  !B0;8=5 8 AB0;8=87<5. .: @>3@5AA, 1990, A. 282, 285.  0?@8<5@, . 59AA  @57845=B , :>B>@K9 @5H8; ?>:8=CBL A2>9 ?>AB 8 =5 2>72@0I0BLAO 2 !!! . 0: A>>1I05B .@;>2, 2 A5@548=5 8N;O 1937 3>40 >= =0?@028; A>25BA:><C ?>AB?@54AB2C 2 0@865 ?8AL<>, ?@54=07=0G5==>5 4;O & ?0@B88. 59AA 8=D>@<8@>20; & > B><, GB> >= ?>@K205B A> AB0;8=A:>9 :>=B@@52>;NF859 8 2>72@0I05BAO =0 A2>1>4C. 7 B>3> 65 ?8AL<0 A;54>20;>, GB> ?>4 A2>1>4>9 >= ?>=8<05B 2>72@0B : 5=8=C, 53> CG5=8N 8 45;C. @;>2 . "09=0O 8AB>@8O AB0;8=A:8E ?@5ABC?;5=89. =830 :><8AA0@0 , 2 1938 3>4C 2<5AB5 A A5<L59 B09=> >AB02H53>AO 2 !(. .:  2B>@, 1991, A.223.  5425452 .  !B0;8=5 8 AB0;8=87<5. .: @>3@5AA, 1990, A. 373.  &8B. 874., A. 292.   B0:0O C3@>70 ACI5AB2>20;0, 5A;8 25@8BL .8:>O=C, :>B>@K9 A>>1I8; A;54CNI89 25AL<0 ;N1>?KB=K9 D0:B: '5@57 :0:>5-B> 2@5<O, ?>A;5 XVII AJ5740 ?0@B88, =0<, G;5=0< >;8B1N@> &, AB0;> 8725AB=> > B><, GB> 3@C??0 B>20@8I59, =54>2>;L=KE !B0;8=K<, =0<5@5205BAO 53> A<5AB8BL A ?>AB0 5=A5:0, 0 =0 53> <5AB> 871@0BL 8@>20. 1 MB>< 8@>2C A:070; .(51>;4052, @01>B02H89 B>340 A5:@5B0@5< >4=>3> 87 >1:><>2 ?0@B88 =0 >;35. 8@>2 >B:070;AO 8 @0AA:070; !B0;8=C, :>B>@K9 ?>AB028; 2 8725AB=>ABL >1 MB>< >;8B1N@>. 8:>O= . "0: 1K;>. .: 03@8CA, 1999, A. 593.  #E>6C 87 687=8,  3>2>@8; ?5@54 A<5@BLN .CE0@8=.  ?CA:0N 3>;>2C =5 ?5@54 ?@>;5B0@A:>9 A5:8@>9, 4>;6=>9 1KBL 15A?>I04=>9, => 8 F5;><C4@5==>9. 'C2AB2CN A2>N 15A?><>I=>ABL ?5@54 04A:>9 <0H8=>9, :>B>@0O, ?>;L7COAL, 25@>OB=>, <5B>40<8 A@54=525:>2LO, >1;0405B 8A?>;8=A:>9 A8;>9, D01@8:C5B >@30=87>20==CN :;525BC, 459AB2C5B A<5;> 8 C25@5==>. =0<O, 1988, ! 12, A. 168.  &8B8@C5BAO ?> :=835 CE8=0 .. #189AB2> !B0;8=0 8 5@8O. @K<A:89 <>AB  94. .:.2002. A.249-250.  8:>O= . "0: 1K;>. .: 03@8CA, 1999, A. 593. !.0@0-C@70 AG8B05B, GB> 40==K5 .(0BC=>2A:>9 1K;8 702KH5=K 2 =5A:>;L:> @07. @8 MB>< >= AAK;0;AO =0 A?@02:C, :>B>@CN 2 D52@0;5 1954 3>40 ?5@540;8 .%@CI52C 5=5@0;L=K9 ?@>:C@>@ !!!  . C45=:>, <8=8AB@ 2=CB@5==8E 45; !!!  !.@C3;>2 8 <8=8AB@ NAB8F88 !!!  .>@H5=8=, A>3;0A=> :>B>@>9 A 1921 3>40 ?> 1 D52@0;O 1954 3>40 70 :>=B@@52>;NF8>==K5 ?@5ABC?;5=8O 1K;> >AC645=> 3777380 G5;>25:, 2 B>< G8A;5 : 2KAH59 <5@5 =0:070=8O 1K;> ?@83>2>@5=> 642980 G5;>25:. @8 MB>< A;54C5B @0745;OBL ?>;8B8G5A:85 @5?@5AA88 >B 1>@L1K ?@>B82 >@30=87>20==>9 ?@5ABC?=>AB8, :>B>@0O 25;0AL 2 30-K5 3>4K (2 G0AB=>AB8, ?@>B82 10=48B87<0, @071>O 8 B.4.). 0: A>>1I05B .5@B, 2 =0G0;5 1950-E 3>4>2 2 <5AB0E 70:;NG5=8O =0E>48;>AL 2,5 <;=. G5;>25: (2:;NG0O C3>;>2=8:>2).  %>BO =0 MB>B AG5B 2KA:07K20NBAO 8 4@C385, ?@>B82>?>;>6=K5 <=5=8O 2?;>BL 4> >?@0240=8O  65AB:>9 ?>;8B8:8 3>AC40@AB20, :>B>@0O 25;0AL ?@>B82  2@03>2 =0@>40 (A<., =0?@8<5@, :=83C ..CE8=0  #189AB2> !B0;8=0 8 5@8O . @K<A:89 <>AB- 94. $>@C<. .: 2002). A;8 1K =5 ?@>2>48;0AL B0:0O @5?@5AA82=0O ?>;8B8:0, B> <8;;8>=K  H0:0;>2 A>6@0;8 1K 2A5 >1I5AB2> A ?>B@>E0<8., 2A5 @072>@>20;8 1K 8 @0720;8;8.  > A;>20< .>@10G520, 1K; @0AAB@5;O= <8;;8>= ?0@B89=KE 0:B828AB>2, B@8 <8;;8>=0 >B?@02;5=> 2 ;035@O. '5@=O52 . (5ABL ;5B A >@10G52K<. .: @>3@5AA, C;LBC@0, 1993, A. 212.  & 0@5ABK 4>AB83;8 B0:>3> @07<0E0, GB> =0G0;8 C3@>60BL ?@><KH;5==><C, =0CG=><C 8 2>5==><C ?>B5=F80;C AB@0=K. A;8 1K B5<?K 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E ;5B ?@>4>;60;8 >AB020BLAO B0:8<8, :0: 2 1937-38 33., B> ?>;>28=0 AB@0=K >:070;0AL 1K 2 ;035@OE. 48=AB25==> @07C<=K<  =>, 2>7<>6=>, C65 70?>740;K<  @5H5=85< 1K;0 1K ?>?KB:0 >2;045BL A8BC0F859 8 ?@5@20BL F5?L =587156=>AB59. 5@8O A45;0; MB>. 5A:>;L:> G5;>25:, =0E>482H8EAO ?>4 A;54AB285<, 1K;8 >A2>1>645=K. "5 65, :B> C65 1K; 2 ;035@OE, B0< 8 >AB0;8AL. >MB><C B5@@>@ ?@8=O; A?>@048G5A:89 8 2K1>@>G=K9 E0@0:B5@, AB0; A:>@55 A?>A>1>< C?@02;5=8O, 0 =5 8AB5@8G5A:>9 :0<?0=859. ">G:0 1K;0 ?>AB02;5=0, 8 =5 1K;> =5>1E>48<>AB8 ?@81530BL : B0:8< <5B>40< 5654=52=>. %>A:8=3 . AB>@8O !>25BA:>3> !>N70. 1917-1991. .: 03@8CA, 1994, A.202.  5;;5@ ., 5:@8G . #B>?8O 2;0AB8. .: , 2000, A. 539.  !>25BA:0O 8AB>@8G5A:0O M=F8:;>?548O. ".13. .: 1971, A. 514.  ICIC5=85, GB> B51O =5 M:A?;C0B8@CNB 8 2 B515 =5 284OB M:A?;C0B0B>@0  >3@><=0O F5==>ABL. K 2 ?>;=>9 <5@5 >A>7=0;8, :0: >=0 206=0 4;O 687=8, :>340 55 A>2A5< ;8H8<AO. 0: B>A:C5B ?> =59 G5;>25: 0?040  =8:0:>9 :><D>@B 55 =5 70<5=O5B. K MBC F5==>ABL 8<5;8 8, A0<8 B>3> =5 ?>=8<0O, =0A;0640;8AL >1I5=85< A ;N4L<8 - =0 C;8F5, 2 <5B@>, 2 >G5@548. K 1K;8 1@0BLO<8& 0@0-C@70 !. ?OBL 2>?@>AK : 2>64O<. ;020 2. B G53> 65 <K >B:070;8AL?  %>A:8=3 . AB>@8O !>25BA:>3> !>N70. 1917-1991. .: 03@8CA, 1994, A. 149.  &8B. 874., A. 161.  ">;L:> C?@074=5=85 :0@B>G=>9 A8AB5<K, =0G0;> AB018;870F88 @C1;O 8 C=8D8:0F8O F5= A>740;8 CA;>28O 4;O ?@8<5=5=8O A45;L=>9, 8;8 ?>HBCG=>9 70@01>B=>9 ?;0BK. 0 MB>9 >A=>25 C40@=8G5AB2> A<5=8;>AL B0: =07K205<K< AB0E0=>2A:8< 42865=85<.  ?>3>=5 70 @C1;5<, :>B>@K9 B5?5@L ?>;CG8; 2?>;=5 @50;L=>5 7=0G5=85, @01>G85 =0G8=0NB 1>;LH5 701>B8BLAO > A2>8E <0H8=0E 8 1>;55 BI0B5;L=> 8A?>;L7>20BL @01>G55 2@5<O. !B0E0=>2A:>5 42865=85 2 >3@><=>9 AB5?5=8 A2>48BAO : 8=B5=A8D8:0F88 B@C40 8 4065 : C4;8=5=8N @01>G53> 4=O: 2 B0: =07K205<>5 =5@01>G55 2@5<O AB0E0=>2FK ?@82>4OB 2 ?>@O4>: AB0=:8 8 8=AB@C<5=BK, ?>418@0NB AK@>9 <0B5@80;, 1@83048@K 8=AB@C:B8@CNB A2>8 1@8304K 8 ?@. B A5<8G0A>2>3> @01>G53> 4=O >AB05BAO ?@8 MB>< =5@54:> B>;L:> 8<O. "@>F:89 . @540==0O @52>;NF8O. 'B> B0:>5 !!!  8 :C40 >= 845B? 1936. http://www.magister.msk.ru  &8B. 874., A. 162-163.  0:>=>40B5;L=K5 0:BK > ?@8:@5?;5=88 : ?@>872>4AB2C 8 > =0:070=8OE 70 ?@>3C;K 8 >?>740=8O =0 @01>BC 1K;8 >B<5=5=K 25 0?@5;O 1956 3.   1989 3>4C 2 3>@>4A:8E ?>A5;5=8OE !!!  2 >B45;L=KE :20@B8@0E 68;> ?>402;ONI55 1>;LH8=AB2> =0A5;5=8O (83,5%), 2 :><<C=0;L=KE :20@B8@0E  5,8 %, 2 >1I568B8OE  9,6% 8 B>;L:> 1,1% 68;8 2 10@0:0E 8 4@.?><5I5=8OE.  "@>F:89 . @540==0O @52>;NF8O. 'B> B0:>5 !!!  8 :C40 >= 845B? 1936. http://www.magister.msk.ru  !8=O2A:89 . A=>2K A>25BA:>9 F828;870F88. .: 3@0D, 2001, A. 56.  "@>F:89 . @540==0O @52>;NF8O. 'B> B0:>5 !!!  8 :C40 >= 845B? 1936. http://www.magister.msk.ru  & =8 >4=0 AB@0=0 2 <8@5 =5 7=0;0 B0:>3> @07<0E0 :C;LBC@=KE ?@5>1@07>20=89, :0: 2 20-5 3>4K 2 !!! : <0AA>20O ;8:2840F8O =53@0<>B=>AB8 8 <0;>3@0<>B=>AB8, >B:@KB85 <C7552, 181;8>B5:, 871-G8B0;5=, ?>;>2>4L5 ;8B5@0BC@=>-EC4>65AB25==KE 8740=89, <=>3>>1@0785 60=@>2 8 B2>@G5A:8E <0=5@. AB5AB25==K9 E>4 @0728B8O 2A5E MB8E ?@>F5AA>2 1K; =0@CH5= =0 @C1565 20-30 3>4>2. >3<0B870F8O, ?>4G8=5=85 C7:><C =01>@C 845>;>38G5A:8E AB5@5>B8?>2 25;8 : 548=>>1@078N, @>640;8 A5@>ABL, :>=D>@<87<. !25@BK20;8AL <=>385 =0?@02;5=8O :C;LBC@=>-2>A?8B0B5;L=>9 @01>BK. >1540 !B0;8=0 A45;0;0 53> =5?@5@5:05<K< 02B>@8B5B>< 2> 2A5E >1;0ABOE =0C:8, :C;LBC@K, 8A:CAAB20 <& > 57:> ?0405B :>;8G5AB2> 8740205<KE :=83: 5A;8 2 20-5 3>4K B8@068 8E 2>7@>A;8 2 15 @07, B> 2 30-5 C<5=LH8;8AL =0?>;>28=C. C;8:>20 . K;0 ;8 2 ?0@B88 ?@>1;5<0 ?>:>;5=89? !1>@=8: "@C4=K5 2>?@>AK 8AB>@88. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1991, A.132.  &8B. 874., A.125.  5@B . AB>@8O A>25BA:>3> 3>AC40@AB20. .: @>3@5AA-:045<8O. 1995. A.459.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>1@. A>G. ".1, A. 233.  !>;65=8FK= . @E8?5;03 #. 1918-1956. ". II. 5<5@>2A:>5 :=86=>5 8740B5;LAB2>, 1991, A. 531.  !>25@H5==> A5:@5B=>. ! 217.06.2007.  !8=O2A:89 . A=>2K A>25BA:>9 F828;870F88. .: 3@0D, 2001, A. 56-57.  &8B. 874., A. 106-108.  19 <;=. @5?@5AA8@>20==KE ?@8 G8A;5==>AB8 =0A5;5=8O >:>;> 180 <;=. G5;>25:.   <564C B5< <K B>;L:> 4> B>9 3@0=8 G5;>25G5A:85 ACI5AB20, ?>:0 ?>AB>O==> GC2AB2C5< =0 A515, =04 A>1>N  =0H 4>;3. !>;65=8FK= . >AA8O 2 >120;5. .: CAA:89 ?CBL, 1998, A. 153.   A ?K;:>9 >B203>9 <>;>4K5 ;N48 8A:0;8 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?@>25@8BL, 3>B>2K ;8 AB0BL ;N4L<8 1C4CI53>. =8 E>B5;8 68BL 8 @01>B0BL 2 A0<KE B@C4=KE CA;>28OE, 345 =5>1>7@8<> ?>;5 4;O 35@>87<0, 0 35@>87< ?>2A54=52=>AB8 2>A?@8=8<05BAO :0: >1K45==>5 O2;5=85. N1>5 >B:;>=5=85 >B 0B0:8 >=8 2>A?@8=8<0;8 :0: ?@540B5;LAB2> 2 >B=>H5=88 ;N459 1C4CI53>. 5B5@?5;82>ABL @>640;0 =5B5@?8<>ABL. =8 1K;8 AC@>2> B@51>20B5;L=K : A515. !G8B0;8 A51O 4>;6=8:0<8 B5E, :B> A;><0; 4;O =8E >3@04C AB0@>3> <8@0, >B:@K; ?5@54 =8<8 A8ONI85 ?5@A?5:B82K 3@O4CI53>. >652=8:>2 . !>1@. A>G. ". 7. .: %C4>65AB25==0O ;8B5@0BC@0, 1987, A. 215.  !8=O2A:89 . A=>2K A>25BA:>9 F828;870F88. .: 3@0D, 2001, A. 211.  "0< 65.  &8B. 874., A. 213.  &8B. 874., A. 213.  &8B. 874., A. 215-216.  !B0BLO 0B0;>20 - C;LB ;8G=>AB8 8 >1I5AB25==>5 A>7=0=85 2 A1>@=8:5 !C@>20O 4@0<0 =0@>40. #G5=K5 8 ?C1;8F8ABK > ?@8@>45 AB0;8=87<0. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K. 1989. A.18.  !>;65=8FK=  . >AA8O 2 >120;5. .: CAA:89 ?CBL, 1998, A. 8.  5425452 . !>F80;87< 2 >AA88? .: 740B5;LAB2> @0DB+. 2006. A.12.  > 25@A88 .8E>O, 8=8F80B>@0<8 @5D>@< 1K;8 .5@8O 8 .0;5=:>2, 0 =5 .%@CI52; >4=0:> MB> =5 8<55B ?@8=F8?80;L=>3> 7=0G5=8O, :B> 87 =8E 1K; 8=8F80B>@><. 06=> B>, GB> =5>1E>48<>ABL @5D>@< 1K;0 >A>7=0=0 @C:>2>48B5;O<8 AB@0=K 8 ?0@B88. !<. 8E>O . !>25BA:89 !>N7: 8AB>@8O 2;0AB8. 1945-1991. .: !, 1998.  & >4=0 87 ?@8G8= A<5=K AB0;8=A:>3> @568<0 2 !>25BA:>< !>N75 @568<>< E@CI52A:>-1@56=52A:8< A2O70=0 A B5<, GB> =0G0;AO ?@>F5AA AB@5<8B5;L=>3> CA;>6=5=8O 687=8 AB@0=K, 8 ?@56=85 D>@<K :>=B@>;O 70 =5N >:070;8AL C65 =5?@83>4=K<8. 8=>2L52 . ><<C=87< :0: @50;L=>ABL. @878A :><<C=87<0. .: &5=B@>?>;83@0D, 1994, A. 155.  &  D.17, >?.125, 4.454, ;.1.2. &8B. ?> AB0BL5 ..:A5=>20 !B0;8=87<: ?>A;52>5==K5 CB>?88 8 @50;88. !1>@=8: "@C4=K5 2>?@>AK 8AB>@88. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1991, A. 196-197.  "0< 65.  !B0;8= . -:>=><8G5A:85 ?@>1;5<K A>F80;87<0 2 !!! . .: 1952, A.92.  XIX AJ574 A5A>N7=>9 ><<C=8AB8G5A:>9 ?0@B88 (1>;LH528:>2). .: 1952, N;;. ! 8, A. 11-12.  %@CI52 . >A?><8=0=8O. 71@0==K5 >B@K2:8. LN->@:, 1979, A. 275.  /:>2;52 . <CB ?0<OB8. .: 03@8CA, 2000, A. 157.  8:>O= . "0: 1K;>. .: 03@8CA, 1999, A. 614. !CI5AB2C5B 8 4@C30O B>G:0 7@5=8O ?> ?>2>4C ?@8G8= >BAB@0=5=8O >B 2;0AB8 .%@CI520. =0 87;>65=0, 2 G0AB=>AB8, 2 AB0BL5 0@AC:>20 . 0: 1K; A<5I5= .!.%@CI52. !1>@=8: "@C4=K5 2>?@>AK 8AB>@88. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1991, A.233-234: !:07K20;0AL 8 >1I0O CAB0;>ABL .!.%@CI520, ?5@5=0?@O65=85. 54L C65 ?5@520;8;> 70 A5<L45AOB. A5 1>;55 >G5284=K< 4;O =53> A0<>3> AB0=>28;8AL ?@>AG5BK 8 >H81:8 2 ?>;8B8:5, 70:@04K20;>AL A><=5=85 2 A2>59 A?>A>1=>AB8 =09B8 ?@028;L=K9 2KE>4 87 =0@0AB02H8E B@C4=>AB59 8 ?@>B82>@5G89. /2AB25==> ?@>ABC?0;8 =5@2>7=>ABL, B>@>?;82>ABL, <5B0=85 2 ?>8A:0E @5H5=89. 540@>< ?>A;54=85 ?@>65:BK %@CI520 >A>15==> >B;8G0;8AL =5?>A;54>20B5;L=>ABLN, M:;5:B87<><, =04C<0==>ABLN. @>O2;5=8O 2>;N=B0@87<0 8 AC1J5:B8287<0 2 53> 45OB5;L=>AB8 =0@0AB0;8. A5 MB> ?@54>?@545;8;>, ?> ACI5AB2C, ?>;C4>1@>2>;L=K9 CE>4 %@CI520 A ?>;8B8G5A:>9 0@5=K.  0;>2>9 . B !B0;8=0 8 C725;LB0 4> CB8=0 8 CH0. 740B5;LAB2> "5@@0 .: 2007. A .158.  &8B. 8740=85 A.161.  &8B. 8740=85 A.194-195.  8=>2L52 . ><<C=87< :0: @50;L=>ABL. @878A :><<C=87<0. .: &5=B@>?>;83@0D, 1994, A.477.  !B0;8=I8=0  ?>;8B8G5A:89 10=48B87<, >1@0I5==K9 2 3>AC40@AB25==CN ?>;8B8:C. .=B>=>2-2A55=:>. >@B@5B B8@0=0. .: @53>@8 5946, 1995, A.5.  >4@>1=0O E@>=8:0 ?5@5AB@>9:8, ?@0240, A 0=B8A>25BA:8E ?>78F89, A>45@68BAO 2 :=835: .5<F>2. @0E M?>E8. =. 2-O. >@10G52& 1@>A>: G5@57 ?@>?0ABL. .: 0C:0, 1999.  >@10G52 . 5@5AB@>9:0 8 =>2>5 <KH;5=85 4;O =0H59 AB@0=K 8 2A53> <8@0. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1987, A.21.  >4>1=K9 D0=0B87< 45AOB8;5B8O A?CABO ?@>O28;8 @52>;NF8>=5@K >BAB0;>3> 8B0O, 0 B0:65 :>;>=80;L=>3> L5B=0<0.  5=8= . !!. B.33. A. 438-439.  !! 2 @57>;NF8OE& '. II. 7-5 874., A. 452-453.  "0< 65.  &8B. 874., A. 456.  &8B. 874., A. 454.  &8B. 874., A. 454.  >?@>A > 1KAB@>< B5<?5 @0728B8O 8=4CAB@88 =5 AB>O; 1K C =0A B0: >AB@>, :0: AB>8B >= B5?5@L (:C@A82  ..), 5A;8 1K <K 8<5;8 B0:CN 65 @0728BCN ?@><KH;5==>ABL 8 B0:CN 65 @0728BCN B5E=8:C, :0:, A:065<, 2 5@<0=88, 5A;8 1K C45;L=K9 25A 8=4CAB@88 2> 2A5< =0@>4=>< E>7O9AB25 AB>O; C =0A B0: 65 2KA>:>, :0:, =0?@8<5@, 2 5@<0=88. !B0;8= . !>G. ". 11, A. 251.  5;L7O 157 :>=F0, B.5. 2 ?@>4>;65=85 A;8H:>< 4>;3>3> ?5@8>40 2@5<5=8, 1078@>20BL !>25BA:CN 2;0ABL 8 A>F80;8AB8G5A:>5 AB@>8B5;LAB2> =0 42CE @07=KE >A=>20E, =0 >A=>25 A0<>9 :@C?=>9 8 >1J548=5==>9 A>F80;8AB8G5A:>9 ?@><KH;5==>AB8 8 =0 >A=>25 A0<>3> @074@>1;5==>3> 8 >BAB0;>3> <5;:>B>20@=>3> :@5ABLO=A:>3> E>7O9AB20. !B0;8= . !>G. ". 11, A. 253.  5?@5AA88 2 >1;0AB8 A>F80;8AB8G5A:>3> AB@>8B5;LAB20 O2;ONBAO =5>1E>48<K< M;5<5=B>< =0ABC?;5=8O& !B0;8= . !>G. ". 12, A. 309.  0 3>4K ?5@2>9 ?OB8;5B:8 :>;8G5AB2> 45=56=KE 7=0:>2 2 >1>@>B5 ?>4=O;>AL A 1,7 <8;;80@40 4> 5,5, GB>1K 2 =0G0;5 2B>@>9 ?OB8;5B:8 4>AB83=CBL 8,4 <8;;80@40 @C1;59 <& > 5=56=0O A8AB5<0, C:@5?;5==0O 2 =0G0;5 -0, A=>20 >:070;0AL @0AH0B0=0 2 :>@=5. "@>F:89 . @540==0O @52>;NF8O. 'B> B0:>5 !!!  8 :C40 >= 845B? 1936. http://www.magister.msk.ru  !B0BLO 0F8A0  5@5;>< 2 A1>@=8:5 !C@>20O 4@0<0 =0@>40. #G5=K5 8 ?C1;8F8ABK > ?@8@>45 AB0;8=87<0. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K. 1989. A.77.  !B0;8= . !>G. ". 13, A. 183-184.  0F8A . ><<C=8AB, ! 16, 1997, A. 89.  !B0;8= . -:>=><8G5A:85 ?@>1;5<K A>F80;87<0 2 !!! . .: 1952, A. 24.  !B0;8= . !>G. ". 13, A. 309.  5425452 .  !B0;8=5 8 AB0;8=87<5. .: @>3@5AA, 1990, A. 260.  030@;8F:89 . 0@:A87<. 5 @5:><5=4>20=> 4;O >1CG5=8O. . .: ;3>@8B<.-:A<>. 2006. A.281.  0@0-C@70 !. !>25BA:0O F828;870F8O. =830 1. ;020 7. 0@03@0D !>25BA:>5 3>AC40@AB2> 2 ?5@8>4 -0.   A0< 5=8= 8 53> B>20@8I8 1K;8 C65 70;>6=8:0<8 @52>;NF8>==>3> ?@>F5AA0, 428302H53>AO 2?5@54 ?> A>1AB25==>9 ;>38:5. ;O B>3>, GB>1K ?>15640BL 2 =0G02H59AO 1>@L15, 8< ?@8E>48;>AL 45;0BL B>, G53> >=8 A0<8 >B A51O =5 >6840;8, AB@>8BL 3>AC40@AB2>, :>B>@>5 ;8HL G0AB8G=> >B25G0;> 8E ?@54AB02;5=8O< > B><, : G5<C =04> AB@5<8BLAO, => :>B>@>5 ?>72>;O;> @52>;NF88 2K6820BL 8 ?>15640BL.  <564C B5< =>2K5 3>AC40@AB25==K5 AB@C:BC@K, =>2K9 0??0@0B C?@02;5=8O, ?>@>645==K9 ?>B@OA5=8O<8 @0640=A:>9 2>9=K, <0AAK =>2KE G;5=>2 ?0@B88, ?@8H54H8E 2 55 @O4K C65 ?>A;5 702>520=8O 2;0AB8, - 2A5 MB> 2;8O;> =0 845>;>38N 8 ?>;8B8:C. >15482H0O 2;0ABL D>@<8@>20;0 A>1AB25==CN 845>;>38N, MB> 1K;0 C65 845>;>38O 3>AC40@AB20, 0 =5 :;0AA0. =CB@5==85 ?@>B82>@5G8O MB>3> 3>AC40@AB20 ?>@>48;8 =>2K5 2A?KH:8 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 8 8459=>9 1>@L1K  C65 ?>A;5 A<5@B8 5=8=0. 030@;8F:89 . 0@:A87<. 5 @5:><5=4>20=> 4;O >1CG5=8O. .: ;3>@8B<.-:A<>. 2006. A.55.  :A5=>2 . !B0;8=87<: ?>A;52>5==K5 CB>?88 8 @50;88. !1>@=8: "@C4=K5 2>?@>AK 8AB>@88. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1991, A.186.  & 5=8= A >B:@>25==>ABLN, :>B>@0O ?>@>9 >H5;><;O5B 53> ?>A;54>20B5;59, @0AA5O; =5402=> ?>A;54=85 8;;N788 =0AG5B B>3>, GB> @CAA:0O @52>;NF8O >7=0G05B GB>-;81> 8=>5, G5< 2ABC?;5=85 2 M?>EC =5?@5@K2=KE 8A:0=89. "5, :B> 27O; =0 A51O 3830=BA:89 B@C4 C=8GB>65=8O :0?8B0;87<0, 4>;6=K A>7=020BL, GB> 8< ?@845BAO ?@>1>20BL >48= <5B>4 459AB28O 70 4@C38<. #M;;A . !>1@. A>G. ".15, A. 366.  %>A:8=3 65DD@8. AB>@8O !>25BA:>3> !>N70. 1917-1991. .: 03@8CA, 1994, A. 211.  >B 745AL C65 ?@8E>48BAO =5 AG8B0BLAO A ?@8=F8?>< @5=B015;L=>AB8 ?@54?@8OB89. 5;> @5=B015;L=>AB8 ?>4G8=5=> C =0A AB@>8B5;LAB2C, ?@5645 2A53>, BO65;>9 ?@><KH;5==>AB8, :>B>@0O B@51C5B 1>;LH8E 2;>65=89 A> AB>@>=K 3>AC40@AB20 8 ?>=OB=>, GB> ?5@2>5 2@5<O =5@5=B015;L=0. !B0;8= . & , D. 558, >?. 1, 4. 5280, ;.4.  0@0-C@70 !. !>25BA:0O F828;870F8O. =830 1. ;. 4.  !<. 3;. 5.  #<5=85 <KA;8BL ?@>B82>@5G8O<8  >A=>20 2725H5==>3> ?>AB865=8O ?@>H;>3>. !>1;07=8B5;L=> ;53:> 40BL ?@>AB>9, >4=>7=0G=K9 >B25B =0 4@0<0B8G5A:85, G0AB> B@038G5A:85 :>;;8788 2 =0H59 ?>A;5>:BO1@LA:>9 8AB>@88, =09B8 28=>2=8:>2 2 ;8F5 C7C@?0B>@>2-1>;LH528:>2, >1JO28BL 25AL ?CBL AB@0=K A >A5=8 1917 3>40 ?@>20;82H8<AO M:A?5@8<5=B><. > 70 B0:>9 OA=>ABLN A@07C 65 2AB05B 3;CE0O AB5=0 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> BC?8:0, CAC3C1;O5<>3> 020=BN@8AB8G5A:8< B578A><, GB> <>6=> B0: 2>B A@07C, >4=8< 2>;52K< CA8;85< 87JOBL 87 F5?8 >1I5AB25==>3> @0728B8O F5;CN M?>EC 8 =0G0BL 42865=85 2?5@54 8 2KH5 A 8AB>@8G5A:>9 @0728;:8 D52@0;O 1917-3>. B> AG8B05B B0:, B>3> 8AB>@8O =8G5<C =5 =0CG8;0 8, 5ABL ?>4>7@5=85, 2@O4 ;8 C65 =0CG8B. "@C4=K5 2>?@>AK 8AB>@88. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1991, A. 4.  .030@;8F:89 2 A2>59 :=835 0@:A87<. 5 @5:><5=4>20=> 4;O >1CG5=8O 2 3;025 'B> B0:>5 !>25BA:89 !>N7: 0=0;87 A>25BA:>3> >?KB0 2 70?04=>< <0@:A87<5 8 2 =5>D8F80;L=>< 2>AB>G=>52@>?59A:>< <0@:A87<5 ?@82>48B ?OBL 25@A89 >1I5AB25==>3> AB@>O, ACI5AB2>2202H53> 2 !!!  (1) 2K@>482H55AO @01>G55 3>AC40@AB2> (>=B8 6>=AB>=, -@=5AB 0=45;L); 2) 3>AC40@AB25==K9 :0?8B0;87< (">=8 ;8DD, >15@B CF); 3) 8=4CAB@80;878@>20==K9 0780BA:89 A?>A>1 ?@>872>4AB20 (>@=5;8>A 0AB>@8048A, 0@0B '5H:>2, C4>;LD 0@>), 8;8 MB0:@0B8O, 8;8 AB0B>:@0B8O; 4) A>G5B0=85 0@E08:8 8 ?@>3@5AA0, 4>:0?8B0;8AB8G5A:8E 8 ?>AB:0?8B0;8AB8G5A:8E >B=>H5=89; 5) A>25BA:89 :><<C=87< (70?04=K5 A>F8>;>38). 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A.332.  @8 =0H59 B@C4=>9 8AB>@88 2 !!!  8 =5 <>3;> 1KBL :0:>9-B> 7025@H5==>9 8;8 A>25@H5==>9 A>F80;8AB8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K. 5425452 .!>F80;87< 2 >AA88? .: 740B5;LAB2> @0DB+. 2006, A.21.   2A5-B0:8 1K20NB. 0725 MB> =5 GC4>, GB> 2 ?@>5:B5  <O >AA8O (2008) ?5@2>5 <5AB> 70=O; ;5:A0=4@ 52A:89, 2B>@>5  5B@ !B>;K?8= 8 B@5BL5  >A8D !B0;8=.  ?@5AA5 8B>38 3>;>A>20=8O >1JOA=ONB ?@>B5AB>< ?@>B82 ACI5AB2CNI8E 2 >AA88 ?>@O4:>2. G5=L <=>385 =54>2>;L=K. 145;5=K. !G8B0NB (8 2> <=>3>< A?@0254;82>), GB> C =8E C:@0;8 >48=C  25;8:89 !>25BA:89 !>N7. (57028A8<0O 3075B0 >B 29.12.2008). 20 48:B0B>@0 (!B>;K?8= 8 !B0;8=) ?>?0;8 2 ?5@CN B@>9:C! 0725 MB>B ?0@04>:A0;L=K9 D5=><5= <0AA>2>3> A>7=0=8O - =5 GC4>?  0@0-C@70 !. !>25BA:0O F828;870F8O. =830 II. '0ABL 3.  =B8A>25BA:89 ?@>5:B . ;020 1.  !>7@520=85 0=B8A>25BA:>3> A>7=0=8O . 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'B> B0:>5 !!!  8 :C40 >= 845B?1936. http:/  HYPERLINK http://www.magister www.magister. msk.ru  0A:>;L:> A>25BA:85 ?>;8BM:>=><K 1K;8 40;5:8 >B @50;L=>9 459AB28B5;L=>AB8, >B =0CG=>3> ?>=8<0=8O ACI=>AB8 M:>=><8G5A:8E >B=>H5=89 2 >1I5AB25, ?>:07K205B 8A?>;L7>20=85 8<8 3;03>;0 GC2AB2>20BL 4;O >?8A0=8O 2708<>>B=>H5=89 8=48284>2 A >1J5:B>< 8E A>1AB25==>AB8. 0: 1C4B> 45;> 2 B><, GB>1K B>;L:> 8A?KBK20BL GC2AB2> E>7O8=0 ?@>872>4AB20 8 >1I5AB20, 0 =5 1KBL 53> @50;L=K< E>7O8=><.  >;8B8G5A:0O M:>=><8O A>F80;87<0  B5>@5B8G5A:0O >A=>20 M:>=><8G5A:>9 ?>;8B8:8 !!. .: KA;L, 1989, A. 88.  "@>F:89 . @540==0O @52>;NF8O. 'B> B0:>5 !!!  8 :C40 >= 845B?1936. http:/  HYPERLINK http://www.magister www.magister. msk.ru  & ?@02> 7025I0=8O =5>B45;8<> >B ?@020 A>1AB25==>AB8. 54>AB0B>G=> 1KBL 48@5:B>@>< B@5AB0, =C6=> 1KBL ?09I8:><. >1540 1N@>:@0B88 2 MB>9 @5H0NI59 >1;0AB8 >7=0G0;0 1K ?@52@0I5=85 55 2 =>2K9 8<CI89 :;0AA. 0>1>@>B, ?>1540 ?@>;5B0@80B0 =04 1N@>:@0B859 >15A?5G820;0 1K 2>7@>645=85 A>F80;8AB8G5A:>9 @52>;NF88. &8B. 874.  &8B. 874.  &8B. 874.  0: 8725AB=>, 206=59H8< ?@87=0:>< A5<L8 =0@O4C A @>4AB25==K<8 A2O7O<8 O2;ONBAO A>2<5AB=>ABL ?@>6820=8O 8 >1I=>ABL 1N465B0. > <=>38E A;CG0OE 8=48284K, >1J548=5==K5 2 A5<LN, AB@5<OAL C4>2;5B2>@8BL A2>8 8=48284C0;L=K5 ?>B@51=>AB8, 2KABC?0NB =0 @K=:5 B>20@>2 8 CA;C3 =5 2 >48=>G:C, 0 A>2<5AB=>, A>>1I0.  ;0AA8D8:0F8N G;5=>2 >1I5AB20 ?> B5< 8;8 8=K< ACI5AB25==K< ?@87=0:0< <>6=> 1K;> 1K ?@>4>;68BL, 8<5O 2 284C B5 DC=:F88, :>B>@K5 >=8 2K?>;=ONB, =0?@8<5@, @0A?@545;5=85 G;5=>2 >1I5AB20 ?> :;0AA0<, A>F80;L=K< 3@C??0<, ?@>D5AA8O< 8 B.4. 4=0:> =0 40==>9 AB0488 0=0;870 AC1J5:B>2 A>F80;8AB8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20 >3@0=8G8<AO 2KH5?5@5G8A;5==K<8 G5BK@L<O 2840<8.  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A>60;5=8N,  @0AAC640; >=,  MB8 D0:BK (=5>1E>48<>ABL AG8B0BLAO A @50;L=K<8 70:>=0<8 @0728B8O) =5 A45;0;8AL >1I5?@87=0==K<8, 8, =0G8=0O A 30-E 3>4>2, 2 =0H59 AB@0=5 ?>AB5?5==> CB25@48;0AL 8;;N78O 2>7<>6=>AB8 48@5:B82=>3> ?;0=8@>20=8O 8 C?@02;5=8O B0:8< >3@><=K< >1J5:B>< C?@02;5=8O, :0:8< O2;O5BAO =0@>4=>E>7O9AB25==K9 >@30=87< !>25BA:>3> !>N70. &8B. 874., A. 323, 324.  &8B. 874., A.323.  >;8B8G5A:0O M:>=><8O A>F80;87<0  B5>@5B8G5A:0O >A=>20 M:>=><8G5A:>9 ?>;8B8:8 !!. .: KA;L, 1989, A. 413-414.  2A;54 70 ?@82545==K< 2KH5 0170F5< 02B>@K CG51=8:0 ?8HCB: -B> ?>4@K20;> 2 A0<>9 <0B5@80;L=>9 >A=>25 ?>;>65=85 @01>B=8:0 A>F80;8AB8G5A:>3> ?@54?@8OB8O :0: E>7O8=0 70:@5?;5==KE 3>AC40@AB2>< 70 B@C4>2K< :>;;5:B82>< A@54AB2 ?@>872>4AB20, A=860;> >B25BAB25==>ABL 2 8E @0F8>=0;L=>< 8A?>;L7>20=88: ?8B0;> 70B@0B=K9 ?>4E>4 : D>@<8@>20=8N :>=5G=KE @57C;LB0B>2 ?@>872>4AB20 8 C?@02;5=8O. @>87>H;0 ?@0:B8G5A:8 01A>;NB870F8O 3>AC40@AB25==>9 A>1AB25==>AB8, ?@8@02=820=85 55 : 2KAH59 D>@<5 A>1AB25==>AB8  >1I5=0@>4=>9, GB> =0 45;5 >15@=C;>AL ?@8<0B>< 04<8=8AB@8@>20=8O, @0AH8@5=85< ?@>AB@0=AB20 4;O 1N@>:@0B87<0. 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"@>F:89 . @540==0O @52>;NF8O. 'B> B0:>5 !!!  8 :C40 >= 845B? 1936. http:/  HYPERLINK http://www.magister www.magister. msk.ru @C3>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O ?@845@68205BAO !.0@0-C@70. = AG8B0;, GB> D8=0=A>20O A8AB5<0 2 !!!  A>AB>O;0 87 2-E  :>=BC@>2 : 2 ?@>872>4AB25 >1@0I0;8AL 157=0;8G=K5 (B.=. D8:B82=K5 ) 45=L38, 0 =0 @K=:5  =>@<0;L=K5 45=L38. !CI5AB2>20; 65AB:89 70?@5B =0 A<5H5=85 42CE :>=BC@>2, B.5. 70?@5B =0 ?5@52>4 157=0;8G=KE 45=53 2 =0;8G=K5. 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"5>@88, 8AA;54>20=8O, D0:BK 8 ?>;8B8:0. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1990, A. 228.  0@:A  8 -=35;LA $. !>G. ". 25, G.I, A. 50.   1989 3>4C 4>E>4K 2A53> =0A5;5=8O !!!  A>AB028;8 558 <;@4. @C1;59, 0 @0AE>4K 3>AC40@AB20 8 ?@54?@8OB89 =0 A>F80;L=>-:C;LBC@=K5 =C64K A>AB028;8 176 <;@4. @C1;59, 8;8 31,5 % >B 45=56=KE 4>E>4>2 =0A5;=8O.  8=>2L52 . ><<C=87< :0: @50;L=>ABL. @878A :><<C=87<0. .: &5=B@>?>;83@0D, 1984, A. 104.  &8B. 874., A. 105.  &8B. 874., A. 133. -B> CB25@645=85 .8=>2L520 40;5:> =5 15AA?>@=>, 8 >=> =5 ?>4B25@645=> A>F8>;>38G5A:8<8 8AA;54>20=8O<8. BAN40 8 A;54CNI89 2K2>4 .8=>2L520 =5A5B =0 A515 >B?5G0B>: AC1J5:B82=>AB8: >;;5:B82 ?> A0<>9 ACB8 5ABL >1J548=5=85 CI5@1=KE, A5@KE, =5AG0AB=KE ACI5AB2 2 =5:>5 F5;>5, :><?5=A8@CNI55 8E 45D5:BK. &8B. 874., A. 135.  -:>=><8G5A:0O M=F8:;>?548O. >;8B8G5A:0O M:>=><8O. ".1, A. 276  "@>F:89 . @540==0O @52>;NF8O. 'B> B0:>5 !!!  8 :C40 >= 845B?1936. http:/  HYPERLINK http://www.magister www.magister. msk.ru  "0< 65.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2->5 874. B.24. A.193.  C@=0; ><<C=8AB. ! 14 70 19863. A.60.  !<. 3;. 3.  !B0;8= . !>G. ".6, A. 121.  !.0@0-C@70, A>A?>AB02;OO !>25BK 8 ?0@;0<5=B0@87<, CB25@6405B, GB> !>25BK 1K;8 ?>@>645=85< ?>;8B8G5A:>9 :C;LBC@K =0@>4>2 >AA88, A>1>@=>AB8, >1I5AB20 B@048F8>==>3> B8?0, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: ?0@;0<5=BA:0O D>@<0  MB> ?@>4C:B A>25@H5==> 4@C3>9 F828;870F88  52@>F5=B@87<0. -B8 CB25@645=8O !.0@0-C@7K  =5 15AA?>@=K, >A>15==> 2 G0AB8 B>3>, GB> ?0@B8O 1>;LH528:>2 2K?>;=O;0 @>;L D>@C<0, =0 :>B>@>< 2K@010BK20;8AL @5H5=8O G5@57 A>3;0A>20=85 8=B5@5A>2 8 ?>8A: :><?@><8AA>2, 2?>A;54AB288 >4>1@O5<KE A>1>@=K<8 !>25B0<8. -B>  8450;870F8O AB0;8=A:>3> 20@80=B0 A>G5B0=8O D>@<0;87>20==KE, 2KE>;>I5==KE !>25B>2 2 CA;>28OE 48:B0BC@K ?0@B89=>-3>AC40@AB25==>3> 0??0@0B0. "5< 1>;55, GB> ?5@2K9 >?KB ?@O<>9 45<>:@0B88 2 A>2@5<5==CN M?>EC ?> ?@02C ?@8=04;568B 0@86A:>9 ><<C=5, =5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> $@0=F8O ?@8=04;568B : F828;870F88 B.=. 52@>F5=B@87<0.  XI AJ574 (1) !B5=>3@0D8G5A:89 >BG5B. .: 1922. A .501-504. .030@;8F:89, AAK;0OAL=0 $.-=35;LA0, ?8H5B: A;8 @01>G89 :;0AA A;01, 2;0ABL :;0AA0 ?@52@0I05BAO 2> 2;0ABL ?0@B88, 0 A0<0 ?0@B8O AB0=>28BAO 02B>@8B0@=>9. -B> 1C45B =5 48:B0BC@0 ?@>;5B0@80B0, 0 48:B0BC@0 ?0@B88.  :>=F5 :>=F>2 48:B0BC@0 >4=>9 ?0@B88 >15@=5BAO 3>A?>4AB2>< >4=>3> ;845@0, 48:B0BC@>9 >4=>3> ;8F0 =5 B>;L:> =04 ?@>;5B0@80B><, => 8 =04 A0<>9 ?0@B859. 030@;8F:89 . 0@:A87<. 5 @5:><5=4>20=> 4;O >1CG5=8O. .: ;3>@8B<. -!. 2006. A.54.  &8B. 874., A. 7.  &8B. 874., A. 9.  &8B. 874., A. 11.  "0:>5 ?>;>65=85 25I59 ?@82>48;> : B><C, GB> =0 2K1>@=K5 ?>ABK 2> <=>38E ?0@B89=KE >@30=870F8OE =07=0G0;8AL ;N48 A> AB>@>=K, 87 0??0@0B0. >B :0: :><<5=B8@>20; MBC A8BC0F8N .!B0;8=: K 7=05B5, GB> 45<>:@0B8O B@51C5B =5:>B>@>3> <8=8<C<0 :C;LBC@=>AB8 G;5=>2 OG59:8 8 >@30=870F88 2 F5;>< 8 =0;8G8O =5:>B>@>3> <8=8<C<0 0:B82=KE @01>B=8:>2, :>B>@KE <>6=> 2K18@0BL 8 AB028BL =0 ?>ABK.  5A;8 B0:>3> <8=8<C<0 0:B82=KE @01>B=8:>2 =5 8<55BAO 2 >@30=870F88, 5A;8 :C;LBC@=K9 C@>25=L B0:>9 >@30=870F88 =87>:,  :0: 1KBL? AB5AB25==>, GB> 745AL ?@8E>48BAO >BABC?0BL >B 45<>:@0B88, ?@81530BL : =07=0G5=8N 4>;6=>AB=KE ;8F 8 ?@..  %>A:8=3 . AB>@8O !>25BA:>3> !>N70. 1917-1991. .: 03@8CA, 1994, A. 88-89.  5=8= .!!. B. 33. A.440.  "@>F:89 . @540==0O @52>;NF8O. 'B> B0:>5 !!!  8 :C40 >= 845B?1936. http:/  HYPERLINK http://www.magister www.magister. msk.ru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http:/  HYPERLINK http://www.magister www.magister. msk.ru  "0< 65.  @10B>2 . '5;>25: A8AB5<K. .: 03@8CA 2002. 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A5 >?@545;O5< 8 @0A?@545;O5< =0 2KAH5< ?0@B89=>< C@>2=5. .>@10G52. &8B. ?> :=. '5@=O52 . (5ABL ;5B A >@10G52K<. .: @>3@5AA, C;LBC@0, 1993, A. 233.  /@5<5=:> .. -:>=><8G5A:85 15A54K. .: &5=B@ 8AA;54>20=89 8 AB0B8AB8G5A:>9 =0C:8, 1999, A.29.  @8 !B0;8=5 1K;0 A>740=0 C?@02;5=G5A:0O A8AB5<0, >1;0402H0O A?>A>1=>ABLN <>18;87>2K20BL @5AC@AK, >A>15==> 2 G@572KG09=KE A8BC0F8OE. -B0 <>18;870F8O >ACI5AB2;O;0AL >G5=L 65AB:8< ?CB5<, A 1>;LH8<8 G5;>25G5A:8<8 65@B20<8, => ?>AB02;5==KE F5;59 70G0ABCN 4>AB830;0.  ?>A;5AB0;8=A:CN M?>EC 548=0O F5=B@0;87>20==0O 2>;O AB0;0 8AG570BL, 2A5 1>;55 A<5=OOAL A8AB5<>9 1>@NI8EAO :;8:. 0:>=K, ?> :>B>@K< 68;0 A0<0 ?0@B89=0O 25@ECH:0,  70:>=K <0D88, AB08  MB> >A>1K9 ?@54<5B 4;O 87CG5=8O. 0 25@E=8E MB060E 2;0AB8, 2 ?0@B89=>9 A@545 ?@>8AE>48;0 A5;5:F8O :04@>2, 2 @57C;LB0B5 :>B>@>9 2A?;K20;8 A5@K5 ;N48.  MB0 A5@>ABL 2;8O;0 =0 C?@02;5=85 E>7O9AB25==>9 45OB5;L=>ABLN. >=OB=>, GB> ;N48, ?@>H54H85 ?@>F5AA >B1>@0 2 ?0@B89=>9 A@545 8 45;538@C5<K5 =0 @07;8G=K5 ?>ABK 2 0@<88, ?@><KH;5==>AB8, , ?>@>640;8 B0< B5 65 A0<K5 =>@<K ?0@B89=>3> >B1>@0.  @57C;LB0B5 2>7=8:;0 ACI5AB25==0O @07=8F0 <564C 8A?>;=8B5;O<8 8 2KAH8< @C:>2>4AB2><. "0:8< >1@07><, A;>9 2KAH8E @C:>2>4OI8E @01>B=8:>2, @0AB5:0OAL A ?0@B89=>9 25@H8=K 8, ?>:@K20O ?@0:B8G5A:8 2A5 >1I5AB2>, A8;L=> A45@6820; =0H5 @0728B85, B0: :0: 8A?>;=8B5;8 2K=C645=K 1K;8 2708<>459AB2>20BL A MB8< @C:>2>4AB2><. N4O< ?@8E>48;>AL B@0B8BL =0 B0:>5 2708<>459AB285 A2>9 B@C4, A8;K 8 B0;0=BK. A5 =0H5 >1I5AB2> 1K;> ?>@065=> MB8< ?>@>:><. &8B. 874., A.148-149.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>1@. A>G. 2-5 874. ".1, A. 271-272.   1N@>:@0B88 B>645AB2> 3>AC40@AB25==>3> 8=B5@5A0 8 >A>1>9 G0AB=>9 F5;8 2K@065=> 2 B0:>9 D>@<5, GB> 3>AC40@AB25==K9 8=B5@5A AB0=>28BAO >A>1>9 G0AB=>9 F5;LN, ?@>B82>AB>OI59 4@C38< G0AB=K< F5;O<. &8B. 874., A. 273..@10B>2, 2@0I0OAL 2 25@E0E A>25BA:>3> >1I5AB20, A> 7=0=85< 45;0 ?8A0;: 06=55 A>F80;L=>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O A>F80;L=>5 ?>;>65=85 8 <8@>>ICIC5=85. =5 :065BAO, GB> 2 MB>< ?;0=5 =0HC ?>;8B8G5A:CN M;8BC ?>A;5AB0;8=A:8E ;5B >1J548=O;0 ?@8=04;56=>ABL  8A?>;L7CN AB0@>5 @CAA:>5 ?>=OB85  2 >A=>2=>< : <5I0=0<. # MB>9 M;8BK 1K;8 <5I0=A:89 :@C3>7>@, <5I0=A:0O 845>;>38O 8 ?A8E>;>38O, <5I0=A:85 8450;K (0 2=5H=5 ?>GB8 2A5 >=8 1K;8 25;8:8<8 @52>;NF8>=5@0<8, 1>@F0<8 70 @01>G5-:@5ABLO=A:>5 45;>. @10B>2 . '5;>25: A8AB5<K. .: 03@8CA. 2002. A.349.  &8B. 874., A. 272.  &8B. 874., A. 272.  A5>1I89 4CE 1N@>:@0B88 5ABL 55 B09=0, B08=AB2>. !>1;N45=85 MB>3> B08=AB20 >15A?5G8205BAO 2 55 A>1AB25==>9 A@545 55 85@0@E8G5A:>9 >@30=870F859, 0 ?> >B=>H5=8N : 2=5H=5<C <8@C  55 70<:=CBK< :>@?>@0B82=K< E0@0:B5@><. B:@KBK9 4CE 3>AC40@AB20, 0 B0:65 8 3>AC40@AB25==>5 <KH;5=85 O2;ONBAO ?@540B5;LAB2>< ?> >B=>H5=8N : 55 B09=5. &8B. 874., A. 272.  &8B. 874., A. 272-273.   0=0;>38G=><C 2K2>4C ?@8H5; 8 ..0BC@8=, :>B>@K9 E0@0:B5@87CO A8AB5<C 1N@>:@0B8G5A:>9 48:B0BC@K, 2K:>20==>9 .!B0;8=K<, ?8A0;: =0 <>65B 1KBL ?>-AB0;8=A:8 65AB:>9 8;8 ?>-1@56=52A:8 ;815@0;L=>9, => 2 ;N1>< A2>5< 20@80=B5 >=0 0=B8BG5;>25G=0, 2 ;N1KE A2>8E <>48D8:0F8OE >7=0G05B 4;O >1I5AB20 ?0@0;8G 8 BC?8:. !B0BLO 0BC@8=0 .. 768BL !B0;8=0 2 A1>@=8:5 !C@>20O 4@0<0 =0@>40. #G5=K5 8 ?C1;8F8ABK > ?@8@>45 AB0;8=87<0. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K. 1989. A.11.  AB0B8, 8 8B09, 1;03>40@O A>F80;87<C, ?@52@0B8;AO 70 ?>;25:0 87 >BAB0;>9 :>;>=80;L=>9 D5>40;L=>9 AB@0=K 2 <>3CG55 3>AC40@AB2>  ?>AB>O==>3> G;5=0 !>25B0 57>?0A=>AB8 , >1;040NI53> 48=0<8G=> @072820NI59AO M:>=><8:>9, O45@=K< >@C685<, A@54AB20<8 :>A<8G5A:>9 @07254:8 8 <56:>=B8=5=B0;L=K<8 10;;8AB8G5A:8<8 @0:5B0<8. 5 8A:;NG5=>, GB> 1;03>40@O ?@>@K2C 2 A>F80;87<, 8B09 A=>20 2>73;028B =0CG=>-B5E=8G5A:89 ?@>3@5AA G5;>25G5AB20, :0: MB> 1K;> =0 ?@>BO65=88 <=>38E BKAOG5;5B89 4> 53> ?>?040=8O 2 7028A8<>ABL >B 0?040.  8=>2L52 . ><<C=87< :0: @50;L=>ABL. @878A :><<C=87<0. ., &5=B@>?>;83@0D. 1994.  > 871560=85 B5@<8=>;>38G5A:>9 ?CB0=8FK 8 15AA<KA;5==KE B5@<8=>;>38G5A:8E A?>@>2 A;>2>< :><<C=87< (8;8 :><<C=8AB8G5A:89 A>F80;L=K9 AB@>9) O =07K20N B8? >1I5AB25==>3> CAB@>9AB20, :0:>9 <>6=> 1K;> =01;N40BL 2 !>25BA:>< !>N75 4> 1985 3>40& 'B> :0A05BAO B5E, :B> AG8B05B, 1C4B> A>25BA:>5 >1I5AB2> =5 1K;> =0AB>OI8< :><<C=87<><, O 3>B>2 ?@87=0BL 8E <=5=85 A?@0254;82K< ;8HL ?@8 CA;>288, GB> >=8 ?>AB@>OB =0AB>OI89 :><<C=87< 2 @50;L=>AB8, 0 =5 B>;L:> 2 2>>1@065=88. &8B. 8740=85. A. 468-469.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 299.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 301.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 302.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 303.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 299, 48.  45AL 8 40;55 84CB AAK;:8 =0 A>>B25BAB2CNI85 =><5@0 AB@0=8F F8B8@C5<>9 :=838 .8=>2L520.  AB0B8, ?>A;54=55 ?@54;>65=85 O2;O5BAO B8?8G=K< >1@07F>< =0C:>>1@07=>9 M:28;81@8AB8:8, : :>B>@>9 ;N18B ?@81530BL .8=>2L52.   A>60;5=8N, .8=>2L52 =5 ?@82>48B A2>8E @0AG5B>2.  .8=>2L52 =5 ?>OA=O5B, :0:0O MB> :0B53>@8O =0A5;5=8O.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 113.  &8B. 8740=85. AB@. 114.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 108-109.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 112.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 364.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 309.   ?@8=C48B5;L=>< B@C45 2 !!!  C65 ?8A0;>AL 2 =0G0;5 40==>9 3;02K. &8B. 8740=85. A. 470-471.  ! 2KH5?@82545==K< 2KA:07K20=85< .8=>2L520 ?5@5:;8:05BAO 8 >F5=:0 ."@>F:>3>: ! 3>A?>40<8 1C@6C07=K<8 M:>=><8AB0<8 A?>@8BL 1>;55 =5 > G5<: A>F80;87< 4>:070; A2>5 ?@02> =0 ?>154C =5 =0 AB@0=8F0E 0?8B0;0, 0 =0 E>7O9AB25==>9 0@5=5, A>AB02;ONI59 H5ABCN G0ABL 75<=>9 ?>25@E=>AB8; =5 O7K:>< 480;5:B8:8, 0 O7K:>< 65;570, F5<5=B0 8 M;5:B@8G5AB20. A;8 1 4065 !!! , 2 @57C;LB0B5 2=CB@5==8E B@C4=>AB59, 2=5H=8E C40@>2 8 >H81>: @C:>2>4AB20, ?>B5@?5; :@CH5=85, - G53>, :0: <K B25@4> =0455<AO, =5 A;CG8BAO, - >AB0;AO 1K, :0: 70;>3 1C4CI53>, B>B =58A:>@5=8<K9 D0:B, GB> B>;L:> 1;03>40@O ?@>;5B0@A:>9 @52>;NF88 >BAB0;0O AB@0=0 A>25@H8;0 <5=55, G5< 2 420 45AOB8;5B8O, 15A?@8<5@=K5 2 8AB>@88 CA?5E8. "@>F:89 . @540==0O @52>;NF8O. 'B> B0:>5 !!!  8 :C40 >= 845B?. 1936.  HYPERLINK http://www.magister http://www.magister. mk.ru  875A . !>F80;87<. ., Catallaxy. 1994. A. 18. & ?>A;54=85 B><0 0?8B0;0 C65 2 45=L ?C1;8:0F88 ?@54AB02;O;8 A>1>9 704K ?5@54>2>9 =0C:8. &8B. 8740=85. A. 294.  &8B. 8740=85. A.21.  &8B. 8740=85. A.22.  &8B. 8740=85. A.23.  &8B. 8740=85. A.23.  &8B. 8740=85. A.24.  &8B. 8740=85. A.25.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 39.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 44.  &8B. 8740=85. A.44.  !<. 3;02C 2.  &8B. 8740=85.A.45.  &8B. 8740=85.A.305.  &8B. 8740=85.A.46.  &8B. 8740=85. A.46.  &8B. 8740=85.A.81.  &8B. 8740=85. A.81.  &8B. 8740=85. A.82.  &8B. 8740=85. A.82.  &8B. 8740=85. A.83.  !<. 3;02C 7.  &8B. 874?=85. A.89.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 93.  &8B. 8740=85. A.95.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 293.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 21.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 54-55.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 43.   A>25BA:>5 2@5<O E>48; B0:>9 0=5:4>B: !?@0H8205BAO, G5< >B;8G05BAO :0?8B0;87< >B A>F80;87<0? B25B: ?@8 :0?8B0;87<5 <03078=K 7020;5=K B>20@0<8, 0 2 E>;>48;L=8:5 ?CAB>, 0 ?@8 A>F80;87<5  =0>1>@>B.  &8B. 8740=85.A. 129.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 207.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 235. & <>=>?>;8O 2545B 2 B@5< @57C;LB0B0<: @K=>G=0O F5=0 2KH5, ?@81K;8 1>;LH5, >1J5< ?@>406 <5=LH5, G5< 2 CA;>28OE A2>1>4=>9 :>=:C@5=F88. &8B. 8740=85. A. 249.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 207.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 219-220.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 220.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 221.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 221.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 221.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 222.  &8B. 8740=85. A. 227.  .#B:8= 2 :=835 8@>20O E>;>4=0O 2>9=0 (.: -!, ;3>@8B<, 2005) ?5@5G8A;O5B 5 25@A89 @0720;0 !!! ; >4=0:> 2A5 >=8, 2 :>=5G=>< AG5B5, ?>4@0745;ONBAO =0 2=5H=85 8 2=CB@5==85.  $0:B8G5A:8 E>;>4=0O 2>9=0 2KH;0 40;5:> 70 @0<:8 ?@>AB> ?>A;52>5==>3> :>=D;8:B0 <564C !( 8 !!! . =0 O28;0AL ?@>4>;65=85< 0=B8A>25BA:>9 ?>;8B8:8 ;845@>2 0?040 2 ?5@8>4 <564C <8@>2K<8 2>9=0<8 8 2>9=K 5@<0=88 A 55 A>N7=8:0<8 ?@>B82 !!!  2 1941-1945 3>4K. > A2>5<C @07<0EC >=0 >E20B8;0 2AN ?;0=5BC 8 2A5 AD5@K 687=8 G5;>25G5AB20  M:>=><8:C, ?>;8B8:C, 48?;><0B8N, 845>;>38N, ?@>?030=4C, :C;LBC@C, A?>@B, BC@87<. A?>;L7>20;8AL 2A5 A@54AB20 2>7459AB28O =0 ;N459  @048>, B5;52845=85, A5:@5B=K5 A;C61K, :>=3@5AAK, 48A:CAA88, :C;LBC@=K9 >1<5=, ?>4:C?, ?01;8A8B8. A?>;L7>20;8AL ;N1K5 CO728<K5 B>G:8 ?@>B82=8:0, ;N1K5 G5;>25G5A:85 A;01>AB8  =0F8>=0;L=K5 @07=>3;0A8O, @5;838>7=K5 ?@54@0AAC4:8, ;N1>?KBAB2>, BI5A;0285, :>@KABL, 7028ABL, :@8B8G5A:85 C<>=0AB@>5=8O, AB@0E, A:;>==>ABL : ?@8:;NG5=8O<, M3>87<, ;N1>2L 8 B.?. 4=8< A;>2><, MB> 1K;0, ?>60;C9, ?5@20O 2 8AB>@88 G5;>25G5AB20 3;>10;L=0O 8 2A5>1J5<;NI0O 2>9=0 =>2>3> B8?0. 8=>2L52 . ><<C=87< :0: @50;L=>ABL. @878A :><<C=87<0. .: &5=B@>?>;83@0D, 1994, A. 480.   1936 3. ."@>F:89 ?8A0;: 8AB0=F8O, >B45;ONI0O F0@A:CN >AA8N >B 0?040, 87<5@O5BAO ?> =0AB>OI5<C B>;L:> B5?5@L. @8 A0<KE 1;03>?@8OB=KE CA;>28OE <& > ?>=04>18;>AL 1K 5I5 =5A:>;L:> ?OB8;5B>:, GB>1 !!!  CA?5; ?>;=>ABLN 0AA8<8;8@>20BL B5 E>7O9AB25==K5 8 2>A?8B0B5;L=K5 4>AB865=8O, =0 :>B>@K5 ?5@25=FK :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:>9 F828;870F88 ?>B@0B8;8 25:0 <& > @0240, !>25BA:89 !>N7 ?@52>AE>48B A59G0A A2>8<8 ?@>872>48B5;L=K<8 A8;0<8 =081>;55 ?5@54>2K5 AB@0=K 2 M?>EC 0@:A0. >, 2>-?5@2KE, ?@8 8AB>@8G5A:>< A>@52=>20=88 42CE @568<>2 45;> 845B =5 AB>;L:> >1 01A>;NB=KE C@>2=OE, A:>;L:> >1 >B=>A8B5;L=KE: A>25BA:>5 E>7O9AB2> ?@>B82>AB>8B :0?8B0;87<C 8B;5@0, >;4C8=0 8 C725;LB0, 0 =5 8A<0@:0, 0;L<5@AB>=0 8;8 1@0<0 8=:>;L=0; 2>-2B>@KE, A0<K9 >1J5< G5;>25G5A:8E ?>B@51=>AB59 :>@5==K< >1@07>< 87<5=O5BAO A @>AB>< <8@>2>9 B5E=8:8: A>2@5<5==8:8 0@:A0 =5 7=0;8 =8 02B><>18;O, =8 @048>, =8 :8=5<0B>3@0D0, =8 0M@>?;0=0. 564C B5< A>F80;8AB8G5A:>5 >1I5AB2> =5<KA;8<> =K=5 157 A2>1>4=>3> ?>;L7>20=8O 2A5<8 MB8<8 1;030<8. "@>F:89 . @540==0O @52>;NF8O. 'B> B0:>5 !!!  8 :C40 >= 845B? 1936.  HYPERLINK http://www http://www. magister.msk.ru  #B:8= . 8@>20O E>;>4=0O 2>9=0. .: -!, ;3>@8B<, 2005, A.94.   >1;0AB8 2>5==>9 B5E=8:8 70?04=K5 AB@0=K 25;8 @07@01>B:8 1>;55 <0AHB01=> 8 A 1>;LH8< 7045;>< =0 1C4CI55. =8 =0<=>3> >?5@560;8 !>25BA:89 !>N7 ?> ;075@=K< B5E=>;>38O<, ?> 0280F88, 2>5==>-<>@A:><C D;>BC, =5:>B>@K< 2840< >1KG=KE 2>>@C65=89. 0H8 70B@0BK =5 H;8 =8 2 :0:>5 A@02=5=85 A 8E @0AE>40<8. 4=8 !( 2K45;O;8 =0 2>5==K5 F5;8 :C40 1>;LH5 A@54AB2, G5< !>25BA:89 !>N7 8 A>F80;8AB8G5A:85 AB@0=K, 2<5AB5 27OBK5. 0 8 0<5@8:0=A:85 A>N7=8:8 1K;8 ?>1>30G5 =0H8E. @NG:>2 . 8G=>5 45;>. '. I. .: ;8<?, !", 1996,, A.150.  >AA8O. %% 25:. !>25BA:>5 >1I5AB2>: 2>7=8:=>25=85, @0728B85, 8AB>@8G5A:89 D8=0;. ".2. ?>359 8 :@0E AB0;8=87<0. .: >AA89A:89 3>AC40@AB25==K9 C=825@A8B5B, 1997, A.193.  -.">DD;5@, @0A?>;030NI89 =0456=>9 8=D>@<0F859, ?8A0;: >>@C65==K5 A8;K <5@8:8, 2A5 1>;55 AB0=>2OI85AO 2>5==>9 <0H8=>9 "@5BL59 2>;=K, B0: A8;L=> A428=C;8 G0HC 25A>2, GB> A>25BA:85 A8;K 2 2@>?5 CB@0B8;8 ?0@8B5B A A8;0<8 !( 8 ". !>G5B0=85 8=B5=A82=> 8A?>;L7CNI59 7=0=85 2>5==>9 <0H8=K A> AB>;L 65 8=B5=A82=> 8A?>;L7CNI59 7=0=85 M:>=><8:>9, A>740;> 48A10;0=A, :>B>@K9 2 :>=5G=>< AG5B5 ?@825; : :@0EC :><<C=87<0. ">DD;5@ -. 8 ">DD;5@ %. >9=0 8 0=B82>9=0. .: "@0=78B:=830, 2005, A.266.  !?@0254;82>AB8 @048, A;54C5B >B<5B8BL, GB> ?>A;5 A<5@B8 .!B0;8=0 .%@CI52 A45;0; ?>?KB:C A>:@0B8BL G8A;5==>ABL 2>>@C65==KE A8; 8 ?5@5A<>B@5BL 8E AB@C:BC@C A CG5B>< ?>O2;5=8O @0:5B=>-O45@=>3> >@C68O. 4=0:> ?@8 .@56=525, ?>4402H53>AO =0 C3>2>@K 2>5==KE 8 @C:>2>48B5;59 , 3>=:0 ?> 2A5< 2840< 2>>@C65=89 2=>2L =01@0;0 ?>;=K5 >1>@>BK.  C9=>2A:89 -. >2A54=52=0O 687=L ?5@2KE @>AA89A:8E @0:5BG8:>2 8 :>A<>=02B>2. .: >;>40O 320@48O, 2004, A. 236, 285.  /@5<5=:> .. -:>=><8G5A:85 15A54K. .: &5=B@ 8AA;54>20=89 8 AB0B8AB8:8 =0C:8, 1999, A. 325, 338.  /@5<5=:> .. -:>=><8G5A:85 15A54K. .: &5=B@ 8AA;54>20=89 8 AB0B8AB8:8 =0C:8, 1999, A. 152-153. !;54C5B CG8BK20BL 70B@0BK =0 , A>AB02;O2H85 2 1990 3. 4,9 <;@4. @C1;59 (@NG:>2 . 8G=>5 45;>. '.I. .: ;8<?, !", 1996, A. 346), 8 =0 2=5H=NN ?>;8B8:C (). !>3;0A=> <>8< @0AG5B0<, 5A;8 CG8BK20BL @50;L=CN ?>:C?0B5;L=CN A8;C @C1;O, B> 70B@0BK 3>AC40@AB20 =0 >1>@>=C, >15A?5G5=85 157>?0A=>AB8 AB@0=K A>AB02;O;8 =5 <5=55 43-45% >B . .5425452 =07K205B F8D@C 4> 40 %. 0 70A540=88 >;8B1N@> 2 45:01@5 1988 3>40 .>@10G52 A:070;, GB> ?>;>28=0 1N465B0 AB@0=K 845B =0 >1>@>=C. 5=L:>28G . & 70:@KB, 2A5 CH;8& .: ;<0-@5AA, 1999, A. 506.  B> 65 2@5<O 2>5==K5 @0AE>4K !( A>AB02;O;8 6% =0F8>=0;L=>3> ?@>4C:B0, :>B>@K9 242>5 ?@52KH0; A>25BA:89. The Military Balance 1978-1979. 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"0:>5 O2;5=85 8459=>3> ?5@5@>645=8O <>6=> 1K;> 1K =0720BL O:>2;52I8=>9 ?> 8<5=8 3;02=>3> 845>;>30 3>@10G52A:>9 ?5@5AB@>9:8, :>B>@K9 2 @C:>2>4AB25 !! 1K; 254CI8< C15645==K< 0=B8:><<C=8AB><.   ;8G=>AB8 .>@10G520 =0?8A0=> >G5=L <=>3>. > >1 >4=>9 G5@B5  >G5=L 206=>9 4;O ?>;8B8:0  B>G=> A:070; .5=L:>28G: & 5I5 4> A;54AB28O 3;020 3>AC40@AB20, :AB0B8, N@8AB ?> >1@07>20=8N, >1JO2;O5B B>20@8I59 ?> @C:>2>4AB2C ?0@B859 3>AC40@AB25==K<8 ?@5ABC?=8:0<8. A5 ?;>E85, ?>B><C GB> >=8 ?@>B82 =53>, E>@>H53>. 1845;8 53> ;8G=>  7=0G8B, ?@5ABC?=8:8. 0;55 .5=L:>28G, A@02=820O >@10G520 A !>;65=8FK=K< 8 0;C38=K<, ?@8E>48B : 2K2>4C, GB> MB> AB@0H=K5 ;N48. >@10G52 87 B>9 65 ?>@>4K. / 45;N ;N459 =0 B5E, :B>, >?>7402 : M;5:B@8G:5, C?@5:05B 2 <54;8B5;L=>AB8 A51O, 8 =0 B5E, :B> >128=O5B <0H8=8AB0  =5 <>3 ?>4>640BL <8=CB:C. >@10G52 87 B5E, :B> >128=O5B <0H8=8AB0. 5=L:>28G . & 70:@KB, 2A5 CH;8& .: ;<0-@5AA, 1999, A.334. 0: 25@=> 70<5B8; . @10B>2, . >@10G52 & ?@54020; B5E, :B> 2 =53> 25@8; 8 1K; 5<C ?@540=. @10B>2 . '5;>25: A8AB5<K. .: 03@8CA.2002. A.427. .02;>2, >1>1I0O, A:070;: >@10G52 1>O;AO C?CAB8BL 2;0ABL 8 CAB@0820; ?>AB>O==K5 G8AB:8  B> >4=8< <0E>< 2K3>=O; B@5BL G;5=>2 &, B> 3@><8; ?0@B>:@0B>2, B> =5?5@5AB@>82H8EAO, B> =0@CH8B5;59 0=B80;:>3>;L=>9 :0<?0=88. !>25@H5==> A5:@5B=> ! 8.1994.  & 548=AB25==> 2>7<>6=K9 >A<KA;5==K9 ?CBL  ?>?KB0BLAO AD>@<8@>20BL ?@54?>AK;:8 ?>AB5?5==>3> M2>;NF8>==>3> ?>2>@>B0 M:>=><8:8 =0 70?04=K9 ?CBL @0728B8O.  A45;0BL MB> 4> B>3>, :0: A>F80;8AB8G5A:0O M:>=><8:0 2>945B 2 D07C A0<>@07@CH5=8O. =K<8 A;>20<8, F5;L-<8=8<C< A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB>1K A =08<5=LH8< CI5@1>< 2K9B8 87 A>F80;8AB8G5A:>3> M:A?5@8<5=B0, ?>4B0;:820O 2;0ABL 2 =0?@02;5=88 ?>AB5?5==KE @K=>G=>->@85=B8@>20==KE ;815@0;L=KE @5D>@<, >ACI5AB2;O5<KE 2 @0<:0E A8AB5<K 8 2<5AB5 A B5< A>740NI8E CA;>28O 4;O @048:0;L=>9 A8AB5<=>9 B@0=AD>@<0F88. 0940@ . =8 ?>@065=89 8 ?>154. .: 03@8CA, 1996, A. 34.  =>340 A?@0H820NB <5=O, 0 =5 ?@>B82=> ;8 1K;> ?@8B2>@OBLAO 8 @07K3@K20BL 87 A51O 4C@0:0? 0, ?@>B82=>. /:>2;52 . <CB ?0<OB8. .: 03@8CA, 2000, A. 453.  &8B. 874., A. 461.  '5@=O52 . (5ABL ;5B A >@10G52K<. .: @>3@5AA, C;LBC@0, 1993, A. 316. .@NG:>2 AG8B05B, GB> .>@10G52 2<5AB5 A ./:>2;52K< A>7=0B5;L=> 8 F5;5CAB@5<;5==> @0720;820;8 !>25BA:89 !>N7. 4=0:> O =5 >G5=L 25@N 2 B>, GB> .>@10G52 A ?5@2KE 65 4=59 ?5@5AB@>9:8 8<5; B0:CN F5;L, 81> >= 1K; B8?8G=K< ?@>4C:B>< ?@>872>4AB20 @C:>2>4OI8E :><A><>;LA:>-?0@B89=KE :04@>2. 'B> 65 :0A05BAO ./:>2;520, B> =5 8A:;NG5=>, GB> >= B0:CN F5;L ?@5A;54>20;.  .>@10G52 ?@8ACBAB2>20; =0 8=B@>=870F88 ;LF8=0, :>B>@0O H;0 ?>4 0::><?0=5<5=B B0:8E 8<5=, :0: ;048<8@ @5AB8B5;L, !5@359 04>=56A:89, 5B@ 5;8:89, :0B5@8=0 II, ?>4 1;03>A;>25=85 0B@80@E0&  1K; ?@>:;OB 1917 3>4, 0 B5G5AB25==0O 2>9=0 4065 =5 C?><O=CB0 <& >  :0:>< A>F80;8AB8G5A:>< 2K1>@5 <>65B 84B8 B5?5@L @5GL? &8B. 874., A.474.  &8B. 874., A.381-382.  >@065==K9, A;548; ?@57845=B CH-AB0@H89 70 18B2>9 42CE ;8H5==KE 8AB>@8G5A:>3> GCBLO ?0@B>:@0B>2, 2 A2>59 AE20B:5 ?>701K2H8E ?@>1;5<K, 2KE>482H85 70 ?@545;K 8E ;8G=KE 0<18F89. #B:8= . 8@>20O E>;>4=0O 2>9=0. .: -!, ;3>@8B<, 2005, A.608.  /:>2;52 . <CB ?0<OB8. .: 03@8CA, 2000, A. 509.  065 @5D>@<0B>@ ?5@2>9 2>;=K ./:>2;52 2K=C645= 1K; >AC48BL ?>2545=85 .;LF8=0: !>25BA:89 !>N7 1K; =5687=5A?>A>15= 2 B>< 2845, 2 :>B>@>< >= ACI5AB2>20;, => >1@0I0BLAO A =8< B0: ?@>AB>  A>1@0BLAO 345-B> 2 ;5AC 8 @0A?CAB8BL  H03 :@09=5 157>B25BAB25==K9. > ;LF8=C 8 53> :><0=45 =C65= 1K; =5<54;5==K9 CA?5E. &8B. 874., A. 548.   >60;C9, =8:>340 2> 3;025 !!!  8 !! =5 AB>O; 2 ?@>H;>< AB>;L <0;>8725AB=K9, =5 8A:CH5==K9 2 45;0E 2;0AB8 8 C?@02;5=8O G5;>25:, :0:8< 1K; 2 <0@B5 1985 3>40 8E08; >@10G52. ;0ABL 4>AB0;0AL . >@10G52C A;8H:>< ;53:>, 8 C45@60BL 55 2 A2>8E @C:0E >:070;>AL 4;O =53> =5?>A8;L=>9 7040G59. 5425452 . 0: =0G8=0;0AL ?5@5AB@>9:0. .: 740B5;LAB2> @020 G5;>25:0.2006.A.23.  !<. >1 MB>< M?87>45 2 <>59 18>3@0D88 AB0BLN >A?;0= 2 <>59 687=8, 0 B0:65 ?@8;>65=85 : 40==>9 <>=>3@0D88, 2 :>B>@>< O @5H8; >?C1;8:>20BL G5@=>28: AB0BL8, :>B>@0O 1K;0 =0?8A0=0 2 1988 3>4C, 157 :0:8E ;81> 87<5=5=89, GB>1K 4>=5AB8 4> G8B0B5;O 4CE B>3> 2@5<5=8 157 :0:8E-;81> 8A:065=89.  > <=>38E ?C1;8:0F8OOE ?@>A:0;L7K205B 8=D>@<0F8O > B><, GB> .>@10G52 8 ./:>2;52 ?>445@6820;8 45OB5;L=>ABL =0@>4=KE D@>=B>2.   @5A?C1;8:0E =0G0;8 1@0BL 25@E A8;K, 45;0NI85 AB02:C =0 A0<>AB>OB5;L=>ABL, AC25@5=8B5B. 4=0:> 2 687=8 MB> ?@>8AE>48;> =0 D>=5 =0AB@>5=89 ?@>B82 @CAA:>3> F5=B@0. @8 MB>< H8@>:>5 @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 ?>;CG8;0 B>G:0 7@5=8O, GB> 2 ?@54H5AB2CNI85 3>4K O:>1K ?@>8AE>48;0 A2>5>1@07=0O ?5@5:0G:0 87 1>30B59H8E A>N7=KE @5A?C1;8: 2 !$!  <& > C4CG8 2 B> 2@5<O G;5=>< @57845=BA:>3> A>25B0, O @0A?>;030; B0:>9 F8D@>9: ?@8 ?5@5AG5B5 <56@5A?C1;8:0=A:8E ?>AB02>: =0 <8@>2K5 F5=K C !$!  2 1988 3>4C >1@07>20;AO 1K ?>;>68B5;L=K9 10;0=A 2 AC<<5 28,5 <;@4. 8=20;NB=KE @C1;59, 0 C 2A5E 157 8A:;NG5=8O >AB0;L=KE A>N7=KE @5A?C1;8:  >B@8F0B5;L=K9. @8<0:>2 . >4K 2 1>;LH>9 ?>;8B8:5. .: !>25@H5==> A5:@5B=>, 1999, A. 75. "@C4=> >B@5H8BLAO >B <KA;8, GB> A5?0@0B8ABA:>5 42865=85 1K;> E>@>H> A:>>@48=8@>20=>.  2 -AB>=88 0@>4=K< D@>=B><, :0: 8 2 @C788, > G5< ?8A0; .@8<0:>2, 1K;0 >@30=87>20=0 H8@>:><0AHB01=0O :0<?0=8O A >128=5=8O<8 2 04@5A &5=B@0 8 >AA88 > B><, GB> 87 -AB>=88 2K:0G820NBAO @5AC@AK 2 ?>;L7C >AA88. >=:@5B=K5 @0AG5BK, 2K?>;=5==K5 :0=4840B>< M:>=><8G5A:8E =0C: .!>;>2L52K< 2 &- A>2<5AB=> A &!# !!! , ?>:070;8, GB> -AB>=8O O2;O5BAO 4>B0F8>==>9 @5A?C1;8:>9.  0: 25@=> 70<5B8; .8=>2L52, & 2 MB>9 >1AB0=>2:5 C<0<8 8 4CH0<8 ;N459 702;045;8 ?>;8B8G5A:85 020=BN@8ABK, H0@;0B0=K, M:AB@5<8ABK 8 ?@>G85 ;8G=>AB8, 2 =>@<0;L=KE CA;>28OE 70A;C6820NI85 ?@57@5=8O, =0A<5H:8, =0:070=8O 8;8 ;5G5=8O. 8=>2L52 . ><<C=87< :0: @50;L=>ABL. @878A :><<C=87<0. .: &5=B@>?>;83@0D, 1994, A. 418.  ?>4B25@645=85 ?@02>BK .8=>2L520 ?@8254C >4=> 87 2KA:07K20=89 45<>:@0B:8 .>2>42>@A:>9, :>B>@0O A;54CNI8< >1@07>< ?@54AB028;0 ACBL A2>59 ?@>3@0<<K: 07@CH5=85. 5760;>AB=>5 8 =5C<>;8<>5 @07@CH5=85 2A53> ?@56=53> 1KB8O, ?@><KH;5==>AB8, A5;LA:>3> E>7O9AB20, 8=D@0AB@C:BC@K, 1KB0, B@048F89, AB5@5>B8?>2, <>45;59 ?>2545=8O, 4CH, AC451, ?>=OB89 > 4>1@5 8 7;5 <& > K 4>;6=K ?@82K:=CBL : <KA;8 > B><, GB> ;N48 1C4CB AB@5;OBLAO, B>?8BLAO, AE>48BL A C<0 <& > >945< ?@>B82 =0@>40. 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K 1;C6405< 2 E8I=>9 <3;5, 8 >G5=L 206=> =0CG8BLAO AB@5;OBL ?5@2K<8, C1820BL. &8B. ?> :=. .;L8=. 5==0489 N30=>2. @0240 > 2>645. .: ;3>@8B<, 2005, A. 52. .;LF8=, @0AAB@5;820O 2 1993 3>4C ?0@;0<5=B >AA88, @C:>2>4AB2>20;AO 8<5==> B0:>9 725@8=>9 ;>38:>9.  45N >1@07>20=8O 56@538>=0;L=>9 45<>:@0B8G5A:>9 3@C??K () 2K428=C; .>?>2, 0 D>@<0;L=K9 AJ574  A>AB>O;AO 29-30 8N;O 1989 3>40 2 >A:25.  45:01@5 B>3> 65 3>40  ?@8720;0 @01>G8E 8 A;C60I8E : 2A5>1I59 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 7010AB>2:5 A B@51>20=85< 2:;NG8BL 2 ?>25AB:C 4=O B>@>3> AJ5740 =0@>4=KE 45?CB0B>2 >1AC645=85 70:>=>2 > 75<;5, A>1AB25==>AB8 ?@54?@8OB89 8 H5AB>9 AB0BL8 >=AB8BCF88 > 254CI59 @>;8 !! 2 >1I5AB25. 0: ?8H5B .5425452, >= A 1>;LH8< C482;5=85<, 4065 =54>C<5=85< C15640;AO, GB> 8 4;O .>?>20, 8 4;O .!>1G0:0, 8 4;O 8:B>@0 0;L<0, A :>B>@K< O 1K; 7=0:>< 5I5 A 1971 3>40, 0 B0:65 4;O ..!0E0@>20 8 4@C38E 2>?@>A AB>O;, =5 B>;L:> >1 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 8;8 =@02AB25==>9 >??>78F88, =5 > :0:8E-B> ?@54;>65=8OE 8 ?@>3@0<<0E, 0 > 2;0AB8. 5425452 . 0: =0G8=0;0AL ?5@5AB@>9:0. .: 740B5;LAB2> @020 G5;>25:0. 2006.A.351.  5@B . AB>@8O !>25BA:>3> 3>AC40@AB20. .: @>3@5AA-:045<8O. 1995. A.501.  >AA8O. %% 25:. !>25BA:>5 >1I5AB2>: 2>7=8:=>25=85, @0728B85, 8AB>@8G5A:89 D8=0;. ".2. ?>359 8 :@0E AB0;8=87<0. .: >AA89A:89 3>AC40@AB25==K9 3C<0=8B0@=K9 C=825@A8B5B, 1997, A. 606.  &8B. 874., A. 609.  &8B. 874., A. 611.  5=8= . !!. ".25, A.415.  030@;8F:89 . 0@:A87<. 5 @5:><5=4>20=> 4;O >1CG5=8O. .: ;3>@8B<.-!. 2006. A.408.-BC 65 <KA;L 2KA:070; 8 !. >M=, :>B>@K9 2 A2>59 AB0BL5 >?@>A 2>?@>A>2: ?>G5<C =5 AB0;> !>25BA:>3> !>N70? (6C@=0; 5AB=8: 0=0;8B8:8 !4(26) 70 2006 3>4) ?8A0;:  1990 3. D0:B8G5A:8 2A5 A?>@K <564C A>N7=K< ?@028B5;LAB2>< >@10G520 8 @5A?C1;8:0<8, :0A0;8AL 1>@L1K 70 ?5@5@0A?@545;5=85 A>1AB25==>AB8 8 2;0AB8, >A>15==> :>340 @5GL 70E>48;0 > =>2>< A>N7=>< 4>3>2>@5. -B> =>2>5 O2;5=85 1K;> 3;02=>9 4286CI59 A8;>9 <=>38E =0F8>=0;8AB8G5A:8E 8 A5?0@0B8ABA:8E 42865=89, >E20B82H8E AB@0=C 2 1990 33. E G0AB> =07K20NB =0@>4=K<8 8 284OB 2 =8E ?@>O2;5=85 @52>;NF88 A=87C, => =0 A0<>< 45;5 2 1>;LH8=AB25 87 =8E 10; ?@028;0 M;8B0, =><5=:;0BC@=K5 =0F8>=0;8ABK.  /:>2;52 . <CB ?0<OB8. .: 03@8CA, 2000, A. 348, 350.  @8<0:>2 . >4K 2 1>;LH>9 ?>;8B8:5. .: !>25@H5==> A5:@5B=>, 1999, A. 67-68.  '5@=O52 . (5ABL ;5B A >@10G52K<. .: @>3@5AA, C;LBC@0, 1993, A. 488-489.  57028A8<0O 3075B0, 1991, 25.07., 0 B0:65 <=>3>G8A;5==K5 D0:BK, ?@82545==K5 2 :=835 >O 54254520 0: =0G8=0;0AL ?5@5AB@>9:0 .: 740B5;LAB2> @020 G5;>25:0. 2006.  .>;48=, :>B>@K9 5654=52=> 1K; @O4>< A .>@10G52K<, 2 A2>5< 8=B5@2LN, 40==>< .5=L:>28GC, B0: >E0@0:B5@87>20; AB8;L ?>2545=8O .>@10G520: 065 O, =0E>4OAL 21;878 MB>3> G5;>25:0, =5 ?>=8<0;, G53> >= E>G5B. A;8 A53>4=O >= 3>2>@8; > B><, GB> <K ?5@5AB@>8< 8 A45;05< 2>B MB> 8 GB> =04> 84B8 ?> B0:><C-B> ?CB8 =0 >A=>25 @K=>G=>9 M:>=><8:8, B> =0 4@C3>9 45=L >= 3>2>@8; A>25@H5==> 4@C3>5, 8 A>74020;>AL 2?5G0B;5=85: ;81> >= 83@05B, ;81> =5 ?>=8<05B B>3>, GB> 45;05B, ;81> AB0@05BAO >1<0=CBL 2A5E. 5=L:>28G . & 70:@KB, 2A5 CH;8& .: ;<0-@5AA, 1999, A.554.  &8B. 874., A.558.  ;C1>:89 8 <=>3>0A?5:B=K9 0=0;87 @07=>>1@07=59H8E <5B>4>2 <0=8?C;OF88 >1I5AB25==K< A>7=0=85< 2 F5;OE ;8:2840F88 !!!  8 A>F80;8AB8G5A:>3> AB@>O, A>2>:C?=>ABL :>B>@KE !.0@0-C@70 >?@545;8; :0: :@C?=59H55 ?>;8B8G5A:>5 <>H5==8G5AB2>, 40=> 8< 2 :=835 !>25BA:0O F828;870F8O. =B5@5A=K5 A>>1@065=8O > 2;8O=88 GC64>9 845>;>388 A>45@68BAO B0:65 2 :=835 .030@;8F:>3> 0@:A87<. 5 @5:><5=4>20=> 4;O >1CG5=8O.  MB><C <>6=> B>;L:> 4>1028BL, GB> 2AO MB0 8=D>@<0F8>==>-?@>?030=48ABA:0O 2>9=0 1K;0 I54@> ?@>?;0G5=0 $>=4>< !>@>A0, >A45?>< !(, D>=40<8 >BH8;L40, 0:-0CM;0 8 <=>38<8 4@C38<8.  @10B>2 . '5;>25: A8AB5<K. .: 03@8CA. 2002. 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I5 >4=8< A>25BG8:>< .>@10G520, 8<52H8< =0 =53> =5 <5=LH55 2;8O=85, G5< ./:>2;52, 0 <>65B 1KBL, 8 1>;LH55, 1K; .'5@=O52, 2K45@6:8 87 <5<C0@>2 :>B>@>3> O =5>4=>:@0B=> F8B8@CN.  0A:>;L:> ?@5ABC?=> =540;L=>284=K<8 1K;8 ?>ABC?:8 2>6459 1K2H53> !!!  <>6=>, : ?@8<5@C, AC48BL 87 B0:>3> >B:@>25==>3> 2KA:07K20=8O >4=>3> 87 15;>256A:8E 7C1@>2 5>=840 @02GC:0: A;8 1K >= 7=0; 2 1991 3>4C, GB> 2<5AB> 45<>:@0B88 2 AB@0=5 2>7=8:=5B 15A?@545;, B> ;CGH5 >B@C1;8; 1K A515 @C:C ?5@54 ?>4?8A0=85< A>3;0H5=8O 2 5;>256A:>9 ?CI5. @02G5=:> . 5;0@CAL =0 @0A?CBL5, 8;8 @0240 > 5;>256A:>< A>3;0H5=88. .: @5<O.2006. A.198.  /@5<5=:> .. -:>=><8G5A:85 15A54K. .: &5=B@ 8AA;54>20=89 8 AB0B8AB8:8 =0C:8, 1999, A. 27.  &8B. 874., A. 25.  030@;8F:89 . 0@:A87<. 5 @5:><5=4>20=> 4;O 87CG5=8O. .: ;3>@8B<, -:A<>. 2006. A.186,191.  >@10G52 . 5@5AB@>9:0 8 =>2>5 <KH;5=85 4;O =0H59 AB@0=K 8 4;O 2A53> <8@0. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1987, A. 81.  &8B. 874., A. 82.  /@5<5=:> .. -:>=><8G5A:85 15A54K. .: &5=B@ 8AA;54>20=89 8 AB0B8AB8:8 =0C:8, 1999, A. 48.  #3>;>2=K9 <8@  B>@65AB2C5B 2 >AA88 >B A0<>3> =0G0;0 25;8:8E @5D>@<. =8 ?@8H;8 8 : 45=L30<, 8 ?>4G8=8;8 A515 >1I5AB25==CN 845>;>38N. !>;65=8FK= . >AA8O 2 >120;5. .: CAA:89 ?CBL, 1998, A. 103.   =0G0;5 80-E 33. 7>;>B>9 70?0A A>AB02;O; 1300 B>==. ! 1989 ?> 1991 33. 1K;> 87@0AE>4>20=> >:>;> 1000 B>==. 0;NB=K5 @575@2K !!!  A>:@0B8;8AL A 15 <;@4. 4>;;0@>2 2 1985 3. 4> 1 <;@4. 2 1991 3.  @8<0:>2 . >4K 2 1>;LH>9 ?>;8B8:5. .: !>25@H5==> A5:@5B=>, 1999, A. 86.  %;51=8:>2 . @5AB=K9 >B5F @5<;O >@8A 5@57>2A:89, 8;8 AB>@8O @073@01;5=8O >AA88. .: 5B5:B82-@5AA, 2001, A. 53.  0;>2>9 . B !B0;8=0 8 C725;LB0 4> CB8=0 8 CH0. 740B5;LAB2> "5@@0.2007. A.182.  5=L:>28G . & 70:@KB, 2A5 CH;8& .: ;<0-@5AA, 1999, A. 389.   1987-88 3>40E =0H8 ?;0=>2K5 >@30=K 8 ?@028B5;LAB2> K6:>20 2A5 2@5<O >BABC?0;8, D0:B8G5A:8 >B:07K20OAL >B ?@82KG=KE 4;O =0A A?>A>1>2 C?@02;5=8O. -B8 ;N48  O B>G=> <>3C A:070BL, 2 >B=>H5=88 >A?;0=0 >A>15==>  1K;8 A>3;0A=K =5 B>;L:> =0 @K=>:, => 4065 =0 H>:>2CN B5@0?8N. /@5<5=:> .. -:>=><8G5A:85 15A54K. .: &5=B@ 8AA;54>20=89 8 AB0B8AB8:8 =0C:8, 1999, A. 49.  5=L:>28G . & 70:@KB, 2A5 CH;8& .: ;<0-@5AA, 1999, A. 393-394.  & 2=0G0;5 A;54>20;> 70=OBLAO CAB@0=5=85< 8A:065=89 A0<>9 ?;0=>2>9 A8AB5<K. > MB8 8A:065=8O, 45D>@<0F88 2> <=>3>< 1K;8 @57C;LB0B>< AB@C:BC@=KE 48A?@>?>@F89, 0 A0<8 AB@C:BC@=K5 48A?@>?>@F88 O28;8AL @57C;LB0B>< @50;870F88 ACI5AB2>202H59 A8AB5<K ?@8>@8B5B>2.  ?>;CG05BAO, GB> =0G8=0BL =C6=> 1K;> =5 A> AB@C:BC@=>3> C?>@O4>G5=8O M:>=><8:8. 5 AB@C:BC@8@>20=85 8 MDD5:B82=0O AB@C:BC@=0O ?>;8B8:0 <>3;8 1K AB0BL 2>7<>6=K< B>;L:> ?@8 =>2>< @0A?@545;5=88 @5AC@A>2, 0 53> CA;>28O  MB> 45<8;8B0@870F8O M:>=><8:8, ?@>2545=85 4@C3>9 2=5H=59 ?>;8B8:8, A<5=0 845>;>38G5A:8E ?@8>@8B5B>2. 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"578A > 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?>AB@>5=8O A>F80;87<0 2 >4=>9 AB@0=5 1K; >D8F80;L=> >72CG5= 2 <0@B5 1925 3. =0 V @0AH8@5==>< ?;5=C<5 .  "@C4=> =5 A>3;0A8BLAO A A5@L57=K< 8AA;54>20B5;5< A>2@5<5==>9 8AB>@88 =0B>;85< #B:8=K<, :>B>@K9 =5 A2O7K20; ?>O2;5=85 2>AB>G=>-52@>?59A:8E A>F80;8AB8G5A:8E 3>AC40@AB2 A <8D8G5A:8< M:A?0=A8>=87<>< !!! , >15A:@>2;5==K< 2>9=>9. # !!!  =5 1K;> =8:0:8E ?;0=>2 =0=5AB8 C40@ 2 1945-1946 33. ?> 0?04C 8 B5< 1>;55 :>=D;8:B>20BL A !(. .#B:8= ?8H5B: A;8 1K <& > !B0;8= AB@5<8;AO @0A?@>AB@0=8BL A>F80;87< =0 2AN 2@078N, B> >=, :0: <8=8<C<, 3>B>28; 1K A>>B25BAB2CNI85 ?@028B5;LAB20 4;O ?>B5=F80;L=KE :0=4840B>2 >B >@25388 4> "C@F88. 564C B5< 2A5 ?@028B5;LAB20, A :>B>@K<8 >= 2 :>=5G=>< AG5B5 8<5; 45;>, 2K?5AB>2K20;8AL =57028A8<> 8;8 2 A>2A5< 4@C38E <5AB0E. >:070B5;5= ?@8<5@ -420@40 5=5H0. #B:8= . 8@>20O E>;>4=0O 2>9=0. .: -!, ;3>@8B<, 2005, A.15.   1942 3. 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"09=0O ?>4>?;5:0 ?5@5AB@>9:8. .: 0;5O, 1996, A. 71-72. <5@8:0=A:89 8AA;54>20B5;L .>;:> ?8A0;: & 5A;8 >B1@>A8BL @8B>@8:C, C4>1=K5 AAK;:8 =0 =5>1E>48<>ABL >B:@KBKE 425@59 2 <564C=0@>4=>9 M:>=><8:5 >7=0G0;8 0<5@8:0=A:>5 M:>=><8G5A:>5 ?@52>AE>4AB2>, G0AB> <>=>?>;L=K9 :>=B@>;L =04 <=>38<8 87 :@8B8G5A:8 206=KE AK@L52KE <0B5@80;>2, =0 2;045=88 :>B>@K<8 >A=>2K205BAO A>2@5<5==0O ?@><KH;5==0O <>IL <& > !>?5@=8G5AB2> <564C !>548=5==K<8 (B0B0<8 8 @8B0=859 87-70 =5DB8 8 ?> ?>2>4C ?>A;52>5==KE <8@>2KE M:>=><8G5A:8E AB@C:BC@ CA:>@8;> =587156=>5 >A;01;5=85 @8B0=88 2> 2@5<O 2>9=K 8 A>740;> 20:CC< 2 <8@>2>9 <>I8, :>B>@K9 0<5@8:0=FK 1KAB@> 8 A C4>2;5B2>@5=85< 70?>;=O;8 =0 ;86=5< >AB>:5 8 2 0B8=A:>9 <5@8:5 <& > #=8GB>65=85 1@8B0=A:>9 <>I8 2 >3@><=KE @09>=0E <8@0, 2E>645=85 2 MB8 @09>=K <5@8:8 =5A;> A A>1>9 >3@><=CN ?>;8B8G5A:CN 8 3;>10;L=CN >B25BAB25==>ABL, GB> =587156=> 4;O B5E, :B> 65;05B 702;045BL 4>E>40<8 2 <8@>2KE <0AHB010E, 8 MB> =>2>5 1@5<O 1K;> 2 B0:>9 65 AB5?5=8 ?>1>G=K< ?@>4C:B>< 0<5@8:0=A:>3> AB@5<;5=8O : <8@>2>9 M:>=><8G5A:>9 M:A?0=A88, 2 :0:>9 >=> 1K;> >B25B>< =0 ?>4J5< ;52KE A8; ?>2AN4C 8 2 <5=LH59 <5@5 =0 @>AB @CAA:>9 <>I8 <& > <5==> MB>B :@C3 M:>=><8G5A:8E 8 ?>;8B8G5A:8E F5;59, 871@0==KE !>548=5==K<8 (B0B0<8 2 :>=F5 B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K, ?@>B82>?>AB028; 8E !>25BA:><C !>N7C, ?>4J5<C ;52KE A8; 8 @8B0=88 :0: ?0@B=5@C-A>?5@=8:C ?> 70I8B5 <8@>2>3> :0?8B0;87<0. &8B. ?> :=. #B:8=0 . 8@>20O E>;>4=0O 2>9=0. .: -!, ;3>@8B<, 2005, A.143-144. >A;5 ?>154K =04 /?>=859 !( AB0;8 B0:65 >ACI5AB2;OBL :>=B@>;L =04 0@>;8=A:8<8, 0@H0;;>2K<8 8 0@80=A:8<8 >AB@>20<8, 2KAB@0820O 5I5 >48= =>2K9 @54CB <5@8:8.  &8B. ?> :=. @NG:>20 . 8G=>5 45;>. '. 1. .: ;8<?, !", 1996, A. 179. !< B0:65 :=. C42>@40 . @87=0=85 H5D0 @07254:8. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1990.  !<. :=83C C42>@40 . @87=0=85 H5D0 @07254:8. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K. 1990. .;NG=8:>2 2 A2>59 :=835 A;0<87<, !( 8 2@>?0. >9=0 >1JO2;5=0. ..: -!. ;3>@8B<.2003. A. 279. >?8AK205B B0:>9 M?87>4. >;>4>9 G8;85F 2> 2@5<O 2878B0 0CM;;0 2 '8;8 =0?><=8; 5<C, GB> 45<>:@0BK 2A53> <8@0 11 A5=BO1@O 2A?><8=0NB 8 4@C3CN B@03548N: 2>5==K9 ?CBG 11 A5=BO1@O 1973 3& ">340 >B @C: ?8=>G5B>2F52 ?>381;> 30 BKAOG G8;89A:8E ?0B@8>B>2, B.5. 2 10 @07 1>;LH5, G5< 2 0=EMBB5=5 8 5=B03>=5.  MB><C A;54C5B 4>1028BL, GB> A C=8GB>65=85< !0;L204>@0 ;L5=45 @CE=C;8 8 =04564K 52@>:><<C=8AB>2 =0 2>7<>6=>ABL 45<>:@0B8G5A:>3> ?@5>1@07>20=8O :0?8B0;87<0 2 A>F80;87<.  Calleo David. Power and Deficit Spending //In The National Interest.2003.  @8= . 8@ 157 >AA88. .: -! ;3>@8B<, 2002, A. 55. 8 <0@B0 1952 3. 3;02=>:><0=4CNI89 2>>@C65==K<8 A8;0<8 " C09B -975=E0CM@ ?8A0; :>=3@5AA<5=C #>;B5@C 604C: 45AL, 2 2@>?5, <>9 3;02=K9 4>;3 :0: A>;40B0 8 A;C38 2A5E 0<5@8:0=F52 2=5 7028A8<>AB8 >B 8E ?0@B89=>9 ?@8=04;56=>AB8 70:;NG05BAO 2 >E@0=5 8 C:@5?;5=88 0<5@8:0=A:8E :0?8B0;>2;>65=89 2 @09>=5 B;0=B8:8 8 !@54875<=><>@LO. 20=>2 . 5=5@0; 2 5;>< 4><5. !<>;5=A:: CA8G, 2000, A. 219.   1955 3>4C  G5@57 6 ;5B ?>A;5 2>7=8:=>25=8O ", !!!  8 53> A>N7=8:8 A>740;8 2 2@>?5 >@30=870F8N 0=0;>38G=>3> B8?0  0@H02A:89 >3>2>@.  >A;5 @0A?040 !!!  !(, AB02 3535<>=>< 2 <8@5, :0@48=0;L=> 87<5=8;8 8 A2>N 2>5==CN :>=F5?F8N. 0: ?8H5B .6578=A:89 & !>548=5==K5 (B0BK ?@8A2>8;8 A515 ?@02> 845=B8D8F8@>20BL ?@>B82=8:0 8 =0=>A8BL ?5@2K9 C40@, =5 701>BOAL > 4>AB865=88 <564C=0@>4=>3> :>=A5=ACA0 2 >B=>H5=88 A>3;0A>20==>3> >?@545;5=8O C3@>7K. @56=OO 4>:B@8=0 2708<=>3> 30@0=B8@>20==>3> C=8GB>65=8O (8725AB=0O ?>4 011@5280BC@>9 AD  <utual assured destruction) A<5=8;0AL =>2>9 :>=F5?F859 548=>;8G=>3> 30@0=B8@>20==>3> C=8GB>65=8O (solidarity assured destruction  SAD). 6578=A:89 . 8@>2>5 3>A?>4AB2> 8;8 3;>10;L=>5 ;845@AB2>. .:  564C=0@>4=K5 >B=>H5=8O . 2004. 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HYPERLINK http://asiapacific http://asiapacific. narod.ru./countries/vietnam/ war.htm  02>AA:89 D>@C< >1J548=O5B ;845@>2 3;>10;L=>3> 187=5A0, :>B>@K5 2 A>2>:C?=>AB8 :>=B@>;8@CNB 1>;55 70 % <8@>2>9 B>@3>2;8 Jenni Russel. Where the Elite Preens Itself // New Statesmen.-2002-28 Jan.  & @0A?@>AB@0=5==K9 D5=><5=  ?>O2;5=85 O@:> 2K@065==>9 3;>10;L=>9 M;8BK, A 3;>10;8ABA:8<8 273;O40<8 8 B@0=A=0F8>=0;L=>9 ;>O;L=>ABLN. @54AB028B5;8 MB>9 M;8BK A2>1>4=> 3>2>@OB ?> 0=3;89A:8 (>1KG=> 2 0<5@8:0=A:>< 20@80=B5) 8 ?>;L7CNBAO MB8< O7K:>< 4;O 2545=8O 45;; MB0 =>20O 3;>10;L=0O M;8B0 E0@0:B5@87C5BAO 2KA>:>9 <>18;L=>ABLN, :>A<>?>;8B8G5A:8< >1@07>< 687=8; 55 >A=>2=0O ?@82O70==>ABL  <5AB> @01>BK, >1KG=> MB> :0:>9-;81> B@0=A=0F8>=0;L=K9 187=5A 8;8 D8=0=A>20O :>@?>@0F8O. 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".13, A.6-7.  <5==> B0:CN H8@>:CN 8 <=>3>3@0==CN B@0:B>2:C ?>=OB8N ?@>872>4AB25==K5 >B=>H5=8O 405B 8 .(CH0@8=.  !2>5>1@07=K< ?;N@0;8AB8G5A:8< A8=B57>< 0=B@>?>;>38G5A:>3> <0B5@80;87<0 $595@10E0 8 480;5:B8G5A:>3> <5B>40 535;O AB0;0 <0@:A8ABA:0O D8;>A>D8O  B5>@5B8G5A:0O >A=>20 <0@:A87<0, 2:;NG02H53> B0:65 A2>N ?>;8BM:>=><8N 8 CG5=85 > A>F80;87<5 8 :><<C=87<5<& >0@:A8ABA:0O D8;>A>D8O  MB> 459AB28B5;L=> =5 M:;5:B8G5A:89 ?;N@0;87<, 0 A8AB5<=K9, 8 2 MB>< A<KA;5 <>65B ?@5B5=4>20BL =0 B>, GB> 2 D8;>A>D88 >?@545;O;>AL :0: ?;N@0;8AB8G5A:89 <>=87<. !B>;>28G . ;N@0;87< 2 D8;>A>D88 8 D8;>A>D8O ?;N@0;87<0."0;;8==. 2005.153.  5@35@ . 0?8B0;8AB8G5A:0O @52>;NF8O. 50 B578A>2 > ?@>F25B0=88, @025=AB25 8 A2>1>45. .: 740B5;LA:0O 3@C??0 @>3@5AA - #=825@A. 1994. A.6, 15.  ">DD;5@ -., ">DD;5@ %. >9=0 8 0=B82>9=0. .: "@0=78B:=830, 2005, A. 46.  45AL C<5AB=> ?@>F8B8@>20BL .5@35@0. = ?8A0;: @>45;L ?>AB028; ?5@54 A>1>9 3;02=CN 7040GC  2KO28BL B5 AB5?5=8, ?@>94O :>B>@K5 :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:>5 ?@54?@8=8<0B5;LAB2> @0A?@>AB@0=8;>AL =0 M:>=><8:C 2A59 2@>?K.  >= ?>4G5@:8205B, GB> 0@:A>2 B5@<8= A?>A>1 ?@>872>4AB20 04M:20B=> >B@0605B @>AB 2A5>E20BK20NI53> E0@0:B5@0 :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:>3> D5=><5=0. 5@35@ . 0?8B0;8AB8G5A:0O @52>;NF8O. 50 B578A>2 > ?@>F25B0=88, @025=AB25 8 A2>1>45. .: 740B5;LA:0O 3@C??0 @>3@5AA - #=825@A. 1994. A.23. >;55 ?>4@>1=> > 40==>< ?@>872545=88 .5@35@0 A<. 2 <>59 AB0BL5 =B8<0@:A87< .5@35@0.  ">DD;5@ -., ">DD;5@ %. >9=0 8 0=B82>9=0. .: "@0=78B:=830, 2005. A.50.  &8B. 874., A.51.  &8B. 874., A.106.  &8B. 874., A. 46.  ">DD;5@ -. "@5BLO 2>;=0. >A:20.: !". 1999. A.26,31-32.  &8B. 874. A.78.  &8B. 874. A.84.  &8B. 874. A.85.  Drucker P.F. Post-Capitalist Society. N.Y. Hasper-Collins Publishers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cademia, 1999, A. 70-71.  C1=>2 . =B8<0@:A87<. (@8B8:0 B@C4>2>9 B5>@88 AB>8<>AB8 .0@:A0, 8;8  B><, :0: ?@>;5B0@80B M:A?;C0B8@C5B :0?8B0;8AB0). !0=:B-5B5@1C@3, 2000.  &8B. 874., A. 92.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ". 23. A.517.  2B>@K 0=8D5AB0 :><<C=8AB8G5A:>9 ?0@B88, ?@54284O :@8B8:C 2 A2>9 04@5A, ?8A0;8, GB> B5>@5B8G5A:85 ?>;>65=8O :><<C=8AB>2 =8 2 :>59 <5@5 =5 >A=>2K20NBAO =0 845OE, ?@8=F8?0E, 2K4C<0==KE 8;8 >B:@KBKE B5< 8;8 8=K< >1=>28B5;5< <8@0. =8 O2;ONBAO ;8HL >1I8< 2K@065=85< 459AB28B5;L=KE >B=>H5=89 ?@>8AE>4OI59 :;0AA>2>9 1>@L1K, 2K@065=85< A>25@H0NI53>AO =0 =0H8E 3;070E 8AB>@8G5A:>3> 42865=8O. #=8GB>65=85 @0=55 ACI5AB2>202H8E >B=>H5=89 A>1AB25==>AB8 =5 O2;O5BAO G5<-B> ?@8ACI8< 8A:;NG8B5;L=> :><<C=87<C. 0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ".4, A.438.  AB0B8, >A>7=020O <5B>4>;>38G5A:CN 15AA<KA;5==>ABL 8 BC?8:>2>ABL 8458 25G=>AB8 :0?8B0;87<0, <=>385 A>F8>;>38 ?@84C<K20NB @07;8G=>3> @>40 :>=F5?F88 >1 M2>;NF88 :0?8B0;87<0 8;8 > ?@8E>45 O:>1K =>2>3> >1I5AB25==>3> CAB@>9AB20 , => B>;L:> =5 :><<C=87<0.  >8A552 . #=825@AC<. =D>@<0F8O. 1I5AB2>. ;020 15. 5E0=87<K @0F8>=0;L=>3> >1I5AB20. =D>@<0F8>==>5 >1I5AB2>. 1. 07C< 8 <5E0=87<K M2>;NF88. @5420@8B5;L=K5 70<5G0=8O. (=B5@=5B=K9 20@80=B ?C1;8:0F88). 4=0:> 2 A>2@5<5==K9 25: O45@=>3> >@C68O, ?> <=5=8N .>8A5520, C65 ?>;030BLAO =0 AB8E8N ?@>F5AA>2 1>;LH5 =5;L7O 8 G5;>25G5AB2> 4>;6=> 8A?>;L7>20BL A2>9 >A=>2=>9 H0=A  07C<, :>B>@K9 40;0 5<C @8@>40. -B0 <KA;L .>8A5520 ?5@5:;8:05BAO A <>8< 2K2>4>< >1 >A>1>9 @>;8 07C<0 2 M?>EC ?5@5E>40 >B :0?8B0;87<0 2 A>F80;87<C (A<. 3;. 7) 8 =5 ?@>B82>@5G8B <0@:A87<C.  .>8A552 ?@54?>G8B05B 3>2>@8BL =5 > 70:>=0E, 0 > B5=45=F8OE @0728B8O >1I5AB20, ?>;030O, GB> B5@<8= 70:>= ?@8<5=8< 2 5AB5AB25==KE =0C:0E.  0@:A  8 -=35;LA $. 71@0==K5 ?@>872545=8O. B.2. .: 1949. A. 467,468.  0@:A .  :@8B8:5 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 M:>=><88. >A?>;8B8740B, 1953, A. 218.  &8B. 874., A. 8.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ".3, A.60-61.  -=35;LA $. =B8-N@8=3. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1983, A.280.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ". 23, A.659.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ". 23, A.660.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ". 4, A.453.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ". 23, A.659.  5 B>;L:> 2;0ABL 8 ?>G5B, => 8 87@O4=0O 4>70 ;8F5<5@8O. "0:, =0?@8<5@, M284 >:D5;;5@ 2 A2>8E <5<C0@0E ?8A0; > E@8AB80=A:8E 4>1@>45B5;OE 8 F5==>ABOE, :>B>@K<8 @C:>2>4AB2>20;8AL 53> >B5F 8 2A5 8E A5<59AB2>: ;N18 1;86=53> :0: A0<>3> A51O 8 ;CGH5 >B4020BL, G5< ?>;CG0BL. 4=0:> MB8 ?@8=F8?K =5 ?><5H0;8 8< A:>;>B8BL <=>3><8;;80@4=>5 A>AB>O=85. M284 2<5AB5 A> A2>59 AC?@C3>9, :0: 8 <=>385 1>30G8, 8A?KBK205B ?>4;8==CN AB@0ABL : :>;;5:F8>=8@>20=8N ?@>872545=89 8A:CAAB20. 0 MB> >=8 @0AE>4CNB 45AOB:8, 5A;8 =5 A>B=8 <8;;8>=>2 4>;;0@>2. >:D5;;5@, :0: 1K <564C ?@>G8<, A>>1I05B >1 >4=>9 B0:>9 ?>:C?:5: & <K A 5338 2K1@0;8 2>A5<L :0@B8= 8:0AA> 8 425 :0@B8=K @8, >1I0O AB>8<>ABL :>B>@KE A>AB02;O;0 2,1 <;=. 4>;;., 1C4B> @5GL 845B > ?>:C?:5 ?>@F88 <>@>65=>3>. >:D5;;5@ . 0=:8@ 2 %% 25:5. 5<C0@K. .: 564C=0@>4=K5 >B=>H5=8O, 2003, A.459.  -B>B ?@>F5AA ?>4B25@6405BAO B0:65 8AA;54>20=8O<8 .@K;>20 (A<. "5>@8O D>@<0F88 .: 1997).  "0:85 40==K5 ?@82>48B 5>=0@4 . 2 :=835 XXI 25:  25: 2@>?K (740B5;LAB2> %@0=8B5;L .: 2006 A.112), AAK;0OAL =0 AB0BLN .!0@0, :8==0=0 8 46>30 . 0C:A0 2 6C@=0;5 Wall Street Jornal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cademia, 1999, A. 206-207.  -B> 1K; 1C=B >B25@65==KE, 0 =5 0@01>2 8 =5 <CAC;L<0=, 4065 5A;8 ?>A;54=85 A@548 =8E 8 ?@5>1;040;8. 0 ?@545;0<8 ?@>1;5<=KE :20@B0;>2 <CAC;L<0=5 A>E@0=O;8 A?>:>9AB285 <& > >4;8==K5 3;020@8 :20@B0;0  =0@:>B>@3>2FK. =>385 87 MB8E <>;>4KE ;N459 ?;>E> CA?520NB 2 H:>;5 8;8 =5 8<5NB @01>BK. 82CB =0 A>F80;L=CN ?><>IL 8 A@54AB20 >B A2>53> <5;:>3> 187=5A0. E @>48B5;8  2KE>4FK 87 A>F80;L=KE =87>2: 1K;8 @01>G8<8, 68;8 2 154=>AB8, => ?@8=>A8;8 >1I5AB25==CN 8 M:>=><8G5A:CN ?>;L7C.  <>;>456L C65 =5 2:;NG5=0 2 ?@>872>4AB2>. =8 AG8B0NB A2>8E >BF>2-@01>G8E  =5C40G=8:0<8, ?>B><C GB> B5 3>@10B8;8AL @048 =8I5=A:>3> 70@01>B:0. ;82L5 C0. !>25@H5==> A5:@5B=>, ! 12, 2005.  A;8 <K >B 0:F8>=5@=KE >1I5AB2 ?5@5E>48< : B@5AB0<, :>B>@K5 ?>4G8=ONB A515 8 <>=>?>;878@CNB F5;K5 >B@0A;8 ?@><KH;5==>AB8, B> BCB ?@5:@0I05BAO =5 B>;L:> G0AB=>5 ?@>872>4AB2>, => 8 >BACBAB285 ?;0=><5@=>AB8. $.-=35;LA. Neue Zeit. >4 20. ".1, 1901-1902, A.8.  A;8 :@878AK 2KO28;8 =5A?>A>1=>ABL 1C@6C0788 : 40;L=59H5<C C?@02;5=8N A>2@5<5==K<8 ?@>872>48B5;L=K<8 A8;0<8, B> ?5@5E>4 :@C?=KE ?@>872>4AB25==KE ?@54?@8OB89 8 A@54AB2 A>>1I5=8O 2 @C:8 0:F8>=5@=KE >1I5AB2 8 2 3>AC40@AB25==CN A>1AB25==>ABL 4>:07K205B =5=C6=>ABL 1C@6C0788 4;O MB>9 F5;8. A5 >1I5AB25==K5 DC=:F88 :0?8B0;8AB0 2K?>;=ONBAO B5?5@L =05<=K<8 A;C60I8<8. ;O :0?8B0;8AB0 =5 >AB0;>AL 4@C3>9 >1I5AB25==>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, :@><5 703@510=8O 4>E>4>2, AB@86:8 :C?>=>2 8 83@K =0 18@65, 345 @07;8G=K5 :0?8B0;8ABK >B=8<0NB 4@C3 C 4@C30 :0?8B0;K. A;8 @0=LH5 :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:89 A?>A>1 ?@>872>4AB20 2KB5A=O; @01>G8E, B> B5?5@L >= 2KB5A=O5B 8 :0?8B0;8AB>2, ?@0240, ?>:0 5I5 =5 2 ?@><KH;5==CN @575@2=CN 0@<8N, 0 B>;L:> 2 @07@O4 87;8H=53> =0A5;5=8O. -=35;LA $. =B8-N@8=3. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1983, A.281-282.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ".4, A.439.  M;1@59B .. !?@0254;82>5 >1I5AB2>. C<0=8AB8G5A:89 273;O4. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia. 1999, A. 227-228.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ". 23, A.772-773.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ".1, A.7.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ".3, A.33-34.  -=35;LA $. =B8-N@8=3. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1983, A.283.  AB0B8, ?>O2;5=85 2 2@>?5 D0H87<0 (2 B0;88 8 5@<0=88) 1K;> 2K720=> 2 =5<0;>9 <5@5 B0:65 5;8:8< :@878A><, 8 ACBL ?@>3@0<< CAA>;8=8 8 8B;5@0 B0: 65, :0: 8 2 !(, A2>48;0AL : 0:B82=><C 2<5H0B5;LAB2C 3>AC40@AB20 2 45;0 M:>=><8:8.  &8B. ?> :=. ./:>2;52. $@0=:;8= C725;LB  G5;>25: 8 ?>;8B8:. .: 564C=0@>4=K5 >B=>H5=8O, 1965, A. 140.  &8B. 874., A. 159.  &8B. ?> :=. ./:>2;520 $@0=:;8= C725;LB  G5;>25: 8 ?>;8B8:. .: 564C=0@>4=K5 >B=>H5=8O, 1965, A.285. "5>4>@ @0975@, :><<5=B8@CO ?>O2;5=85 A>F80;L=>3> 70:>=>40B5;LAB20 2 !( 2 1930 33., A:070;: 0 MB> O 1;03>40@N 0@:A0 8 @0A=CN >AA8N.  14 023CAB0 1935 3. 2ABC?8; 2 A8;C 70:>= > A>F80;L=>< >15A?5G5=88. 25 8N=O 1938 3. 1K; ?>4?8A0= 70:>= > @53;0<5=B0F88 B@C40, CAB0=02;820NI89 <8=8<0;L=CN 70@01>B=CN ?;0BC 2 25 F5=B>2 2 G0A A ?>2KH5=85< 2 ?>A;54CNI85 A5<L ;5B 4> 40 F5=B>2 8 <0:A8<0;L=CN @01>GCN =545;N 2 44 G0A0 A A>:@0I5=85< 2 ?>A;54CNI85 B@8 3>40 4> 40 G0A>2. ! ?@8=OB85< MB8E 70:>=>40B5;L=KE 0:B>2 2 !( 1K; =0@CH5= 459AB2>202H89 ?@8=F8?: 064K9 701>B8BAO > A515, 0 >1 >AB0;L=KE ?5G5BAO 4LO2>;.  ">B0;L=K9 E0@0:B5@ 2-9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K 1939-45 8<5; A2>8< @57C;LB0B>< H8@>:85 <0AHB01K >3>AC40@AB2;5=8O.  5@<0=88 MB>B ?@>F5AA =0G0;AO 5I5 2 E>45 ?>43>B>2:8 : 2>9=5 A@07C 65 ?>A;5 70E20B0 2;0AB8 D0H87<>< 8 >E20B8; 2A5 >A=. >B@0A;8 E-20.  1943 87 83 3@C?=59H8E 0:F. >1-2 (A :0?8B0;>< 50 <;=. <0@>: 8 1>;55) 35 =0E>48;>AL F5;8:>< 8;8 1>;LH59 G0ABLN 2 3>A. A>1AB25==>AB8. 7 11 <;@4. <0@>: 0:F. :0?8B0;0 MB8E >1-2 3>A-2C ?@8=04;560;> 50%, B.5. 25% 2A53> 0:F. :0?8B0;0 AB@0=K. -:>=><8G5A:0O M=F8:;>?548O. >;8B8G5A:0O M:>=><8O. ".1. ., 1972, A. 327.  !( 3>A.A>1AB25==>ABL =0G0;0 A>74020BLAO ;8HL 2 E>45 ?@028B5;LAB25==KE <5@>?@8OB89 ?> ?@5>4. :@878A0.  3>A. A>1AB25==>AB8 >:070;8AL :@C?=K5 702>4K ?> ?@>87-2C 2>>@C65=8O, B5?;>2K5 8 384@>M;5:B@>AB0=F88, <5B0;;C@38G., E8<8G., ;5A>?8;L=K5, AC4>AB@>8B. 8 4@. ?@54?@8OB8O.  1932-37 3>A. AB@>8B5;LAB2> 2 !( ?@52KH0;> G0AB=>5. "0< 65. > $@0=F88 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O 4>;O 3>AA5:B>@0 A>AB02;O5B >:>;> 48 %.  "MBG5@ . A:CAAB2> C?@02;5=8O 3>AC40@AB2><. !B@0B5388 4;O <5=ONI53>AO <8@0. .: ;L?8=0 01;8H5@, 2003, A.360.  0: A>>1I05B .>8A5520, 70 3>4K ?@02;5=8O ."MBG5@ 4>;O 3>AC40@AB25==>3> A5:B>@0 A>:@0B8;0AL ;8HL =0 =5A:>;L:> ?@>F5=B>2, 0 A ?@8E>4>< ;591>@8AB>2 : 2;0AB8 >=0 A=>20 =0G0;0 @0AB8.  2 MB>< ?@>O2;O5BAO 70:>=><5@=>ABL @0728B8O A>2@5<5==KE D>@< @0728B8O ?@>872>48B5;L=KE A8;. >8A5520 . AB>@8O F828;870F89. >AB>2-=0->=C: $5=8:A, 2000, A.355.  $@84<0= . 0?8B0;87< 8 A2>1>40. .: >2>5 8740B5;LAB2>. 2006. A.52.  &8B. 874. A. 157.  !B>:3>;L<A:89 :>=A5=ACA ?@>B82>AB>8B =5?@>872>48B5;L=K< @0AE>40< 0H8=3B>=A:>3> :>=A5=ACA0: =87:89 C@>25=L A>F80;L=>3> =5@025=AB20 ?>72>;O5B 52@>?59F0< @0AE>4>20BL <5=LH5 A@54AB2 =0 1>@L1C A ?@5ABC?=>ABLN 8 BN@L<K& 5>=0@4 . XXI 25:  25: 2@>?K. .: 8740B5;LAB2> %@0=8B5;L. 2006.A.131.  0@5=B8 . ;0ABL =04 <8@><. .: >:>;5=85.2006. A.123-124  0;>2>9 . B !B0;8=0 8 C725;LB0 4> CB8=0 8 CH0. 740B5;LAB2> "5@@0. 2007. A.326-327.  @C?=59H85 <8=8AB5@AB20 8 254><AB20 ?> A2>8< DC=:F8O<, AB@C:BC@5 8 A>AB02C :04@>2 2 25AL<0 7=0G8B5;L=>9 <5@5 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 <>I=K5 =0CG=>-8AA;54>20B5;LA:85 8 :>=AC;LB0B82=K5 CG@5645=8O, >1A;C6820NI85 ?>4254><AB25==CN AD5@C <& > =0G8B5;L=>5 <5AB> 2 45OB5;L=>AB8 <& > 70=8<05B @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 B5E=>;>38G5A:8E, >@30=870F8>==KE, M:>=><8G5A:8E 8 4@C38E =>2H5AB2 (2 G0AB=>AB8 :>=25@A8>==KE)& 0@F8=:528G ., !>1>;520 . -:>=><8:0 G5;>25:0. .: A?5:B @5AA, 1995, A.61.  & A>F80;87< 5ABL =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: 1;8609H89 H03 2?5@54 >B 3>AC40@AB25==>-:0?8B0;8AB8G5A:>9 <>=>?>;88. ;8 8=0G5: A>F80;87< 5ABL =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: 3>AC40@AB25==>-:0?8B0;8AB8G5A:0O <>=>?>;8O, >1@0I5==0O =0 ?>;L7C 2A53> =0@>40 8 ?>AB>;L:C ?5@5AB02H0O 1KBL :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:>9 <>=>?>;859. 5=8= . !!. 5-5 874. ".34, A. 192.  M;1@59B .. !?@0254;82>5 >1I5AB2>. C<0=8AB8G5A:89 273;O4. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A. 230.  &8B. 874., A. 231.  &8B. 874., A. 231-232.  -=35;LA $. =B8-N@8=3. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1983. A. 275-276. !>2@5<5==K9 A>F80;87< 5ABL =8 GB> 8=>5, :0: >B@065=85 2 <KH;5=88 MB>3> D0:B8G5A:>3> :>=D;8:B0. &8B. 874., A.272.  & MB>B :;0AA A>AB02;O5B 1>;LH8=AB2> 2A5E G;5=>2 >1I5AB20, 8 >B =53> 8AE>48B A>7=0=85 =5>1E>48<>AB8 :>@5==>9 @52>;NF88, :><<C=8AB8G5A:>5 A>7=0=85, :>B>@>5 <>65B, :>=5G=>,  1;03>40@O ?>=8<0=8N ?>;>65=8O MB>3> :;0AA0,  >1@07>2K20BLAO 8 A@548 4@C38E :;0AA>2. 0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ".3, A.69.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ".3, A.38.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ".3, A.69-70.  @>;5B0@80B <>65B ACI5AB2>20BL <& > B>;L:> 2> 2A5<8@=>-8AB>@8G5A:>< A<KA;5, ?>4>1=> B><C, :0: :><<C=87<  53> 45O=85  2>>1I5 2>7<>65= ;8HL :0: 2A5<8@=>-8AB>@8G5A:>5 ACI5AB2>20=85.  40;55: & B45;L=K5 8=48284K >A2>1>640NBAO >B @07;8G=KE =0F8>=0;L=KE 8 <5AB=KE @0<>:, 2ABC?0NB 2 ?@0:B8G5A:CN A2O7L A ?@>872>4AB2>< (B0:65 8 4CE>2=K<) 2A53> <8@0 8 4;O =8E AB0=>28BAO 2>7<>6=K< ?@8>1@5AB8 A?>A>1=>ABL ?>;L7>20BLAO MB8< 2A5AB>@>==8< ?@>872>4AB2>< 2A53> 75<=>3> H0@0 (2A5< B5<, GB> A>740=> ;N4L<8). A5AB>@>==OO 7028A8<>ABL, MB0 AB8E89=> A;>682H0OAO D>@<0 2A5<8@=>-8AB>@8G5A:>9 A>2<5AB=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 8=48284>2, ?@52@0I05BAO 1;03>40@O :><<C=8AB8G5A:>9 @52>;NF88 2 :>=B@>;L 8 A>7=0B5;L=>5 3>A?>4AB2> =04 A8;0<8, :>B>@K5, 1C4CG8 ?>@>645=K 2>7459AB285< ;N459 4@C3 =0 4@C30, 4> A8E ?>@ :070;8AL 8< A>25@H5==> GC64K<8 A8;0<8 8 2 :0G5AB25 B0:>2KE 3>A?>4AB2>20;8 =04 =8<8. 0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ".3, A.34-36.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ".4, A.435.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ".3, A.32-33.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. 7 @0==8E ?@>872545=89 .>A?>;8B8740B. .: 1956. A.570.  (0<10@>2 . >AC40@AB2> 8 @52>;NF88. .: -!-@5AA, ;3>@8B<, 2002, A.72-73.  -=35;LA $. =B8-N@8=3. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 1983, A.269. 1AB>OB5;L=K9 0=0;87 2>77@5=89 CB>?8AB>2 8 @0==8E A>F80;8AB>2 A>45@68BAO 2 @01>B5 $.-=35;LA0 0728B85 A>F80;87<0 >B CB>?88 : =0C:5.  84>C7 >=5;;0, 84>C7 5==8A, 0=45@A . 0 ?@545;0<8 4>?CAB8<>3>: 3;>10;L=0O :0B0AB@>D0 8;8 3;>10;L=>5 1C4CI55. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A. 594.  0@:A  8 -=35;LA $. 7 @0==8E ?@>872545=89. .: >A?>;8B8740B. 1956. A.588.  .0@:A 2 ?8AL<5 : .5945<59@C 5 <0@B0 1852 3>40 ?8A0;: & GB> :0A05BAO <5=O, B> <=5 =5 ?@8=04;568B =8 B0 70A;C30, GB> O >B:@K; ACI5AB2>20=85 :;0AA>2 2 A>2@5<5==>< >1I5AB25, =8 B0, GB> O >B:@K; 8E 1>@L1C <564C A>1>9. C@6C07=K5 ?>;8B8:8 704>;3> 4> <5=O 87;>68;8 8A>@8G5A:>5 @0728B85 MB>9 1>@L1K :;0AA>2, 0 1C@6C07=K5 M:>=><8ABK  M:>=><8G5A:CN 0=0B><8N :;0AA>2. ">, GB> O A45;0; =>2>3>, A>AB>O;> 2 4>:070B5;LAB25 A;54CNI53>: 1) GB> ACI5AB2>20=85 :;0AA>2 A2O70=> ;8HL A >?@545;5==K<8 8AB>@8G5A:8<8 D070<8 @0728B8O ?@>872>4AB20, 2) GB> :;0AA>20O 1>@L10 =5>1E>48<> 2545B : 48:B0BC@5 ?@>;5B0@80B0, 3) GB> MB0 48:B0BC@0 A0<0 A>AB02;O5B ;8HL ?5@5E>4 : C=8GB>65=8N 2AO:8E :;0AA>2 8 : >1I5AB2C 157 :;0AA>2& 0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. 71@0==K5 ?@>872545=8O 2 42CE B><0E. ".II .: 1949. A.433.  5=8= . !!. 5-5 874. ".27.A.308.  5=8= . !!. 5-5 874. ". 25. A.375.  &8B. 874., A.433.  &8B. 874., A. 376.   ?5@2>9 A2>59 D075, =0 ?5@2>9 A2>59 ABC?5=8 :><<C=87< =5 <>65B 5I5 1KBL M:>=><8G5A:8 2?>;=5 7@5;K<, 2?>;=5 A2>1>4=K< >B B@048F89 8;8 A;54>2 :0?8B0;87<0. BAN40 B0:>5 8=B5@5A=>5 O2;5=85, :0: A>E@0=5=85 C7:>3> 3>@87>=B0 1C@6C07=>3> ?@020 <& > C@6C07=>5 ?@02> ?> >B=>H5=8N : @0A?@545;5=8N ?@>4C:B>2 ?>B@51;5=8O ?@54?>;0305B, :>=5G=>, =587156=> 8 1C@6C07=>5 3>AC40@AB2>, 81> ?@02> 5ABL =8GB> 157 0??0@0B0, A?>A>1=>3> ?@8=C640BL : A>1;N45=8N =>@< ?@020. KE>48B, GB> =5 B>;L:> ?@8 :><<C=87<5 >AB05BAO 2 B5G5=85 8725AB=>3> 2@5<5=8 1C@6C07=>5 ?@02>, => 4065 8 1C@6C07=>5 3>AC40@AB2>  157 1C@6C0788. &8B. 874., A. 442-443.  5=8= . !!. 5-5 874. ". 25, A.392.  &8B. 874., A. 445.  &8B. 874., A. 444. 5?@5427OBK9 G8B0B5;L 8<55B 2>7<>6=>ABL A@02=8BL :0@8:0BC@C (0<10@>20 A >@838=0;>< @01>BK .5=8=0 8 C1548BLAO 2 B><, =0A:>;L:> =87:>?@>1=>9 O2;O5BAO ?8A0=8=0 =>2>8A?5G5==KE @>AA89A:8E ;815@0;>2.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. 71@. ?@>872. 2 2-E B. ".2, 1949, A.13.  5=8= . !!. 5-5 874. ". 25, A.437.  &8B. 874., A.439.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. 71@. ?@>872. 2 2-E B. ".2, 1949, A.15.  5=8= . !!. 5-5 874. ". 25, A.434-435.  &8B. 874., A.440.  &8B. 874., A. 441.  & 040G0 70:;NG0;0AL 2 B><, GB>1K, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, >1JOA=8BL =587156=>ABL 2>7=8:=>25=8O :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:>3> A?>A>10 ?@>872>4AB20 2 53> 8AB>@8G5A:>9 A2O78 8 =5>1E>48<>ABL 53> 4;O >?@545;5==>3> 8AB>@8G5A:>3> ?5@8>40, 0 ?>MB><C 8 =587156=>ABL 53> 3815;8, 0 A 4@C3>9  2 B><, GB>1K >1=068BL B0:65 2=CB@5==89, 4> A8E ?>@ =5 @0A:@KBK9 E0@0:B5@ MB>3> A?>A>10 ?@>872>4AB20. -B> 1K;> A45;0=> 1;03>40@O >B:@KB8N ?@8102>G=>9 AB>8<>AB8. 0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. 71@. ?@>872. 2 2-E B. ".2, 1949, A.126.  0@:A  8 -=35;LA $. !>G. 2-5 874. ". 23, A.773.  &8B. 874., A.772.  &8B. 874., A.773.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. 71@. ?@>872.  2-E B. ".2, 1949, A.140.  @8 =082KAH5< =0?@O65=88 D0=B0788 B@C4=> ?@54AB028BL A515 :>=B@0AB, 1>;55 @078B5;L=K9, G5< B>B, :0:>9 ACI5AB2C5B <564C AE5<>9 @01>G53> 3>AC40@AB20 ?> 0@:AC--=35;LAC-5=8=C 8 B5< @50;L=K< 3>AC40@AB2><, :0:>5 =K=5 2>73;02;O5BAO !B0;8=K<. "@>F:89 . @540==0O @52>;NF8O. 'B> B0:>5 !!!  8 :C40 >= 845B? 1936.  HYPERLINK http://www http://www. magister.msk.ru  5 >G5=L ?>=OB=>, ?>G5<C ..M;1@59B =07K205B :><<C=8AB8G5A:CN A8AB5<C @0A?@545;5=8O C@02=8B5;L=>9, ?@8=8<0O 2> 2=8<0=85 2>7<>6=K5 @07;8G8O 2 >1J5<5 8 AB@C:BC@5 ?>B@51=>AB59 ;N459.  M;1@59B .. !?@0254;82>5 >1I5AB2>. C<0=8AB8G5A:89 273;O4. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A. 233.  !8;0 @0AH8@5=8O A@54AB2 ?@>872>4AB20 @07@K205B >:>2K, =0;>65==K5 :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:8< A?>A>1>< ?@>872>4AB20. A2>1>645=85 A@54AB2 ?@>872>4AB20 >B MB8E >:>2 5ABL 548=AB25==>5 ?@5420@8B5;L=>5 CA;>285 15A?@5@K2=>3>, ?>AB>O==> CA:>@ONI53>AO @0728B8O ?@>872>48B5;L=KE A8;, 0 1;03>40@O MB><C  8 ?@0:B8G5A:8 1573@0=8G=>3> @>AB0 A0<>3> ?@>872>4AB20. 0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. 71@. ?@>872. 2-E B. ".2, 1949, A.142.  ">DD;5@ -. 40?B82=0O :>@?>@0F8O. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A.457.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. 7 @0==8E ?@>872545=89. .: >A?>;8B8740B. 1956. A.594.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. 71@. ?@>872. 2 2-E B. ".2, 1949, A.107-108.  0@:A . 8 -=35;LA $. 71@. ?@>872. 2 2-E B. ".2, 1949, A.143.  025@=>5, <5B>4>;>38G5A:8 ?@028;L=55 ?@8<5=OBL : MB8< 8 ?>4>1=K< B5>@8O< B5@<8= :>=F5?F88.  #B@8@CO, <>6=> =0720BL A>2@5<5==>5 >1I5AB2>, =0?@8<5@, 0B><=>9 M@>9, M?>E>9 02B><>18;870F88, M@>9 @0AF25B0 <0AA>2>3> BC@87<0, F828;870F859 =B5@=5B>2A:>3> G5@=>3> ?80@0, >1I5AB2>< 3>A?>4AB20 @5:;0<K 8 B.?.  "@5B89 ?CBL, <>6=> ?@54?>;>68BL, O2;O5BAO :><?@><8AA>< <564C :0?8B0;87<>< 8 A>F80;87<><. "MBG5@ . A:CAAB2> C?@02;5=8O 3>AC40@AB2><. !B@0B538O 4;O <5=ONI53>AO <8@0. .;L?8=0 01;8H8@, 2003, A.458. 8;; ;8=B>= 8 ">=8 ;M@ & 70=8<0;8AL ?>8A:>< B@5BL53> ?CB8, :>B>@K9 ?>72>;O5B 871560BL :@09=>AB59 8 A>F80;87<0, 8 @K=>G=>3> :0?8B0;87<0.  A>60;5=8N, B@5B89 ?CBL ;8H5= ;>38:8 8 OA=>AB8 ?5@2KE 42CE, 0 ?>B><C =8:>340 =5 >B;8G0;AO ?@8BO30B5;L=>ABLN. !>@>A . K;L=K9 ?C7K@L 0<5@8:0=A:>3> ?@52>AE>4AB20. .: ;L?8=0 87=5A C:A, 2004, A. 160.  =>75<F52 . 0 45AOBL ;5B.  :>=F5?F88 ?>ABM:>=><8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20. .: A0demia, 1998, A.71 >4@>1=K9 @071>@ 53> :>=F5?F88 A>45@68BAO 2> 2B>@>9 3;025.  M;1@59B .. !?@0254;82>5 >1I5AB2>. C<0=8AB8G5A:89 273;O4. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A. 234.  "0< 65, A. 235. 6. .M;1@59B ?>4@>1=> >?8AK205B, :0:8< >1@07>< B>?-<5=5465@K CAB0=02;820NB A515 >3@><=K5 60;>20=LO.  Bell D. Notes on the Post-Industrial Society // The Public Interest. 1967. ! 7. . 102. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999.  !0:09O ". !B>8<>ABL, A>740205<0O 7=0=85<, 8;8 AB>@8O 1C4CI53>. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A.348.   2007 3>4C 65=5@0; >B>@7 70=8<0;0 ?5@2>5 <5AB> 2 <8@5 ?> ?@>72>4AB2C 02B><>18;59  A2KH5 6 <;=. HBC:. 025@=>5, =5 >H810OAL, <>6=> A:070BL, GB> :>=F5?F8O "@5BL59 2>;=K @CE=C;0 ?> BO65ABLN ?>4>1=KE 2K2>4>2 8 0@3C<5=B>2, :>B>@K5 ?@>AB> =5 04M:20B=K @50;L=>AB8.  ">DD;5@ -., ">DD;5@ %. >9=0 8 0=B82>9=0. .: "@0=78B:=830, 2005, A.52-53.  &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia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cademia, 1999, A.368.  ">DD;5@ -., ">DD;5@ %. >9=0 8 0=B82>9=0. .: "@0=78B:=830, 2005, A. 98-99.  &8B. 874., A. 99-100.  !0:09O ". !B>8<>ABL, A>740205<0O 7=0=85<, 8;8 AB>@8O 1C4CI53>. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A.351.  &8B. 874., A. 362.  ">DD;5@ -., ">DD;5@ %. >9=0 8 0=B82>9=0. .: "@0=78B:=830, 2005, A. 100.  5;:85 8 A@54=85 D8@<K, 4>;O :>B>@KE 2 A>2@5<5==>9 M:>=><8:5 0?040 A>AB02;O5B 7=0G8B5;L=K9 C45;L=K9 25A ?> 8E G8A;C 2 @538AB@0E ?@54?@8OB89, => =5 >G5=L 1>;LH>9 ?> >1J5<0< ?@>872>48<>9 ?@>4C:F88, =5 ?5@5AB0NB 1KBL :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:8<8 ?@54?@8OB8O<8.  $C:CO<0 $. !>F80;L=K5 4>1@>45B5;8 8 A>7840=85 1;03>A>AB>O=8O. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A.132.  &8B. 874., A. 141.  ">DD;5@ -. 40?B82=0O :>@?>@0F8O. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A.453.  <5@8:0=A:85 A?5F80;8ABK ?> 48709=C ?@>40NB A2>8 7=0=8O B0:8< 3;>10;L=K< AB@C:BC@0<, :0: ;825BB8, 0740, !8<5=A 8 4@C385, 0<5@8:0=A:85 A?5F80;8ABK ?> <0@:5B8=3C ?@>40NB <5B>48:C 2KO2;5=8O B>9 ?@>4C:F88, 70 :>B>@CN <8@>2>9 ?>B@518B5;L 3>B>2 2K;>68BL A2>8 45=L38& . 09E . "@C4 =0F89. >B>2OAL : :0?8B0;87<C XXI 25:0. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A.522.  ">DD;5@ -., ">DD;5@ %. >9=0 8 0=B82>9=0. .: "@0=78B:=830, 2005, A. 102-103.  &8B. 874., A. 103.  &8B. 874., A.104.  &8B. 874., A. 105.  04> >B40BL 4>;6=>5 A>AB028B5;N 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045 .=>75<F52C, :>B>@K9, 4020O >1ICN >F5=:C 2A5< <>45@=8ABA:8< :>=F5?F8O<, A?@0254;82> 70<5B8; 2 ?@548A;>288: & 2 A>2@5<5==KE CA;>28OE 5I5 =5 ?@8H;> 2@5<O 4;O =>2KE >1>1I5=89, B0: :0: A0<8 @072820NI85AO ?@>F5AAK 5I5 =5 7025@H5=K, 0 8E ?CABL 4065 ?>4@>1=>5, => ?>25@E=>AB=>5 >?8A0=85 =5 ?>72>;O5B 4>AB0B>G=> OA=> 2KO28BL ACI5AB25==K5 B5=45=F88 A>F80;L=>3> ?@>3@5AA0. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A.60.  Hansen, American Economy. P.23.  http//gallery.economicus.ru/cgiise/gallery/frame_rightn.pl?tupe=in&links=/in/ hansen_11.txt&img=lectures_small.jpg &name=hansen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http://www.ek-lit.agava.ru/keyn038.htm  http://www.ek-lit.agava.ru/keyn038.htm   HYPERLINK http://www.ek-lit.agava.ru/keyn038.htm http://www.ek-lit.agava.ru/keyn038.htm =0;>38G=K5 <KA;8 2KA:07K20; 8 $. C725;LB: & <5@8:0=FK 4>;6=K =02A5340 ?>:>=G8BL A B>9 :>=F5?F859 ?@8>1@5B5=8O 1>30BAB20, :>B>@0O 2 @57C;LB0B5 G@57<5@=KE ?@81K;59 CAB0=02;8205B =5A>@07<5@=CN ?>;=CN 2;0ABL =04 A>1AB25==K<8 45;0<8 8, : =0H5<C =5AG0ABLN, =04 45;0<8 >1I5AB20. K?>;=OO MBC 7040GC, <K 2>2A5 =5 AB@5<8<AO C=8GB>68BL G5AB>;N185 8;8 @0745;8BL =0H8 1>30BAB20 =0 @02=K5 4>;8. K ?@>4>;605< ?@87=020BL A?>A>1=>ABL >4=8E 70@010BK20BL 1>;LH5, G5< 4@C385. 4=0:> <K CB25@6405<, GB> 65;0=85 8=48284CC<0 8<5BL 4>;6=>5 >15A?5G5=85, 4>AB>9=K9 4>AC3, ?@8;8G=K9 C@>25=L 687=8 A;54C5B ?>AB028BL 2KH5, G5< AB@0ABL : 1>;LH><C 1>30BAB2C 8 1>;LH59 2;0AB8. The Public Papers and Address of Franklin D.Roosevelt. vol. 4; pp. 16-17.  J.K.Galbraith, The Affluent Society, Boston, 1958, @.272. #65 .$>@4 >A>7=0;, GB> CA?5E 45;0 2> <=>3>< 7028A8B >B :0G5AB20 @01>G59 A8;K. = >ACI5AB28; ?;0= 2K?CA:0 A5@B8D8:0B>2 ?> =><8=0;L=>9 F5=5 2 100 4>;;0@>2, :>B>@K5 ?@>4020;8AL 2 @0AA@>G:C @01>G8< 53> :><?0=88. -B8 A5@B8D8:0BK ?@8=>A8;8 8E 2;045;LF0< 4>E>4 2 6%. 4=0:> 2K?;0BK ?> MB8< A5@B8D8:0B0< =5 4>;6=K 1K;8 ?@52KH0BL 14% >B ?@81K;8 :><?0=88. "0:8< >1@07><, @01>G85 C $>@40 AB0=>28;8AL :0: 1K 0:F8>=5@0<8, GB>, 157CA;>2=>, 2 >?@545;5==>9 <5@5 ?@82O7K20;> 8E : :><?0=88, =5 3>2>@O > B><, GB> 70 A5@B8D8:0BK 1K;> 2K@CG5=> 22 <;=. 4>;;0@>2.  A=>2K @K=>G=>3> E>7O9AB20: ?>=OB8O 8 :>=F5?F88. >4 @54. ?@>D. .(N;;5@0 8 ?@>D. %..@NAA5;L15@30. 0@1C@3: 5@<0=8O, #=825@A8B5B $8;;8?A0, 1993, A.105.  &8B. 874., A.107.  &8B. 874., A.86-87.  (CH0@8= . >;8;>38O A>2@5<5==>3> <8@0. .: KA;L, 2005, A.603.  =>75<F52 . 0 45AOBL ;5B.  :>=F5?F88 ?>ABM:>=><8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20. .: Academia, 1998, A.269.  &8B. 874., A.211-212.  AB0B8, B@0:B>2:0 5@35@>< 8450;L=>3> A>F80;87<0 ?@0:B8G5A:8 ?>;=>ABLN A>2?0405B A :0@8:0BC@>9 .8=>2L520 =0 :><<C=87<.  0@F8=:528G ., !>1>;520 . -:>=><8:0 G5;>25:0. .: A?5:B @5AA, 1995, A. 62-63.  &8B. 874., A. 62.  &8B. 874., A. 62.  !<. ?0@03@0D 3.7.2.  <5==> B0:0O E0@0:B5@8AB8:0 02B>@A:>9 :><0=4K 405BAO 2 >D8F80;L=>9 8=D>@<0F88 >  .  > A8E ?>@ 4>:;04K   ?>A2OI0;8AL A;54CNI8< B5<0<: 1990 3.  Concept and Measurment of human development; 1991 3.  Financing Human Development; 1992 3.  Global Dimensions of Human Development; 1993 3.  People`s Participation; 1994 3.  New dimensions of human security; 1995 3.  Gender and human development; 1996 3. Economic growth and human development; 1997 3.  Human Development to Eradicate Poverty; 1998 3.  Consumption for Human Development; 1999 3.  Globalization with a Human Face; 2000 3.  Human rights and human development; 2001 3.  Making new technologies work for and human development; 2002 3.  Deepening democracy in a fragmented world; 2003 3. Millenium Development Goals. A compact among nations to end human poverty; 2004 3.  Cultural Liberty in Today`s Diverse World. C;54C5B >B<5B8BL, GB> 04<8=8AB@0F8O  ?@54C?@56405B > B><, GB> A>45@60I89AO 2 4>:;040E 0=0;87 8 ?>;8B8G5A:85 @5:><5=40F88 =5 >1O70B5;L=> >B@060NB <=5=85 @>3@0<<K @0728B8O @30=870F88 1J548=5==KE 0F89, 55 A?>;=8B5;L=>3> !>25B0 8;8 55 3>AC40@AB2-G;5=>2.  -B0 ?>;8B8G5A:0O 2>;O, :0: 70O28; >4=064K 5=5@0;L=K9 A5:@5B0@L  >DD8 ==0=, ?@>48:B>20=0 GC2AB2>< <>@0;L=>3> 4>;30 8 ?@>A25I5==>3> M3>87<0.  8D > 30@<>=88 <564C 8=B5@5A0<8 ;N459 8 8E M3>8AB8G5A:8< AB@5<;5=85< : ?>;CG5=8N 4>E>40 70 AG5B M:A?;C0B0F88 4@C38E ;N459 1K; @0AA<>B@5= 2> 2-9 3;025 ?5@2>9 G0AB8.  >:;04   70 1999 3>4, A.2.  &8B. 874., A.8.  "0< 65.  "0< 65.  "0< 65.  &8B. 874., A.9.  &8B. 874., A.11.  "0< 65.  htp://www.undp.org/hdr2003/russian/pdf/hdr03_rus_overview.pdf.  >:;04   70 1999 3>4, A.13.  htp://www.undp.org/hdr2003/russian/pdf/hdr03_rus_overview.pdf. @.1.  htp://www.undp.org/hdr2003/russian/pdf/hdr03_rus_overview.pdf.  "0< 65.  "0< 65.  @8<5G0B5;L=>, GB> :;0AA>2K9 ?@87=0: >; !B@8B5= ?>AB028; =0 ?5@2>5 <5AB>, :0: @5H0NI89.  >:;04   70 1999 3>4, A.16.  "0< 65, A.16.   >B;8G85 >B .!B0;8=0, :>B>@><C 1K; B0:65 ?@8ACI 2>;N=B0@87<, .>@10G52 1K; ?>25@E=>AB=K< 8 A0<>=045O==K< =52564>9, =5A<>B@O =0 =0;8G85 48?;><0 >A:>2A:>3> 3>AC=825@A8B5B0. .!B0;8= E>BO 1K 8<5; ?@82KG:C =5B-=5B 40 8 ?@8A;CH820BLAO : <=5=8N 7=0NI8E ;N459, 5A;8 =5 2;045; B5< 8;8 8=K< 2>?@>A><, 0 .>@10G52 25@8; 2 =5?>3@5H8<>ABL A2>8E 7=0=89, ?@5=51@530O A>25B0<8 A?5F80;8AB>2.  !>25BA:89 M=F8:;>?548G5A:89 A;>20@L. .: 1980, A. 1110. ?@545;5=85, A :>B>@K< O A>3;0A5=: >4 8=B5;;5:B>< O ?>4@07C<520N A?>A>1=>ABL <KH;5=8O ?@542845BL A>1KB8O, ?@542845BL ?@5645 2A53> @57C;LB0BK A>1AB25==KE 459AB289, 0=0;878@>20BL 8 >F5=820BL A2>5 A>AB>O=85 8 >:@C60NICN >1AB0=>2:C 8 ?@8=8<0BL @5H5=8O, A>>1@07COAL A> A2>8<8 ?@54AB02;5=8O<8 >1 >:@C60NI5< <8@5. .>8A552. '5;>25: 8 =>>AD5@0. .: >;>40O 320@48O, 1990, A.112.  !<. >;:>2 .., 5G8?C@5=:> ., >?>2 ., !0<K38= !. !>F8>;>38O. >AB>2-=0->=C: $5=8:A, 2000, A. 312. 2B>@K ?@>B82>@5G0B A515, CB25@640O (A. 303), GB> <0AA>2>5 >1I5AB25==>5 A>7=0=85 ACI5AB2C5B, 2 4@C3>< <5AB5 ?8HCB >1@0B=>5, 0 8<5==>, GB> >1I5AB25==>3> A>7=0=8O :0: A0<>AB>OB5;L=>3> >1I5AB25==>3> >1@07>20=8O =5 ACI5AB2C5B; 2 @50;L=>AB8 =01;N405BAO D8;>A>DA:>5, =0CG=>5, =@02AB25==>5, EC4>65AB25==>5, ?@02>2>5, ?>;8B8G5A:>5 A>7=0=85 8=48284>2, 0 =5 >1I5AB20 2>>1I5, B.5. 8450;L=>9 3>;>2K >1I5AB20 =5B (F8B. 874., A. 452). 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A:CAAB2> C?@02;5=8O 3>AC40@AB2><. !B@0B5388 4;O <5=ONI53>AO <8@0. .: ;L?8=0 01;8H5@, 2003, A. 84. ;8 5I5 55 >4=> >B:@>25==>5 8 H>:8@CNI55 2KA:07K20=85: & 040G0 3>AC40@AB25==KE 45OB5;59 :0: 2 A>1AB25==>9 AB@0=5, B0: 8 70 55 @C156>< 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB>1K @01>B0O A G5;>25G5A:>9 =0BC@>9, ?>@>:0<8 8 B.4. ?@>1C640BL 8=AB8=:BK 8 4065 ?@54@0AAC4:8, 87 :>B>@KE <>6=> 872;5GL ?>;L7C. 040G0 ?@5>1@07>20=8O G5;>25G5AB20 8 ?@840=8O 5<C =>2>3> >1@070 =8:>340 =8 ?5@54 :5< =5 AB028;0AL. &8B. 874., A. 314.  .>8A552 A;54CNI8< >1@07>< 8=B5@?@5B8@>20; ACBL CG5=8O 5@=04A:>3> 2 >B=>H5=88 =>>AD5@K: >7=8:=>25=85 @07C<0  5I5 >48= @52>;NF8>==K9 @C156 @0728B8O =0H59 ?;0=5BK, :0G5AB25==> 87<5=82H89 25AL E0@0:B5@ 75<=>9 M2>;NF88. ! ?>O2;5=85< G5;>25:0 8 >1I5AB20 ?@>8AE>48B =>2>5 CA:>@5=85 M2>;NF8>==KE ?@>F5AA>2. !>74020O 1>;55 A>25@H5==K5 B5E=>;>388, G5;>25: 2>2;5:05B 2 A2>N 687=545OB5;L=>ABL 2A5 =>2K5 8 =>2K5 @5AC@AK ?;0=5BK 8 >4=>2@5<5==> 872;5:05B 87 :@C3>2>@>B0 E8<8G5A:8E M;5<5=B>2 2 ?@8@>45 2A5 1>;LH55 8 1>;LH55 :>;8G5AB2> 25I5AB20. "0:8< >1@07><, =K=5 G5;>25: AB0=>28BAO 35>;>3>>1@07CNI59 A8;>9 5<;8, <>I=K< D0:B>@>< 40;L=59H53> @0728B8O ?;0=5BK. >A:>;L:C 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L G5;>25G5AB2> >?@545;O5B 40;L=59H89 E>4 @0728B8O 18>AD5@K, ?>A:>;L:C >=> A0<> O2;O5BAO 55 G0ABLN 8 2=5 55 (2> 2AO:>< A;CG05 ?@8 =K=5H=5< C@>2=5 B5E=8:8 8 B5E=>;>388) ACI5AB2>20BL =5 <>65B, >=> A =5>1E>48<>ABLN 4>;6=> ?@8=OBL =0 A51O >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 ?>A;54CNICN M2>;NF8N 18>AD5@K. C4CI=>ABL F828;870F88 2> <=>3>< 7028A8B >B =0H59 A?>A>1=>AB8 ?@52@0B8BL 18>AD5@C 2 AD5@C 07C<0, B> 5ABL =>>AD5@C. >8A552 . ><<C=8AB, !2, 1998, A.74. "5@<8= =>>AD5@0, ?>-2848<><C, 2>7=8: =0 A5<8=0@5 5@3A>=0, ?@>E>482H5< 2 1924 3. 2 0@865, 2 E>45 >1AC645=8O 4>:;040 .5@=04A:>3>. -B>B B5@<8= ?@54;>68; D@0=FC7A:89 8AA;54>20B5;L -.5 C0. . >8A552 405B A;54CNI55 >?@545;5=85 ?>=OB8O =>>AD5@0: & B>B MB0? M2>;NF8>==>3> ?@>F5AA0, 5AB5AB25==>3> :>A<8G5A:>3> B5;0, 8<5=C5<>3> 5<;59, =0 :>B>@>< 2 53> E>4 =0G8=05B 0:B82=>, F5;5=0?@02;5==> 2 8=B5@5A0E @0728B8O G5;>25G5AB20, 2<5H820BLAO 8=B5;;5:B, <K 8 1C45< =07K20BL M?>E>9 =>>AD5@K. .>8A552. '5;>25: 8 =>>AD5@0. .: >;>40O 320@48O, 1990, A.155.  C<8;52 . B:@KB85 %070@88. .: 9@8A @5AA. >;LD, 2001, A.368-369.  !<. ?0@03@0D 3.7.7.  >8A552 . &8B. 874., A. 75. @8254C A;>20 5I5 >4=>3> <KA;8B5;O: !>7=0B5;L=0O M2>;NF8O  MB> ?5@2K9 H03 : A0<>A>E@0=5=8N. > =5>1E>48< 8 2B>@>9 H03. A;8 =0< AC645=> 2K68BL, <K 4>;6=K ?5@59B8 : C?@02;O5<>9 M2>;NF88. CCA8 . -B>B G5;>25G5A:89 <8@. .: @>3@5AA. 1988. A.250.  18;L=>5 G8A;> ?@8<5@>2 B><C ?@82545=> 2 <=>3>G8A;5==KE ?@>872545=8OE -.">DD;5@0, >A>15==> 2 :=835 5B0<>@D>7K 2;0AB8. =0=85, 1>30BAB2> 8 A8;0 =0 ?>@>35 XXI 25:0. .: !". 2004.  >8A552 . #=825@AC<. =D>@<0F8O. 1I5AB2>. ;020 15. 5E0=87<K @0F8>=0;L=>3> >1I5AB20. =D>@<0F8>==>5 >1I5AB2>. 1. 07C< 8 <5E0=87<K M2>;NF88. @5420@8B5;L=K5 70<5G0=8O. (=B5@=5B=K9 20@80=B ?C1;8:0F88).  "0< 65.  >8A552 . ><<C=8AB, 1988, ! 2, A.80 .!5<L ;5B A?CABO .>8A552 :@8B8G5A:8 >B7K20;AO > B5@<8=5 sustainability, =07K20O 53> 8;;N7859, >?0A=59H58< 701;C645=85< A>2@5<5==>AB8. (A<. 53> AB0BLN 2 6C@=0;5 >?@>AK D8;>A>D88 ! 1 70 1995 3. A. 3-30) "0:CN 65AB:CN >F5=:C MB>B B5@<8=, 22545==K9 2 >1>@>B 2 1992 3>4C =0 A5<8@=>9 M:>;>38G5A:>9 :>=D5@5=F88 2 8> 45 0=59@>, .>8A552 40; 2 A8;C B>3>, GB> ?@>3@0<<0 B.=. CAB>9G82>3> @0728B8O (?5@52>4 B5@<8=0 =0 @CAA:89 O7K:) =5 04M:20B=0 B>9 A8BC0F88, :>B>@0O C65 A;>68;0AL 2> 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE G5;>25G5AB20 8 18>AD5@K. @>3@0<<0, =0<5G5==0O 2 8> 45 0=59@>, 2AO:85 157>BE>4=K5 B5E=>;>388, =>2K5 <5B>4K ?5@5@01>B:8 >BE>4>2, >G8AB:0 @5: 8 B.?. <5@K, ?> <=5=8N .>8A5520, =5 2 A>AB>O=88 ?@54>B2@0B8BL =07@520NICN M:>;>38G5A:CN :0B0AB@>DC, >=8 ;8HL >B>428305B 55 =0 :0:>9-B> ?@><56CB>: 2@5<5=8, 2 ;CGH5< A;CG05 40NB B09<-0CB 4;O >BKA:0=8O 1>;55 :0@48=0;L=KE @5H5=89.  40<G8: . 50 25@A89 3815;8 G5;>25G5AB20. 8=A:. %0@25AB. 2006. A. 151.  >8A552 . ><<C=8AB, 1988, ! 2, A.76. ;0=5B0@=K9 :;8<0B >?8AK205BAO A8AB5<>9 A;>6=KE =5;8=59=KE 48DD5@5=F80;L=KE C@02=5=89 A >3@><=K< G8A;>< >1@0B=KE A2O759, 0 2AO:0O B0:0O A8AB5<0, :0: MB> 8725AB=> 87 B5>@88 :0B0AB@>D, 8<55B >A>1K5 A>AB>O=8O,& :>B>@K5 =07K20NBAO B>G:0<8 18DC@:0F88. @8 MB>< ?5@5E>4 87 >4=>3> :2078-CAB>9G82>3> A>AB>O=8O, =0?@8<5@, 5<=>3> B8?0 A B5<?5@0BC@>9 15 3@04CA>2 &5;LA8O, 2 4@C3>5  A>AB>O=85 5=5@K A B5<?5@0BC@>9 250-300 3@04CA>2  ?@>8AE>48B, :0: ?@028;>, A:0G:>>1@07=> G5@57 ?@><56CB>G=CN B>G:C 18DC@:0F88 =5>1@0B8<K< >1@07><. >@4>= . A5 480;>38. @54;>3 .: 2006. A.659.  C@;0F:89 $. >2>5 <KH;5=85. ., 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BCF@K. 1989. A. 35.  >8A552 . !C4L10 F828;870F88. CBL 07C<0 http://www.leland-stanford.ru./IDL/102/lectures/Readings/L4R3.htm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cademia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ihkel Martna fond. Rosa Luxemburgi Fondi kaasabil. Tallinn. 2007. A.47. !<. B0:65 <>8 AB0BL8 @02AB25==>ABL 8 A>F80;L=0O @52>;NF8O, >B@51=>AB8 8 <>@0;L.   B0:><C 65 2K2>4C ?@8H5; 8 .>8A552, :>B>@K9 ?8A0;: & / <>3C A:070BL 4065 1>;55 >?@545;5==>: AB018;L=>ABL @0728B8O >1I5AB20, 53> ?5@A?5:B82K 2 3;02=>< 1C4CB >?@545;OBLAO B5<, =0A:>;L:> '5;>25: A<>65B >:070BLAO A?>A>1=K< 2=54@8BL 2 A2>5 A>7=0=85 8 ?>2545=85 >A=>2=K5 ?@8=F8?K =@02AB25==>AB8. >8A552 . '5;>25: 8 =>>AD5@0. .: >;>40O 320@48O, 1990, A.332-333. 1>A=>2K20O MB>B ?@8=F8?80;L=K9 2K2>4, .>8A552 >B<5G0; & =5A>>B25BAB285 15A?@545;L=> @0ABCI8E <0B5@80;L=KE ?>B@51=>AB59 G5;>25:0 8 >3@0=8G5==KE @5AC@A>2 >A:C4520NI59 ?;0=5BK 8 >BACBAB285 ?@54AB02;5=8O >1 >B25BAB25==>AB8 :064>9 ;8G=>AB8 70 AC4L1C ?;0=5B0@=>3> A>>1I5AB20. >8A552 . !C4L10 F828;870F88. CBL 07C<0. 3.>2K9 3;>10;L=K9 :@878A. http://www.leland-stanford.ru./IDL/102/lectures/Readings/L4R3.htm .>8A552 ?>4G5@:820;, GB> A0<>>3@0=8G5=8O 4>;6=K 1KBL 65AB>G09H8<8 8 >15A?5G820BLAO :>;;5:B82=>9 48AF8?;8=>9, >B25BAB25==>ABLN :064>3> 70 2A5 ?@>8AE>4OI55 =0 5<;5.  C@=>5 @0728B85 =0C:8 8 B5E=8:8 2 XIX 25:5 2A5;O;> 2 C<K <KA;8B5;59 1573@0=8G=K9 >?B8<87<. "0:, .@>?>B:8= ?8A0;:  A>2@5<5==>< G5;>25G5AB25 @0728;AO 2<5AB5 A B5< 45@7:8 A<5;K9 4CE 87>1@5B0B5;L=>AB8, 2K720==K9 : 687=8 =5402=8<8 CA?5E0<8 =0C:; 8 1KAB@> ?>A;54>202H85 4@C3 70 4@C3>< 87>1@5B5=8O =0AB>;L:> C25;8G8;8 ?@>872>48B5;L=CN A?>A>1=>ABL G5;>25G5A:>3> B@C40, GB> 4;O A>2@5<5==KE >1@07>20==KE =0@>4>2 AB0;> =0:>=5F 2>7<>6=> 4>AB865=85 B0:>3> 2A5>1I53> 1;03>A>AB>O=8O, > :>B>@>< =5;L7O 1K;> <5GB0BL =8 2 4@52=>AB8, =8 2 A@548=5 25:0, =8 2 ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=5 XIX 25:0. ?5@2K5 G5;>25G5AB2> <>65B A:070BL, GB> 53> A?>A>1=>ABL C4>2;5B2>@8BL 2A5 A2>8 ?>B@51=>AB8 ?@527>H;0 ?>B@51=>AB8& 8 G5;>25G5AB2> <>65B =0:>=5F ?5@5AB@>8BL 2AN A2>N >1I5AB25==CN 687=L =0 =0G0;0E A?@0254;82>AB8. @>?>B:8= . -B8:0. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K. 1991. A.23.  "5>@5B8G5A:8< >1>A=>20=85< M3>87<0 A;C68B B.=. :>=F5?F8O M:>=><8G5A:>3> G5;>25:0 .!<8B0, :>B>@K9 ?8A0;: = A:>@55 4>AB83=5B A2>59 F5;8, 5A;8 >1@0B8BAO : 8E M3>87<C 8 AC<55B ?>:070BL 8< , GB> 2 8E A>1AB25==KE 8=B5@5A0E A45;0BL 4;O =53> B>, GB> >= B@51C5B >B =8E <& > 5 >B 1;03>65;0B5;L=>AB8 <OA=8:0, ?82>20@0 8;8 1C;>G=8:0 >68405< <K ?>;CG8BL A2>9 >154, 0 >B A>1;N45=8O 8<8 A2>8E A>1AB25==KE 8=B5@5A>2. K >1@0I05<AO =5 : 8E 3C<0==>AB8, 0 : 8E M3>87<C& =B>;>38O M:>=><8G5A:>9 :;0AA8:8. .: ".1, A. 91. .875A =07K20; MBC :>=F5?F8N 01AC@4=>9; >= AG8B0;, GB> ACI5AB2C5B >3@><=>5 @07;8G85 <564C @50;L=K< G5;>25:>< 8 B.=. M:>=><8G5A:8< G5;>25:><. >4@>1=55 >1 MB>< A<. 2 3;. 2 8 6.  ;5ABOI89 0=0;87 ?@>B82>@5G89 ?@>1;5<K C4>2;5B2>@5=8O ?>B@51=>AB59 2 :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:>< >1I5AB25 40= .0@:A>< 5I5 2 1844 3>4C (A<. 0@:A  8 -=35;LA $. 7 @0==8E ?@>872545=89. >A?>;8B8740B. .: 1956. A. 600-605).  8=>2L52 . ><<C=87< :0: @50;L=>ABL. @878A :><<C=87<0. .: &5=B@>?>;83@0D, 1994, A. 67.  & >1J5:B82=K5 F5==>AB8, ?>=OB8O 4>1@0 8 7;0  2A5< =0< 8725AB=K5 25G=K5 8AB8=K O2;ONBAO, :0: ?@028;>, ?>@>645=8O<8 548=>3> ?@>F5AA0 A0<>>@30=870F88, E0@0:B5@87CO B5 D>@<K >1I5AB25==>9 687=8 ?>?C;OF89 Homo Sapiens, :>B>@K5 ?><>3;8 59 2K68BL 8 ?@52@0B8BLAO 2 25@H8B5;O AC451 5A;8 8 =5 2A59 5<;8, B> 18>AD5@K, 2> 2AO:>< A;CG05. >8A552 . '5;>25: 8 =>>AD5@0. .: >;>40O 320@48O, 1990, A.127.  8=>2L52 . ><<C=87< :0: @50;L=>ABL. @878A :><<C=87<0. .: &5=B@>?>;83@0D, 1994, A. 137.  "0< 65.  '5;>25:  >B=N4L =5 A>740=85 ?> >1@07C 8 ?>4>18N >6L5<C, 2 =5<, 0 7=0G8B, 2 =0A A0<8E =5<0;> <5@7>AB8. -B> 8 03@5AA82=>ABL, C=0A;54>20==0O >B 40;5:8E ?@54:>2, :>B>@CN =5 CA?5;0 2KG8AB8BL 18>;>38G5A:0O M2>;NF8O, 8 B@CA;82>ABL, 8 0;G=>ABL, 8 25@>;><AB2>, 8 AB@0ABL : ABO60B5;LAB2C, 8 ;682>ABL, 8 <=>3>5 4@C3>5. >4G0A AB0=>28BAO AB@0H=>, :>340 >A>7=05HL, GB> 8<5==> 4;O ACI5AB2, >1@5<5=5==KE MB8<8 ?>@>:0<8, <K AB@>8< A>F80;87<, 4C<05< >1 8E 1C4CI=>AB8, BI8<AO 8E @C:0<8 A45;0BL GB>-B> E>@>H55, 225AB8 8E 2 M?>EC =>>AD5@K.  B5< =5 <5=55 <& > ;N1>9 G5;>25:  70A;C68205B ;N128 8 G5;>25G5A:>3> >B=>H5=8O. >8A552 . '5;>25: 8 =>>AD5@0. .: >;>40O 320@48O, 1990, A.261.  @>872>4AB2> 7=0=89 2 3>AC40@AB25==KE <0AHB010E A>AB028B 3;02=>5 >B;8G85 3C<0=8AB8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20 >B A>2@5<5==KE >1I5AB2 70?04=>3> 8 ?>ABA>F80;8AB8G5A:>3> B>;:0. >;:>2 .., 5G5?C@5=:> ., >?>2 ., !0<K38= !. !>F8>;>38O. >AB>2-=0->=C: $5=8:A, 2000, A.461.  KA>:85 =@02AB25==K5 =>@<K 1K;8 AD>@<C;8@>20=K G5;>25G5AB2>< BKAOG5;5B8O =0704, =0?@8<5@, 8725AB=K5 70?>2548 :>=DCF80=AB20, => >=8 =5 AB0;8 >?@545;ONI8<8 4;O 687=8 ;N459 2 >1I5AB25. 80;5:B8G5A:89 <0B5@80;87< >1JOA=O5B MB> B5<, GB> 4> A8E ?>@ =0 AB0488 ?@54KAB>@88 G5;>25G5AB20 3>A?>4AB2>20;8 0=B03>=8AB8G5A:85 D>@<K >@30=870F88 >1I5AB25==>9 687=8. ! A>740=85< 87>18;8O <0B5@80;L=KE F5==>AB59, A>3;0A=> <0@:A8ABA:><C CG5=8N, A8AB5<0 =@02AB25==>AB8 1C45B ?5@5AB@0820BLAO, 8 2KA>:85 =>@<K :><<C=8AB8G5A:>9 <>@0;8 4>;6=K AB0BL ?@5>1;040NI8<8 2 ?>2545=88 ;N459.  5@35@ . 0?8B0;8AB8G5A:0O @52>;NF8O. .: 1994, A. 142.  >;:>2 .., 5G5?C@5=:> ., >?>2 ., !0<K38= !. !>F8>;>38O. >AB>2-=0->=C: $5=8:A, 2000, A.457-458.  59AB28B5;L=>, =C6=> 2AOG5A:8 ?>445@6820BL ?@>?030=48ABA:85 :0<?0=88 ?> 2>A?8B0=8N :C;LBC@K ?>B@51;5=8O. 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(!0=:B-5B5@1C@3. %-5B5@1C@3. 2007), 0 B0:65 =0 A09B5 htth://worldcrisis.ru/   HYPERLINK http://asiapacific.narod.ru/countries/ http://asiapacific.narod.ru/countries/ china/vizov_pekina_otvet vashingtona/htm  http:// worldcrisis.ru/crisis/ 192044  http://www.ckp.ru/biblio/f/hist_ends.htm   HYPERLINK http://asiapacific.narod.ru/countries/ http://asiapacific.narod.ru/countries/ china/ speech_ 01_07_01. htm  "0< 65. 8B09, 8<5O 7 % <8@>2KE ?0E>B=KE 75<5;L, >15A?5G8205B ?@>4>2>;LAB285< 22 % =0A5;5=8O ?;0=5BK.  "0< 65.  45AL C<5AB=> 2=>2L >1@0B8BLAO : 3;02=><C 845>;>3C :8B09A:>9 A>F80;8AB8G5A:>9 <>45@=870F88 M= !O>?8=C, :>B>@K9 2 1984 3>4C 3>2>@8;: 'B> B0:>5 A>F80;87<? 0AG5B MB>3> C =0A @0=LH5 1K;> =5 A>2A5< OA=>5 ?@54AB02;5=85. 0@:A87< ?@8405B =081>;LH55 7=0G5=85 @0728B8N ?@>872>48B5;L=KE A8;& @58<CI5AB20 A>F80;8AB8G5A:>3> AB@>O 2K@060NBAO :0: @07 2 B><, GB> ?@>872>48B5;L=K5 A8;K ?@8 =5< @072820NBAO 1>;55 1KAB@K<8 B5<?0<8 , 1>;55 2KA>:8<8, G5< ?@8 :0?8B0;87<5. 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HYPERLINK http://www.nr2.ru/moskow/145838.html http://www.nr2.ru/moskow/145838.html =8A8<>2 .  2 C65 C?><O=CB>9 AB0BL5 AG8B05B, GB> ?@85< :0?8B0;8AB>2 2 ?0@B8N >1JOA=O5BAO @5H5=85< ?>AB028BL 8E ?>4 :>=B@>;L,  =0F8>=0;878@>20BL =5 702>4K, 0 :0?8B0;8AB>2 .  %0@0:B5@87CO =M? .>8A552 ?8A0;: @><KH;5==>ABL 2 B5 3>4K E0@0:B5@87>20;0AL <=>3>C:;04=>ABLN, :0: A59G0A 2 8B05. A=>2=>9 ?@><KH;5==K9 ?>B5=F80;  MB> 3>AC40@AB25==K5 ?@54?@8OB8O, >1J548=5==K5 2 :@C?=K5 A0<>AB>OB5;L=K5 A8=48:0BK 8 B@5ABK, 40;55, 1K;> 4>2>;L=> <=>3> ?@54?@8OB89 :>>?5@0B82=>3> B8?0, 1K;8 8 =51>;LH85 G0AB=K5 ?@54?@8OB8O, ACI5AB2>20;8, 8 =5 157 CA?5E0, ?@54?@8OB8O ?@8=04;560I85 8=>AB@0==><C :0?8B0;C,  MB> :>=F5AA88, >4=0 87 :>B>@KE ?@8=04;560;0 0<5@8:0=A:><C <8;;80@45@C @<0=4C %0<<5@C. >8A552 . 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"0: 65, :0: =0720=85 C;8FK 8 =><5@ 4><0 G0I5 2A53> 8=B5@5ACNB ;8HL <5AB=KE 68B5;59 8 B5E, :B> 8E =025I05B. 0725 =0A 8=B5@5AC5B, A:>;L:8<8 BKAOG0<8 8 :0:8E 8745;89 =0G8=5=K E>;>48;L=8:8, B5;5287>@K 8 02B><>18;8? 8A:>;L:>! ;O =0A 206=K 8E :0G5AB2>, A@>: A;C61K 8 & F5=0. 0;>2>9 . B !B0;8=0 8 C725;LB0 4> CB8=0 8 CH0. 740B5;LAB2> "5@@0. 2007. A.182-183.  >8A552 . '5;>25: 8 =>>AD5@0. .: >;>40O 320@48O, 1990, A. 323.  &8B. 874., A.325.  8445=A -. >A;54AB28O <>45@=8B8. &8B. ?> 0=B>;>388 >20O ?>AB8=4CAB@80;L=0O 2>;=0 =0 0?045. >4 @54. ..=>75<F520. .: Academia, 1999, A. 114-115.  >20: . CE 45<>:@0B8G5A:>3> :0?8B0;87<0. 8=A:: 1997, A.34.  !>@>A . B:@KB>5 >1I5AB2>. 5D>@<8@CO 3;>10;L=K9 :0?8B0;87<. .: 2001, A. 204, 207.  &8B. 874., A.210.  !>;65=8FK= . >AA8O 2 >120;5. .: CAA:89 ?CBL, 1998, A. 48-49.  >20: . CE 45<>:@0B8G5A:>3> :0?8B0;87<0. 8=A:: 1997, A. 190.  &8B. 874., A.191.  ">DD;5@ -. "@5BLO 2>;=0. >A:20.: !". 1999. 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CBL 07C<0 http://www.leland-stanford.ru./IDL/102/lectures/Readings/L4R3.htm  Fatima Mernissi, Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World (Reading_ MA: Addison-Wesley). 1992.  %0=B8=3B>= !. !B>;:=>25=85 F828;870F89. .: !", 2003, A.531-532.  !8BC0F8O 2 :>=F5 %% 25:0 >A;>6=O5BAO B5<, GB> 4;O 40;L=59H53> @0728B8O ?@>872>4AB20 <& > B@51C5BAO 5I5 1>;55 3;C1>:0O A?5F80;870F8O, 1>;55 H8@>:85, G5< A53>4=O, 8=D>@<0B870F8O, ?@>=8:=>25=85 B5E=8G5A:8E A@54AB2 2 A0<K5 8=B8<=K5 AB>@>=K G5;>25G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 2>>1I5 8 ?@>872>4AB20, ?>B@51;5=8O 2 >A>15==>AB8. "0:0O B5=45=F8O >?0A=0 ?@5645 2A53> B5<, GB> A?5F80;870F8O ?;>E> A>2<5AB8<0 A =5>1E>48<>ABLN F5;L=>3> 2>A?@8OB8O <8@0 :C;LBC@K.  ?>4>1=>9 0B<>AD5@5 G5;>25:0 D>@<8@C5B =5 459AB28B5;L=>ABL 2> 2A59 55 ?>;=>B5 8 @07=>>1@0788, =5 >1I5=85 A ?@8@>4>9, 0 2> <=>3>< A@54AB20 <0AA>2>9 8=D>@<0F88 (!) 8 <0AA>20O :C;LBC@0. '5;>25: AB0=>28BAO 2A5 1>;55 C?@02;O5<K< 8 4065 <0=8?C;8@C5<K<. >8A5520 . 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