ࡱ>  acVWXYZ[\]^_`5@bjbj22> XX^(((((((<lP<f#f eeeeeee$sgRiPfE({#{{f((IfZZZ{~((eZ{eZZZrcT((ld > /&,de_f0f:d2jVBjld<<((((ld6j(e<50e"Z555ff<<I NIZ << N..>AA:89  5@52>4 A D@0=FC7A:>3> .. 5I8:>2>9  :=.: ..>AA:89. >3>2845=85. A.311-452 .: 740B5;LAB2> !", 2003 Golden-ship, 2008  !>45@60=85 @548A;>285 @540=85 >BF>2 8 AE>;0AB8:0 >3>2845=85 2 181;59A:>< >1@075 <KA;8 8 1>3><KA;88 >BF>2 ?5@2KE 25:>2 ;5:A0=4@8O 0??>48:89FK >3>A;>2K A8@89A:>-?0;5AB8=A:>9 H:>;K 8 A2OB>9 8@8;; ;5:A0=4@89A:89 845=85 >30 2 0A:5B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 !2OB>9 8>=8A89 @5>?038B 8 A2OB>9 0:A8< A?>254=8: 845=85 >30 2 2870=B89A:>< 1>3>A;>288 0;0<8BA:89 A8=B57 @548A;>285 !@548 ?@02>A;02=KE 1>3>A;>2>2 =0H53> ?>:>;5=8O ;048<8@ >AA:89 1K; >4=8< 87 B5E, :B> AB@5<8;AO ?>:070BL 0?04C, GB> @02>A;0285  =5 8AB>@8G5A:0O D>@<0 2>AB>G=>3> E@8AB80=AB20, 0 =5?@5E>4OI0O 8 :0D>;8G5A:0O 8AB8=0. !2845B5;LAB2>20BL >1 MB>< 8 1K;> >A=>2=>9 701>B>9 53> 687=8, 8 MB> 65 A2845B5;LAB2> ?>1C48;> 53> @01>B0BL 2 42CE =0?@02;5=8OE, :>B>@K5  :0: >= <KA;8;  4@C3 4@C30 4>?>;=ONB: 2870=B89A:>5 1>3>A;>285 >@30=8G5A:8 ?@>4>;60NI55 ?@540=85 3@5G5A:8E >BF>2, 8 ;0B8=A:>5 !@54=525:>2L5, 2 :>B>@>< >= 8A:0;  2 G0AB=>AB8 2 >1@075 <KA;59 .-:E0@B0  ?C=:BK 2>7<>6=>3> A>2?045=8O A 2>AB>G=K< @02>A;0285<. -B>B 42>9=>9 =0CG=K9 8=B5@5A .>AA:>3> ?@>4>;60; B@048F8N 5B5@1C@3A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0, : A@545 :>B>@>3> ?@8=04;560;0 53> A5<LO 8 87 :>B>@>9 2KH;8 :0: 7=0<5=8BK5 2870=B>;>38, B0: 8 8725AB=K5 7=0B>:8 0?04=>3> !@54=525:>2LO. > >A=>2=K< 0A?5:B><, >?@545;82H8< ?CBL MB>3> 8AA;54>20B5;O 8 1>3>A;>20, 1K; 4CE>2=K9 0A?5:B AE87<K <564C 0?04>< 8 >AB>:><. "5 8<5==> ?C=:BK, :>B>@K5 >= AG8B0; =081>;55 @0745;ONI8<8 E@8AB80=, 8 ?@82;5:;8 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L 53> 2=8<0=85: CG5=85 >1 8AE>645=88 !2OB>3> CE0 8 CG5=85 > =5B20@=KE M=5@38OE >688E. K 2848<, GB> 2A5 B@C4K .>AA:>3> ?@>=870=K MB8< 42>9=K< CAB@5<;5=85<: A>E@0=OO 2AN F5;>AB=>ABL @02>A;028O, 25AB8 480;>3 A E@8AB80=A:8< 0?04><.  A?>@0E 8 70I8B5 8AB8=K ;048<8@ >AA:89 1K20; 8=>9 @07 =5?@8<8@8<K< 8 65AB:8<. 4=0:> <K 2845;8, :0: 2 ?>A;54=85 3>4K A2>59 687=8 >= 2A5 1>;LH5 8 1>;LH5 ?@5CA?520; 2 B>< <C4@>< A?>:>9AB288, :>B>@>5 1K;> 2 =5< AB>;L ?@82;5:0B5;L=K<, GB> -BL5== 8;LA>= <>3 =0?8A0BL 2 A2>5< ?@548A;>288 : ?>A<5@B=><C 8740=8N <038AB5@A:>9 @01>BK >AA:>3> >1 -:E0@B5: "0:>9-B> <8@ B8E> 87;CG0;AO >B MB>3> B0:>3> A:@><=>3> 8 A>25@H5==> ?@>AB>3> 8 4>1@>3> G5;>25:0, B09=0 :>B>@>3> 8 A>AB>O;0 <>65B 1KBL 2 B><, GB>1K 1KBL A@548 =0A A0<8< 2>?;>I5=85< E@8AB80=A:>3> 4CE0, 8 2>?;>I5=85 MB> A>25@H0;>AL 2 =5< 2 A8;C ?@8720=8O :0: 1K A>25@H5==> 5AB5AB25==>3>".* * Vision de Dieu, Neuchatel, 1962, pp.7-9. [5@52>4 A D@0=FC7A:>3>.]  A2>5< "G5@:5 <8AB8G5A:>3> 1>3>A;>28O >AB>G=>9 &5@:28"  B@C4 MB>B AB0; B5?5@L ":;0AA8G5A:8<"  ;048<8@ >AA:89 405B =0< A8AB5<0B8G5A:>5 87;>65=85 B>3>, G5< O2;O;>AL 4;O >BF>2 A>1AB25==> 1 > 3 > A ; > 2 8 5: >4=>2@5<5==K< A>75@F0=85< >30 8 2K@065=85< 52K@078<>3>. >3><KA;85 A2. @83>@8O 0;0<K > 1>65AB25==KE ACI=>AB8 8 M=5@38OE C65 70=8<05B 2 MB>< B@C45 F5=B@0;L=>5 ?>;>65=85. C@A ;5:F89 ">3>2845=85", :>B>@K9 <K ?5G0B05< 2 A5@88 Bibliotheque orthodoxe, 1K; ?@>G8B0= 2 ?OB>9 A5:F88 Ecole pratique des Hautes Etudese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herwood], > 0:A8<5 A?>254=8:5, :>B>@K9 ?><>3 1K 5<C 5I5 B>G=55 2K@078BL A2>N <KA;L; => 53> M@C48F8O 8 8A:;NG8B5;L=>5 1>3>A;>2A:>5 A>7=0=85 ?@840NB 53> B@C4C =5>A?>@8<CN F5==>ABL. /2=>5 AB@5<;5=85 >AA:>3> 2:;NG8BL "1>3>A;>285 1;03>40B8" 2 :>=B5:AB A>B5@8>;>38G5A:89, 0 7=0G8B 8 2 :>=B5:ABK E@8AB>;>38G5A:89 8 A0:@0<5=B0;L=K9, >A>15==> F5==> 8 A2>52@5<5==>. -B>B =>2K9 "0:F5=B" 1K; =5871565= 2 87;>65=88 2A5E 0A?5:B>2 1>3>2845=8O 8 >165=8O 2 B2>@5=8OE 3@5G5A:8E >BF>2. 59AB28B5;L=>, <K =5 <>65< =8 2>A?@8=OBL 2A59 3;C18=K 1>3>A;>28O A2. @83>@8O 0;0<K, =8 ?>=OBL 53> D>@<C;8@>2>:, AAK;0OAL B>;L:> =0 :0??04>:89F52 8 ?A524>-8>=8A8O: 254L : 1>;55 ?>74=5<C @0728B8N 2870=B89A:>3> 1>3>A;>28O ?>42>4OB =0A ?>A;5E0;:84>=A:0O E@8AB>;>38O 8 A2. 0:A8< A?>254=8:.  :0: 8AB>@8:, 8 :0: 1>3>A;>2 ;048<8@ >AA:89 ?@87K205B =0A : 480;>3C, : B0:><C 480;>3C, :>B>@K9 459AB28B5;L=> C3;C1;O;AO 1K 2 ACBL 45;0 8 8A:0; 1K 8AB8=C, A>548=ONICN 8 >A2>1>640NICN: 8AB8=C =5 2870=B89A:CN, =5 ;0B8=A:CN, 0 B>;L:> BC, GB> ?@>8AB5:05B >B "CE0 AB8=K, >B BF0 AE>4OI53>". @>D5AA>@ ?@>B>85@59 >0==  $ ;020 1   "&  !%!" K =0<5@5205<AO @0AA<>B@5BL ?@>1;5<C >3>28'45=8O 2 B>< 0A?5:B5, 2 :0:>< >=0 2AB0;0 ?5@54 2870=B89A:8< 1>3>A;>285<. -B0 B5<0 <>65B ?>:070BLAO A;8H:>< ?@>AB@0==>9: 254L 28'45=85 >7=0G05B ?>7=0=85, 0 ?>7=0=85 25I59 1>65AB25==KE 5ABL A0<> >?@545;5=85 2AO:>3> 1>3>A;>28O. >MB><C =0< A;54C5B CB>G=8BL, GB> 8<5==> O28BAO >1J5:B>< =0H53> 8AA;54>20=8O. 8 >48= E@8AB80=A:89 1>3>A;>2 =8:>340 exprofesso =5 >B@8F0; B>3>, GB> 871@0==K<, 4>AB83H8< :>=5G=>3> 1;065=AB20, 40=> 1C45B 2845BL >30. AB8=0 MB0 157>3>2>@>G=> 70A2845B5;LAB2>20=0 !2OI5==K< 8A0=85<: "C2848< 3> :0: = 5ABL"      (1 =.3:2). 4=0:> >=0 ?>40;0 ?>2>4 : @07;8G=><C @0728B8N 1>3>A;>2A:>9 <KA;8, B5< 1>;55 GB> B> 65 8A0=85 2 B>< 65 >A;0=88 >0==0 (4:12) CB25@6405B: ">30 =8:B> =8:>340 =5 2845;"     ,  0 0?>AB>; 025; CB>G=O5B, GB> 2845BL 3> =52>7<>6=> (1"8<.6:16). "0:8< >1@07>< 2>7=8: 2>?@>A: O2;O5BAO ;8 MB> >3>28'45=85 4>AB>O=85< >4=>9 B>;L:> 687=8 25G=>9, in patria, 8;8 65 >=> 2 M:AB0B8G5A:>< >?KB5 <>65B ?@54=0G8=0BLAO 5I5 =0 75<;5, in via. A;8 3>2>@8BL > 28'45=88 ;8F>< : ;8FC 2 25:5 1C4CI5<, B> >=> <>3;> 8AB>;:>2K20BLAO :0: >48= 87 E0@0:B5@=KE 0A?5:B>2 A>548=5=8O A >3><, 8;8 65 :0: A0<>8AB>G=8: 1;065=AB20, 8 2 B0:>< A;CG05 MB> 1;065==>5 28'45=85 5ABL :>=5G=0O F5;L G5;>25:0. , =0:>=5F, 5A;8 3>2>@8BL > A0<>< >1J5:B5 28'45=8O >30 ":0: = 5ABL"  sicuti est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enedictus Deus, :@8B8:CO <=5=85 A2>53> ?@54H5AB25==8:0 >0==0 I, ?> :>B>@><C 28'45=85 >30 ;8F>< : ;8FC <>65B =0ABC?8BL B>;L:> ;8HL ?>A;5 2A5>1I53> 2>A:@5A5=8O, 3>2>@8B, <564C ?@>G8<, A;54CNI55: ">A;5 AB@040=89 8 A<5@B8 >A?>40 =0H53> 8ACA0 %@8AB0, >=8 (871@0==K5) C284OB 8 284OB >65AB25==CN ACI=>ABL 2 =5:>5< 8=BC8B82=>< 8 =5?>A@54AB25==>< 28'45=88, 157 2AO:>3> B20@=>3> ?>A@54=8G5AB20, :>B>@>5 AB0;> 1K >1J5:B>< MB>3> 28'45=8O, 81> >65AB25==0O ACI=>ABL ?@54AB0=5B ?5@54 =8<8 =5?>A@54AB25==>, =5?@8:@KB> (nude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visio beata) 2 =5A:>;L:8E A2>8E B@C40E, 2 G0AB=>AB8 2 "!C<<5 ?@>B82 O7KG=8:>2" (III, 51, 54, 57), 345 >= ?@>AB@0==> @0728205B 0A?5:B 1;065=AB20 C ;N459, >40@5==KE @07C<><.  53> "!C<<5 B5>;>388" I0, 425=04F0BK9 2>?@>A  "0:8< >1@07>< >3 =0<8 ?>7=05BAO?" (Quomodo Deus cognoscatur a nobis?) ?>GB8 F5;8:>< ?>A2OI5= 2845=8N >65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8 B20@=K<8 C<0<8.  ?5@2>< @0745;5 MB>3> 2>?@>A0 "<>65B ;8 :0:>9-;81> B20@=K9 C< 2845BL >30 2 3> ACI=>AB8?" (utrum aliquis intellectus creatus possit Deum per essentiam videre?) A2.$><0, =0G8=0O, ?> >1KG=><C <5B>4C AE>;0AB8G5A:8E "2>?@>A>2" (questiones), A 2>7@065=8O : A2>5<C B578AC, AAK;0OAL =0 420 2>AB>G=KE 02B>@8B5B0, >B25G05B: "?>-2848<><C, =8:0:>9 B20@=K9 C< =5 <>65B 2845BL >30 2 3> ACI=>AB8" (videtur, quod nullus intellectus creatus possit Deum per essentiam videre) 8, 40;55: ";0B>CAB 65, 2 ?OB=04F0B>9 3><8;88 =0 >0==0, B>;:CO 2>A5<=04F0BK9 AB8E ?5@2>9 3;02K ">30 =5 2845; =8:B> =8:>340", 3>2>@8B A;54CNI55: "B>3>, GB> 5ABL >3, =5 2845;8 =8 ?@>@>:8, =8 4065 0=35;K 8 0@E0=35;K. 1> :0:8< >1@07>< B>, GB> 5ABL ?@8@>40 A>B2>@5==0O, <>3;> 1K 2845BL B>, GB> =5B20@=>?" (Chrysostomus enim, super loan. (Hom.XV) exponens illud quod dicitur Ioan.I(18): Deum nemo vidit unquam, sic dicit: Ipsum quod est Deus, non solum prophetae, sed nee angeli viderant, nee archangeli. Quod enim creabilis est naturae, qualiter videre poterit, quod increabile est?). B>@>9 02B>@8B5B, =0 :>B>@K9 AAK;05BAO 02B>@  A;>20' 8>=8A8O @5>?038B0 2 53> B@C45 " 1>65AB25==KE 8<5=0E" (De divinis nominibus) 3;.I,(5): "= =5 <>65B 1KBL >E20G5= =8 GC2AB20<8, =8 2>>1@065=85<, =8 <=5=85<, =8 C<><, =8 ?>7=0=85<" (Neque sensus est ejus, neque phan-tasia, neque opinio, nee ratio, nee scientia). $><0, >B25G0O =0 MB8 >B@8F0=8O, >1>A=>20==K5 B5:AB0<8 A2. >0==0 ;0B>CAB0 8 8>=8A8O, >B<5G05B, GB> >10 MB8 3@5G5A:85 02B>@8B5B=K5 <=5=8O >B=>AOBAO A:>@59 : =5C<>?>AB8305<>AB8 >65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8, =565;8 : 55 =5?>7=0205<>AB8 (Dicendum, quod utraque auctoritas loquitur de visione comprehensionis). 59AB28B5;L=>, 5A;8 >65AB25==0O ACI=>ABL 8 <>65B 1KBL 2848<0 B20@=K<8 C<0<8 2 A>AB>O=88 1;065=AB20, >=0 =8:>340 =5 <>65B 1KBL 8<8 ?>;=>ABLN ?>AB83=CB0. -B> @07;8G85 <564C 28'45=85< >7=0:><;5=8O 8 28'45=85< ?>AB865=8O AB0=5B :0: >1I8< <5AB>< 4;O 2A59 AE>;0AB8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K, B0: 8 55 >1>A=>20=85< : B>;:>20=8N A22. >BF>2,  8 ?@5645 2A53> >BF>2 3@5G5A:8E, GL5 1>3><KA;85 G@572KG09=> B@C4=> A>3;0A>20BL A 70?04=K< CG5=85< > 28'45=88 >30 2 3> ACI=>AB8. 4=0:> 2 1>;55 ?>74=NN M?>EC ?5@54 =5:>B>@K<8 B>;:>20B5;O<8 "!C<<K B5>;>388" $><K :28=0B0 2AB0; 2>?@>A, <>65B ;8 459AB28B5;L=> CG5=85 =5:>B>@KE 3@5G5A:8E >BF>2, 8 ?@5645 2A53> CG5=85 A2.>0==0 ;0B>CAB0, =0 :>B>@>3> AAK;05BAO 02B>@, A>3;0A>20BLAO A B5< ?>=OB85< 28'45=8O >65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8, :0:8< <K =0E>48< 53> C 1>3>A;>2>2-AE>;0AB>2 0?040. -B>B 2>?@>A @048:0;L=K< >1@07>< 1K; ?>AB02;5= CG5=K< 857C8B>< 01@8M;5< 0A:5A>< (1551-1604), ?@5?>40202H8< 1>3>A;>285 2 A?0=88 8 8<5.  A2>8E "><<5=B0@8OE 8 @0AAC645=8OE"1 : ?5@2>9 G0AB8 "!C<<K", @0A:@K20O 2 @0AAC645=88 XXXVII2 CG5=85 > 28'45=88 >30 B20@=K<8 C<0<8, 0A:5A 3>2>@8B >1 >H81:5 0@<O= 8 3@5:>2 ?@54H5AB2CNI59 M?>E8 (recentioram graecorum), >B@8F02H8E 2>7<>6=>ABL 4065 8 1;065==KE OA=> 2845BL >30 2 3> ACI=>AB8. > MB><C 8A:065==><C CG5=8N, 3>2>@8B 0A:5A, >3 =5 <>65B 1KBL 2848<K< !0< 2 !515, => B>;L:> ;8HL 2 3> AE>4AB25 8;8 2 8AE>4OI5< >B 53> A25B5 (tantum per quandam similitudinem, aut lucem ab eo deviratam). 5:>B>@K5 AG8B0NB, GB> 15;O@ ?@845@6820;AO B>3> 65 >H81>G=>3> <=5=8O, E>BO A2.5@=0@ =8G53> >1 MB>< =5 3>2>@8B 2 A2>5< >128=8B5;L=>< ?8AL<5 ?@>B82 MB>3> D8;>A>D0. @8?8AK20NB B0:65 MB> CG5=85 53> CG5=8:C @=>;L4C @5H80=A:><C, B0: 65 :0: 8 <>@8 5=A:><C 8 5@5B8:0< 0;L183>9F0<; => GB> 459AB28B5;L=> 206=>, ?@>4>;605B 0A:5A, MB> B>, GB> =5:>B>@K5 87 25;8G09H8E >BF>2 &5@:28 1K;8, ?>-2848<><C, >G5=L 1;87:8 : ?>4>1=><C <=5=8N (non longe ab hac sententia fuisse videntur nunnuli ex gravioribus Ecclesia Patribus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hrysostomus obscurius et difficilius loquitur). >MB><C =5:>B>@K5 A>2@5<5==K5 1>3>A;>2K (!C0@5A 8E =5 =07K205B, => <K 7=05<, GB> @5GL 845B 3;02=K< >1@07>< > 0A:5A5) =5 E>BOB ?@8=8<0BL =8:0:>3> B>;:>20=8O, => ?@8;030NB 2A5 A2>8 CA8;8O : B><C, GB>1K C1548BL =0A 2 701;C645=8OE ;0B>CAB0; => >=8 2 B>< 65 A25B5 @0AA<0B@820NB 8 =5:>B>@KE 4@C38E >BF>2 &5@:28. !C0@5AC :065BAO =5?@024>?>4>1=K<, GB>1K AB>;L O2=>5 8 ?@>B82>@5G0I55 !2OI5==><C 8A0=8N 701;C645=85 1K;> ?@8=OB> B0:8< <=>65AB2>< A22. >BF>2; MB> 1K;> 1K =54>?CAB8<>9 >H81:>9 (intolerabilis lapsus). !C0@5A AG8B05B, GB> 4065 C ;0B>CAB0 <>6=> =09B8 <5AB0, ?>A;01;ONI85 53> =5?@8<8@8<CN B>G:C 7@5=8O 8 ?>72>;ONI85 B>;:>20BL 2 AE>;0AB8G5A:>< A<KA;5 ?>=OB85 > C<>?>AB868<>< 28'45=88 >65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8, :>B>@>5 >= =5 4>?CA:05B 4;O B20@=KE ACI5AB2.  B><C 65 >AB@>BC MB8E =530B82=KE 2K@065=89 <>6=> ;53:> >1JOA=8BL :0: 3>@OG59 ?>;5<8:>9 ?@>B82 0=><5O=, B0: 8 =587156=K<8 2> 2AO:>< A?>@5 ?@5C25;8G5=8O<8, >BG53> 8 <>65B :070BLAO, GB> >BFK, 70I8I0O A2>N B>G:C 7@5=8O ?@>B82 5@5B8:>2, C:;>=O;8AL 2 :@09=NN ?@>B82>?>;>6=>ABL. @C3>9 B>;:>20B5;L A2. $><K :28=0B0 >B5F 857C8B 853> C8A 45 >=B>O (1562-1632)4 2<5AB5 A !C0@5A>< >B25@305B >128=5=85, ?@54JO2;5==>5 >BF0< 0A:5A><. "!@548 A0<KE ?@8;56=KE 8 1;03>@>4=KE 02B>@>2 =0H59 M?>E8,  3>2>@8B >=,  :>5-:B> AG8B05B, GB> A22. >BFK, =0 :>B>@KE <K B>;L:> GB> AAK;0;8AL, A>25@H5==> =5 4>?CA:0;8 =8 4;O 0=35;>2, =8 4;O 1;065==KE 2>7<>6=>AB8 28'45=8O >65AB25==>9 AC1AB0=F88 :0: B0:>2>9; MB8 >BFK O:>1K AG8B0;8, GB> 0=35;K 8 1;065==K5 <>3CB A>75@F0BL B>;L:> =5:>5 8=>5 ?@>O2;5=85 >30, 0 =5 !0<>3> >30" (quasi videatur ab illis aliquis alius effectus Dei, et non ipse Deus). -B> 8<5==> 8 E>G5B 4>:070BL 0A:5A. C8A 2AB05B =0 70I8BC >BF>2: "52>7<>6=>, GB>1K ;CGH0O 8 1>';LH0O G0ABL &5@:28 2?0;0 2 701;C645=85, 8 2 701;C645=85 AB>;L 3@C1>5 8 AB>;L >G5284=>5" (errore valde crasso et manifesto). 5A><=5==>, >B@8F0BL 28'45=85 ;8F>< : ;8FC, CB25@640BL, GB> >1J5:B>< >65AB25==>3> 28'45=8O O2;O5BAO =5 !0< >3, 0 B>;L:> =5:>5 3> A;54AB285 8;8 MDD5:B, ?@>B82>@5G8;> 1K !2OI5==><C 8A0=8N. 0AA<0B@820O ?@82545==K5 0A:5A>< <5AB0 B2>@5=89 3@5G5A:8E >BF>2, C8A ?KB05BAO >B25AB8 >B =8E >128=5=85 2 AB>;L 3@C1>9 >H81:5. A;8 A2. 8@8;; 5@CA0;8<A:89 CB25@6405B, GB> 0=35;K 284OB >30 "2 <5@C A2>59 2>7<>6=>AB8", MB> 5I5 =5 O2;O5BAO >B@8F0=85< 28'45=8O >30 simpliciter et omni modo. BFK >B:07K20NB B20@=><C 2 C<>?>AB865=88 >30, :>B>@>5 >=8 ?@8;030NB : !0<><C >3C. 4=0:> MB> 8 5ABL B578A C8A0 2 53> VI Disputatio, 2 :>B>@>9 >= CB25@6405B, GB> "B>;L:> >65AB25==>5 ?>7=0=85 C<>?>AB8305B >30". 0A:5A :0: 1K 70I8I05B 4@C3>9 B578A, 0 8<5==> 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>7=0=8O >30 ":0: = 5ABL" B20@=K< C<><. 040G0 MB8E 42CE 1>3>A;>2>2-857C8B>2 @07;8G=0 8 ?>GB8 GB> ?@>B82>?>;>6=0. >MB><C A2OB>>B5G5A:85 B5:ABK, 4;O 0A:5A0 70B@C4=8B5;L=K5, A;C60B >?>@>9 4;O C8A0 45 >=B>9O. 07;8G85 <564C ?>7=0=85< 8 C<>?>AB865=85< A;8H:>< =N0=A8@>20=>. #B25@640O 2>7<>6=>ABL >3>?>7=0=8O 8 >4=>2@5<5==> >B@8F0O >3>?>AB865=85, <K <>65< 709B8 A;8H:>< 40;5:> 8 2 B>< 8 4@C3>< =0?@02;5=88: 8;8, CB25@640O ?>7=0=85, C45;OBL A;8H:>< 1>;LH>5 2=8<0=85 C<>?>AB865=8N 2?;>BL 4> 70I8BK 0=><552, :0: MB> A45;0; 0A:5A, 8;8 65, =5 ?@8=8<0O C<>?>AB865=8O, >3@0=8G820BL ?>7=0=85, :0: MB> 45;0; C8A. 'B> 65 5ABL C<>?>AB865=85 2 B>G=>< A<KA;5 A;>20? C8A AAK;05BAO =0 A2. $><C: ?>AB830BL >7=0G05B 7=0BL 2 A>25@H5=AB25. 0:>9-;81> >1J5:B A>25@H5==> 8725AB5= B>340, :>340 >= 8725AB5= 2 <5@C A2>59 ?>7=0205<>AB8 (la, q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absolute loquendo, divinae scientiae et visionis beatificae formale objectum non est prorsus idem in ratione cognoscibilis et objecti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amplitudinem rei cognitae), B> 5ABL C<>?>AB865=8O >65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8.  MB>< 8<5==> A<KA;5 5B0289 8 ?KB05BAO B>;:>20BL B5:ABK >BF>2, :>340 >B@8F05B 2>7<>6=>ABL ?>7=0BL >30 2 3> ACI=>AB8. 4=0:> 2 A2>59 ?>?KB:5 A>3;0A>20BL CG5=85 >BF>2 A 4>:B@8=>9 AE>;0AB>2 >= >AB5@5305BAO :0:>3> 1K B> =8 1K;> =0A8;8O =04 8E 1>3><KA;85< 8, ?> 53> A;>20<, "=5 A2>@0G8205B 8< H58", obtorto quodammodo collo, ?> <5B>4C A2>8E ?@54H5AB25==8:>2, GB> AG8B05B >= =54>?CAB8<K< 4;O G5AB=>3> 8 >AB>@>6=>3> 1>3>A;>20. > 5A;8 5<C 8 C405BAO A?0AB8 G5ABL =5:>B>@KE 48A:@548B8@>20==KE 0A:5A>< 3@5G5A:8E 8 ;0B8=A:8E >BF>2, B> >= 8A?KBK205B O2=>5 70B@C4=5=85, :>340 15@5BAO 70 B>;:>20=85 2 AE>;0AB8G5A:>< 0A?5:B5 3><8;89 A2. >0==0 ;0B>CAB0 > 5C<>?>AB868<><. 'B> :0A05BAO 4@C38E 3@5G5A:8E 8 A8@89A:8E 02B>@>2, B> >= @5H8B5;L=> >B:07K205BAO >B 2AO:>9 ?>?KB:8 8=B5@?@5B8@>20BL 8E A>3;0A=> A> AE>;0AB8G5A:8< ?>=OB85< >3>28'45=8O. , =0:>=5F, >= ?5@5G8A;O5B =5:>B>@KE >BF>2, :0B53>@8G5A:85 2KA:07K20=8O :>B>@KE ?@>B82>@5G0B CG5=8N >1 8=BC8B82=>< 28'45=88 >65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8; MB>  "8B >AB@A:89, $5>4>@8B 8@A:89, $5>4>@ >?AC5AB89A:89, 0A8;89 !5;52:89A:89, -:C<5=89, =0AB0A89 !8=08B, $5>D8;0:B >;30@A:89 8 =5:>B>@K5 4@C385. 45AL 5B0289 >B<5G05B =5GB> G@572KG09=> 206=>5, GB> 8 >?@545;O5B 2AN ?>78F8N 70?04=KE M@C48B>2, =5A>3;0A=KE A 2870=B89A:8<8 1>3>A;>20<8 2 2>?@>A5 >3>28'45=8O. 5 C?><8=0O 1>;55 4@52=8E 02B>@>2, A182G82> 8;8 65 1>;55 G5B:> (obscure, vel evidentius) >B@8F02H8E 8=BC8B82=>5 28'45=85 >65AB25==>9 ?@8@>4K 4>AB83H8<8 1;065=AB20, >= 70>AB@O5B A2>5 2=8<0=85 =0 ?@>2>73;0H02H8E B> 65 CG5=85 1>3>A;>20E <5=55 4@52=8E, 2 >A>15==>AB8 =0 B5E, :B> 1K; 87 3@5:>2 8 0@<O=. = AAK;05BAO =0 8G0@40 04C;LD0, 8;8 $8F@0;LD0, :0: =0 ?5@2>3> 70?04=>3> A2845B5;O MB>3> CG5=8O "2>AB>G=KE". 59AB28B5;L=>, ?@8<0A @;0=488 0@E85?8A:>? @<03A:89 8G0@4 $8F@0;LD, :>B>@><C ?0?0 5=548:B XII ?>@CG8; @0AA<>B@5BL CG5=85 0@<O=, 4>18202H8EAO 2 13413. C=88 A 8<A:>9 &5@:>2LN, 2 A2>5< B@0:B0B5 ?> 2>?@>AC 0@<O=  De questionibus Armenorum 1. XIV, ch.I  >128=O5B 8E 8 3@5:>2 2 B><, GB> >=8 >B@8F0NB 28'45=85 >65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8. 5B0289 A>25@H5==> =5 A><=5205BAO 2 B><, GB> 8AB8==KE 02B>@>2 MB>9 >H81:8 =C6=> 8A:0BL A@548 3@5:>2. "# 3@5:>2,  3>2>@8B >=,  A0<K< AB@0AB=K< 70I8B=8:>< MB>3> <=5=8O, :>@8D55< MB>9 =>2>9 :@0<>;K O2;O5BAO @83>@89 0;0<0, >1 8AB>@88 8 A<5E>B2>@=>< CG5=88 (ridicula dogmata) :>B>@>3> <K C65 3>2>@8;8 2 ?5@2>9 :=835 =0H53> B@C40", (345 5B0289 8AA;54C5B 2>?@>A 1>65AB25==KE 0B@81CB>2). !;54C5B >B<5B8BL, GB> =0< :065BAO <0;>25@>OB=K<, GB>1K 0@<O=5, > :>B>@KE 845B @5GL 2 B@0:B0B5 8G0@40 $8F@0;LD0, =0E>48;8AL ?>4 2;8O=85< 0;0<K: 1>3>A;>2A:89 A?>@, ?@>8AE>482H89 2 870=B88 ?> ?>2>4C 28'45=8O >30, =0G0;AO B>;L:> 2 1339 3>4C, 8 ?5@2K9 B0: =07K205<K9 "?0;0<8BA:89" !>1>@ A>1@0;AO 2 1341 3>4C 2 B>B A0<K9 <><5=B, :>340, 4>:B@8=0;L=K5 ?C=:BK CG5=8O 0@<O= ?@>25@O;8AL 5=548:B>< XII 2 28=L>=5. ?@>G5<, GB> :0A05BAO 1;065==>3> 28'45=8O, B> 8G0@4 $8F@0;LD =0F5;8205BAO =5 AB>;L:> =0 <=5=85 0@<O=, :0: =0 CG5=8O 2870=B89A:8E 1>3>A;>2>2 A2>59 M?>E8.  459AB28B5;L=>, 2 53> Summa in quaestionibis Armenorum, 2 :=.XIV, ?>A2OI5==>9 2845=8N >30, @5GL 845B > "A>2@5<5==KE 3@5G5A:8E, 0 B0:65 =5:>B>@KE 0@<O=A:8E CG8B5;OE" (grecorum doctores modern! et etiam armenoruni aliqui).  :0:>9-B> <5@5 8>=8A89 5B0289 ?@02: 8<5==> 2 XIV 25:5, 2 M?>EC, :>340 68; A2. @83>@89 0;0<0, 8 ?@>O2;O5BAO 2A5 ?@>B82>@5G85 <564C 2870=B89A:8< 8 70?04=>-AE>;0AB8G5A:8< CG5=8O<8 2 2>?@>A5 >3>2945=8O. > 8<55< ;8 <K ?@02> CB25@640BL 70>4=> A> 2A5<8 :@8B8:0<8, 84CI8<8 2A;54 70 5B0285<, GB> @83>@89 0;0<0 1K; =>20B>@><, GB> XIV 25: >B<5G5= 2 2870=B89A:>< 1>3>A;>2A:>< CG5=88 > >3>28'45=88 >B@K2>< >B @540=8O? 7CG0O A?>@, ?>4=OBK9 01@8M;5< 0A:5A>< ?> ?>2>4C 3@5G5A:8E >BF>2, <K C1548;8AL 2 B><, GB> 2A;54AB285 ?>?KB>: ?@8<8@8BL >BF>2 A> AE>;0AB0<8 ?> 8=B5@5ACNI59 =0A ?@>1;5<5, 2>7=8:;8 25AL<0 70B@C4=8B5;L=K5 2>?@>AK (:0: B>;:>20=85 B5@<8=0 "C<>?>AB8305<>ABL"  comprehensio), 2 A2>N >G5@54L ?>A;C682H85 ?@8G8=>9 4;O A>25@H5==> @07;8G=KE B>G5: 7@5=8O, :>B>@K5 B5< =5 <5=55 =5 40;8 C4>2;5B2>@8B5;L=>3> >B25B0 =0 ?>AB02;5==K9 0A:5A>< 2>?@>A. <5AB> B>3> GB>1K @07@5H8BL 2>7=8:H85 ?> ?>2>4C A2OB>>B5G5A:8E B5:AB>2 70B@C4=5=8O, 5B0289, >B2;5:0O >B =53> 2=8<0=85, ?@>AB> 53> ?5@5<5I05B. -B>B A;8H:>< >AB>@>6=K9 M@C48B, =5 @8A:=C2H89 ?5@5B>;:>2K20BL B5:ABK 4@52=8E >BF>2 ?CB5< B578A>2, =0?0405B =0 1>;55 ?>74=8E 2870=B89A:8E 1>3>A;>2>2, ?@52@0I0O A2. @83>@8O 0;0<C 2 <8H5=L 4;O 2A5E =0?04>:, =0?@02;5==KE 0A:5A>< ?@>B82 2>AB>G=KE >BF>2. 5B0289 =0@O4C A> 2A5< ?@>G8< C?@5:05B 2870=B89A:8E 1>3>A;>2>2 XIV 25:0 2 B><, GB> >=8 CG8;8 > A25B5 =5B20@=><, => B5< =5 <5=55 B5;5A=K<8 >G0<8 2848<><, >1 8AE>4OI5< >B >30 25;8:>;5?88, B><, :>B>@>5 2845;8 0?>AB>;K =0 3>@5 $02>@A:>9 8 :>B>@>5 O:>1K 8 ?>405B 2 =515A0E 2KAH55 1;065=AB2> 871@0==K<, 81>, CG0B >=8, A0<0 ?> A515 ACI=>ABL >30 =8:0:><C ?>7=0=8N =5 4>ABC?=0. = ?@82>48B A;>20 <>=0E0 02840, ?8A02H53> 2 A2>5< 87;>65=88 A?>@>2 <564C 0@;00<>< 8 0;0<>9 A;54CNI55: "A5 A2OBK5, :0: ;N48, B0: 8 0=35;K, 284OB 2=52@5<5==CN A;02C >68N 8 ?>;CG0NB ?@525G=CN 1;03>40BL 8 40@; GB> 65 4> >65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8, B> =8 ;N48, =8 0=35;K 55 =5 284OB 8 2845BL =5 <>3CB". 5B0289 =07K205B MB> CG5=85 "=5;5?>9 8 20@20@A:>9 10A=59", 8 7025I05B MB> A2>5 2>7<CI5=85 2A5<, :B> ?>A;5 =53> =0 0?045 A>?@8:>A=5BAO A 2870=B89A:8< 1>3>A;>285< XIV 25:0. > 2>7<CI5=85 =5 5ABL <5B>4 87CG5=8O 8AB>@88 @5;838>7=>9 <KA;8. <5AB> B>3> GB>1K ?>?KB0BLAO ?>=OBL, :0:8< 8<5==> >1@07>< 2 2>AB>G=>< ?@540=88 AB028;AO 2>?@>A > 1;065==>< 28'45=88 >30, A>2@5<5==K5 :@8B8:8 =0?040NB 8A:;NG8B5;L=> =0 2870=B89A:>5 1>3>A;>285 XIV 25:0 8, 1C4CG8 70@0=55 C15645=K 2 B><, GB> A2. @83>@89 0;0<0  =>20B>@, C?@O<> ?@8=8<0NB 53> CG5=85 B>;L:> 70 :0:>9-B> =5;5?K9 2K<KA5;, ?>B><C GB> 8E C<0<, AD>@<8@>202H8<AO =0 ;0B8=A:>9 AE>;0AB8:5, CG5=85 MB> GC64>. !>2@5<5==K5 ?>;5<8ABK, :0: >. N68 8 =5:>B>@K5 4@C385, 2<5AB> B>3> GB>1K @0AG8AB8BL ?>G2C : 8AA;54>20=8N 2>?@>A0 >3>28'45=8O 2 CG5=88 2870=B89A:8E 1>3>A;>2>2, 70@0=55 >A;>6=ONB MB>B G8AB> 25@>CG8B5;L=K9 2>?@>A, ?@8A>2>:C?;OO : =5<C 4@C385 ?@>1;5<K 4CE>2=>3> 8;8 0A:5B8G5A:>3> ?>@O4:0, >B=>AOI85AO : ?@0:B8:5 C<=>9 <>;8B2K <>=0E>2 8A8E0AB>2. 5A<>B@O =0 25AL 8=B5@5A, :>B>@K9 <>65B ?@54AB02;OBL 4;O =0A 4CE>2=K9 >?KB 8A8E0AB>2, 53> 87CG5=85 2@O4 ;8 ?@81028;> GB>-;81> : 2KOA=5=8N 2>?@>A0 >3>28'45=8O 2 2870=B89A:>< 1>3>A;>288.  =0?@>B82, 87CG5=85 8AB>@88 4>:B@8=0;L=>3> CG5=8O <>65B ?><>GL =0< ;CGH5 AC48BL > 4CE>2=>9 687=8 8A8E0AB>2, :0: 8 2>>1I5 > 2870=B89A:>9 4CE>2=>AB8. A;8 <K >AB0=>28;8AL =0 A?>@5, ?>4=OB>< 0A:5A><, B> A45;0;8 MB> 8<5==> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?>:070BL, GB> 2>?@>A >3>28'45=8O =5 B>;L:> C 2870=B89A:8E 1>3>A;>2>2 XIV 25:0, => B0:65 8 2 1>;55 @0==8E >B5G5A:8E ?@540=8OE 8 ?@5645 2A53> C >BF>2 3@5G5A:8E, ?@54AB02;O5BAO >G5=L B@C4=K< 4;O B5E, :B> ?>4E>48B : 53> 87CG5=8N A ?>78F89, A2>9AB25==KE ;0B8=A:>9 AE>;0AB8:5. K >B=N4L =5 ?@5B5=4C5< >B25B8BL =0 2>?@>A, ?>AB02;5==K9 0A:5A><. K ?@>AB> ?>?KB05<AO ?>A<>B@5BL, 2 :0:>< 0A?5:B5 2>?@>A 28'45=8O >30 ?@54AB02;O;AO 2870=B89A:8< 1>3>A;>20<, 0 ?>A:>;L:C 1>3>A;>2A:0O 2870=B89A:0O B@048F8O ?@>4>;605B 8 @0728205B CG5=85 3@5G5A:8E >BF>2 ?5@2KE E@8AB80=A:8E AB>;5B89, =0< ?@845BAO =0G0BL =0H5 8AA;54>20=85 A :@0B:>3> >G5@:0 8E CG5=8O > >3>2845=88. ;020 2   !   +!  +! "&  +%  870=B89A:85 1>3>A;>2K 8 2 >A>15==>AB8 1>3>A;>2K XIV 25:0 >1>A=>2K20NB A2>5 CG5=85 > >3>28'45=88 42C<O @O40<8 A2OB>>B5G5A:8E B5:AB>2, :>B>@K5 4@C3 4@C3C :0: 1K ?@>B82>@5G0B, 4@C3 4@C30 :0: 1K >?@>25@30NB. 59AB28B5;L=>, =0@O4C A <5AB0<8 !2OI5==>3> 8A0=8O, 2 :>B>@KE <K =0E>48< >B@8F0=85 :0:>3> 1K B> =8 1K;> 28'45=8O >30  52848<>3>, 5?>7=0205<>3>, 5?@8ABC?=>3> 4;O B20@=KE ACI5AB2, 5ABL 4@C385, :>B>@K5 ?>>I@ONB =0A 8A:0BL ?@54AB>O=8O ?5@54 8F>< >30, >15I0NB 28'45=85 >30 ":0: = 5ABL", 8 :0: 1K 3>2>@OB, GB> 2 MB>< 8<5==> 28'45=88 8 A>AB>8B =082KAH55 1;065=AB2> G5;>25:0. A;8 2870=B89A:8E 1>3>A;>2>2 1>;55 ?>74=59 M?>E8 A;>2=> 1K ?>@078; 0=B8=><8G=K9 E0@0:B5@ B>3>, GB> 3>2>@8B > 28'45=88 >30 !2OI5==>5 8A0=85, B> 5I5 704>;3> 4> =8E =0G8=0O A A0<KE ?5@2KE 25:>2 687=8 &5@:28 4@C385 E@8AB80=A:85 <KA;8B5;8 ?KB0;8AL @07@5H8BL MB> ?@>B82>@5G85. "0:8< >1@07><, 2870=B89A:85 1>3>A;>2K C=0A;54>20;8 >B A2>8E 3@5G5A:8E 8 A8@89A:8E ?@54H5AB25==8:>2 :0: 8E CG5=85 > >3>28'45=88, B0: 8 <5B>4 :;0AA8D8:0F88 2A5E MB8E A2OI5==KE B5:AB>2, 4>?>;=OO >4=8 4@C38<8.  E>45 =0H59 @01>BK MB8 <5AB0 87 !2OI5==>3> 8A0=8O 1C4CB =5?@5AB0==> ?@>E>48BL ?5@54 =0<8, ?>MB><C <K 8 4>;6=K =5A:>;L:> 7045@60BLAO =0 8725AB=KE B5:AB0E 5BE>3> 025B0, 3>2>@OI8E > >3>28'45=88. 7 B5:AB>2, >B@8F0NI8E 2>7<>6=>ABL >3>28'45=8O, =5>1E>48<> ?@5645 2A53> ?@825AB8 A;54CNI55 <5AB> AE>40 (33:20-23), 345 >3 3>2>@8B >8A5N: "8F0 >53> =5 <>6=> B515 C2845BL, ?>B><C GB> G5;>25: =5 <>65B C2845BL 5=O 8 >AB0BLAO 2 682KE". >3 405B ?@>9B8 !2>59 A;025, >4=>2@5<5==> 70:@K20O AB>OI53> 2 @0AA5;8=5 A:0;K >8A5O !2>59 45A=8F59; :>340 65 >3 >B2>48B !2>N 45A=8FC, >8A59 2848B 3> A7048, B0: :0: >= =5 A<>3 C2845BL 8F0 3>.  4@C38E <5AB0E 5BE>3> 025B0 (!C459 6:22; 13:22; A09O 6:5 8 4@.) <K 2848< B> 65 CB25@645=85: =5;L7O 2845BL >30 8 >AB0BLAO 682K<. >340 >3 AE>48B =0 3>@C !8=09 2 3CAB>< >1;0:5, A@548 >3=O, =0@>4 4>;65= >AB0BLAO 2 AB>@>=5, GB>1K =5 C<5@5BL (AE.19:21). >340 ?@>@>:C ;88 O2;O5BAO >3, >= 70:@K205B ;8F> <8;>BLN (1&0@.19:13). 12-9 AB8E 17-3> ?A0;<0 3>2>@8B, GB> >3 "<@0: A>45;0; ?>:@>2>< !2>8<". @0: (E>H5:, 2 ?5@52>45 !5<845AOB8: (, )) >7=0G05B B09=C, =0?@8<5@, 2 ?A0;<5 138 AB8E8 11-12. "1;0:>" () 8<55B B> 65 7=0G5=85 2> 2-< AB8E5 96-3> ?A0;<06. =>, :@><5 B>3>, 2K@0605B B>645AB25==CN =5?@8ABC?=>ABL, 3@>7=>5 1>65AB25==>5 25;8G85, tremendum7, => 2 B> 65 2@5<O >1;0:> 7=0<5=C5B 8 ?@8ACBAB285 >308. !B>;? >1;0G=K9 8 >3=5==K9, H54H89 ?5@54 52@5O<8 ?> 8E 2KE>45 87 38?B0, >B:@K205B ?@8ACBAB285 >30 8 2 B> 65 2@5<O 3> A:@K205B9. >2>7025B=K5 B5:ABK 5I5 1>;55 :0B53>@8G=K 2 A<KA;5 >B@8F0NI5<. "0:, A2. 0?>AB>; 025; 3>2>@8B (1"8<.6:16): "48=K9 8<5NI89, 15AA<5@B85, >B>@K9 >18B05B 2 =5?@8ABC?=>< A25B5, >B>@>3> =8:B> 87 G5;>25:>2 =5 2845; 8 2845BL =5 <>65B". 45AL 845O 15AA<5@B8O :0: 1K A>G5B05BAO A 84559 >65AB25==>9 =5?>7=0205<>AB8. = 4;O A<5@B=>3> ACI5AB20 =5?@8ABC?5=. !2. 0?>AB>; >0== (1=.4:12) 3>2>@8B: ">30 =8:B> =8:>340 =5 2845;". K =0E>48< ?>GB8 B> 65 2K@065=85 2 53> 20=35;88 (1:18): ">30 =5 2845; =8:B> =8:>340" , => 745AL 0?>AB>; 4>?>;=O5B: "48=>@>4=K9 !K=, !CI89 2 =54@5 BG5<, = O28; " (8;8, 25@=55, >1JOA=8;, @0A:@K;, ) 1> !;>2C A2>9AB25==> 2K@060BL, @0A:@K20BL ?@8@>4C BF0.  40;55 (=.6:46): "-B> =5 B>, GB>1K :B> 2845; BF0, :@><5 ">3>, B> 5ABL >B >30 ; = 2845; BF0". "C 65 <KA;L 2K@060NB A8=>?B8:8 (D.11:27 8 :.10:22). "8:B> =5 7=05B !K=0, :@><5 BF0, 8 BF0 =5 7=05B =8:B>, :@><5 !K=0 8 :><C !K= E>G5B >B:@KBL ". -B8 ?>A;54=85 B5:ABK (A2. >0== >3>A;>2 8 A8=>?B8:8), >3@0=8G820O 28'45=85 8 ?>7=0=85 >30 2=CB@5==8<8 A>>B=>H5=8O<8 <564C BF>< 8 !K=><  =8 4=8 7=0NB 4@C3 4@C30,  >4=>2@5<5==> CB25@640NB, GB> ?>7=0=85 MB> <>65B 1KBL 40@>20=> 8 A>>1I5=> ;N4O< ?> 65;0=8N !K=0. >A;54=55 AB028B =0A ?5@54 F5;K< @O4>< G@572KG09=> <=>3>G8A;5==KE B5:AB>2, CB25@640NI8E 2>7<>6=>ABL >3>28'45=8O. >MB><C <K =5 <>65< ?5@5G8A;8BL 745AL 2A5 "B5>D0=88" 8;8 O2;5=8O >30 2 5BE>< 025B5. 1KG=> MB>  O2;5=85 =35;0, :0: 1K =5:>5 ?@54AB028B5;LAB2>, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@>3> >3 AB0=>28BAO 4>ABC?=K< G5;>25:C (KB.16:7-14; 18 3;. 8 4@.). A09O =07K205B 53> "=35;>< ;8F0 3>" (A.63:9). >3 >AB05BAO =5>?>7=0==K<, => =35; 7=0<5=C5B 3> ;8G=>5 ?@8ACBAB285, :0: 2 @0AA:075 >1 0:>25, 1>@NI8<AO A >3>< (KB.32:24-30). 58725AB=K9 =5 E>G5B @0A:@K20BL !2>53> 8<5=8, >4=0:> 0:>2 3>2>@8B: "/ 2845; >30 ;8F5< : ;8FC 8 A>E@0=8;0AL 4CH0 <>O".  >= =07K205B <5AB>, 345 O28;AO 5<C >3  5=CM;, GB> >7=0G05B "8F> >30". >3 3>2>@8; A >8A55< ";8F5< : ;8FC", :0: @073>20@820NB A 4@C3>< (AE.33:11; B>@.34:10). -B>  ;8G=0O 2AB@5G0 A ;8G=K< >3><, E>BO 8 >:CB0==K< B09=>9, :0: =0 3>@5 !8=09 1K; = >:CB0= <@0:><10. 8F> >8A5O A8O;> >B@065=85< ;8F0 >68O (AE.34:29), 81> ;8F> >685 A25B>70@=>: "0 ?@87@8B =0 B51O >A?>4L A25B;K< ;8F5< !2>8<..." ('8A;.6:25), 8 ?A0;<K11 3>2>@OB > A25B5 ;8F0 >68O. / =5 3>2>@N C65 > 15AG8A;5==KE 25BE>7025B=KE B5:AB0E, >B=>AOI8EAO : A;025 (kabod 8;8, C !5<845AOB8 ), >B:@K20NI59 8 >4=>2@5<5==> A>:@K20NI59 ?@8ACBAB285 >30, GB>1K ?>425AB8 =0A : :=835 >20, 2 :>B>@>9 8A?KBK205<K9 >3>< ?@0254=8: 2 =045645 2>A:@5A5=8O 2K@0605B A2>N C25@5==>ABL 2 B><, GB> >= C2848B >30 A>1AB25==K<8 A2>8<8 3;070<8 (>2.19:25-27): " O 7=0N, A:C?8B5;L <>9 682, 8 = 2 ?>A;54=89: 45=L 2>AAB028B 87 ?@0E0 @0A?040NICNAO :>6C <>N A8N, 8 O 2> ?;>B8 <>59 C7=0N >30. / C7@N 53> !0<, <>8 3;070, =5 3;070 4@C3>3>, C284OB 3>...".  40;55 (>2.42:5): "/ A;KH0; > "515 A;CE>< CE0, B5?5@L 65 3;070 <>8 284OB "51O". A;8 2 5BE>< 025B5 >65AB25==0O 8G=>ABL G0AB> ?@54AB02;5=0 =35;>< ("=35; ;8F0 3>", >B:@K20NI89 ?@8ACBAB285 >30), B> 2 >2>< 025B5 <K 2848< >1@0B=>5: 0=35;K G5;>25G5A:8E ;8G=>AB59 "2A5340 284OB ;8F5 BF0 515A=>3>" (D.18:10). 1>, :0: <K G8B05< 2 >A;0=88 : 52@5O< (3;. 1 8 2), C65 =5 G5@57 =35;>2, 0 G5@57 !K=0 !2>53> >1@0I05BAO >3 : ;N4O<. A;8 2 5BE>< 025B5 ;N48 A =528==K<8 @C:0<8 8 G8ABK< A5@4F5< 8<5=CNBAO @>4><, 8ICI8< ;8F0 >30 0:>20 (A.23:6), B> 20=35;85 CB25@6405B, GB> "G8ABK5 A5@4F5< >30 C7@OB" (D.5:8). ?>:0;8?A8A 3>2>@8B >1 871@0==KE: " C7@OB ;8F5 3>, 8 8<O 3> 1C45B =0 G5;0E 8E" (B:@.22:4). 20 =>2>7025B=KE B5:AB0 8<5NB 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 206=>5 7=0G5=85 4;O ?@>1;5<K >3>28'45=8O. -B> 5@2>5 ?>A;0=85 0?>AB>;0 >0==0 >3>A;>20 3:1-2 8 5@2>5 ?>A;0=85 : :>@8=DO=0< 0?>AB>;0 02;0 13:12. # A2OB>3> 520=35;8AB0 28'45=85 >30 A2O70=> A AK=>2AB2>< >3C, 40@>20==K< E@8AB80=0< ;N1>2LN () BF0. 8@, 3>2>@8B >=, =5 7=05B =0A (:0: AK=>2 >688E), ?>B><C GB> >= =5 7=0; >30. 4=0:> <K C65 8 A59G0A  AK=K >688 ( ), 0 B>, G5< <K 1C45<, 5I5 =5 O2;5=> (    ), B.5. 5I5 =5 O2;5=K ?;>4K MB>3> AK=>2AB20, 53> :>=5G=>5 7025@H5=85. K 7=05<, GB> :>340 >=> AB0=5B O2;5==K<, <K AB0=5< ?>4>1=K<8 <C, 81> C2848< 3> ":0: = 5ABL" (  ,     ). K C65 2848< 2AN 3;C18=C 8 2A5 1>30BAB2> 25@>CG5=8O, =0<5G0NI55AO 2 42CE MB8E AB8E0E.  459AB28B5;L=>, B>;L:> GB> ?@82545==K5 =0<8 B5:ABK A>>B=>AOB 28'45=85 >30 A=0G0;0 A AK=>2AB2>< E@8AB80=, =0720==KE AK=0<8 8;8 45BL<8 >30; 0 70B5<  A E@8AB80=A:>9 MAE0B>;>3859, A =0H8< :>=5G=K< ?@>O2;5=85< A51O 8;8 A ?>A;54=8< ?@>O2;5=85< >30 2> 2B>@>< 3> ?@8H5AB288, 2 "?0@CA88": 254L A;>20  , ":>340 O28BAO", <>6=> ?5@52>48BL 8 2 B>< 8 4@C3>< A<KA;5; A 4@C3>9 65 AB>@>=K, MB>B B5:AB CAB0=02;8205B A2O7L <564C 28'45=85< >30 8 >165==K< A>AB>O=85< 871@0==KE, :>B>@K5 AB0=>2OBAO "?>4>1=K<8 >3C" ( ) 8, =0:>=5F, ?>AB>; =0<5:05B =0 "I54@>BK" 8;8 1>65AB25==CN ;N1>2L (), A>>1I0NICN E@8AB80=0< 4>AB>8=AB2> AK=>2 >688E, 2:;NG0O 2A5 B>, GB> 87 MB>3> 4>AB>8=AB20 A;54C5B. 45AL <K C65 <>65< ?@542845BL 2A5 B5 @07;8G=K5 B>;:>20=8O, ?>2>4>< : :>B>@K< 8 ?>A;C68; 40==K9 B5:AB 0?>AB>;0 >0==0. "0:8< >1@07><, "1C45< ?>4>1=K <C, ?>B><C GB> C2848< 3>, :0: = 5ABL", <>65B 1KBL 8AB>;:>20=> 2 A<KA;5 7028A8<>AB8 ?@8G8==>9: >165==>5 A>AB>O=85 AB0=5B ?>A;54AB285< 28'45=8O >30, ":0: = 5ABL". ;8 65 2K@065=85  , "?>B><C GB> C2848< 3>", <>65B >1@5AB8 7=0G5=85 :0: 1K 4>:070B5;LAB20 "<K 1C45< ?>4>1=K <C ?>B><C, GB> 3> C2848<", B.5., B>B D0:B, GB> <K <>65< C2845BL >30, ":0: = 5ABL", O2;O5BAO 4>:070B5;LAB2>< B>3>, GB> <K AB0=5< <C ?>4>1=K<8. <5==> ?>MB><C 2K@065=85  , ":0: = 5ABL"  8 >1@5B5B AB>;L <=>3>@07;8G=>-3;C1>:>5 7=0G5=85 4;O 1>3>A;>2A:>9 <KA;8. ;O 1>3>A;>28O >3>28'45=8O =5 <5=LH55 7=0G5=85 8<55B 8 B5:AB A2. 0?>AB>;0 02;0.  13-9 3;025 5@2>3> ?>A;0=8O : :>@8=DO=0< ?>AB>; E>G5B ?>:070BL "?CBL =08A>25@H5==59H89", B>B, :>B>@K9 2A5 ?@52>AE>48B   ,  :>B>@K9 5ABL =08A>25@H5==59H89 40@, B>B, :>B>@K9 <K 8 4>;6=K ?@8>1@5AB8: MB>  40@ ;N128  ). >A?52 A2>9 482=K9 38<= ;N128, A2. 0?>AB>; 3>2>@8B, GB> B>;L:> >=0 =8:>340 =5 ?@5:@0B8BAO, 2 B> 2@5<O, :0: 4@C385 40@K  ?@>@>G5AB20, O7K:8, 7=0=8O ()  C?@074=OBAO. "1> <K >BG0AB8 ( ) 7=05< 8 >BG0AB8 ?@>@>G5AB2C5<, :>340 65 =0AB0=5B A>25@H5==>5 ( ), B>340 B>, GB> >BG0AB8 (  ), ?@5:@0B8BAO. >340 O 1K; <;045=F5<, B> ?>-<;045=G5A:8 3>2>@8;, ?>-<;045=G5A:8 <KA;8;, ?>-<;045=G5A:8 @0AAC640;; 0 :0: AB0; <C65<, B> >AB028; <;045=G5A:>5". 0B5< >= ?@>B82>?>AB02;O5B =5A>25@H5==>5, G0AB8G=>5 (  ) A>25@H5==><C ( ), B><C :>=5G=><C A>AB>O=8N, : :>B>@><C ?@8720= G5;>25:. "5?5@L <K 2848< :0: 1K A:2>7L BCA:;>5 AB5:;>, 3040B5;L=>     '   ,  B>340 65 ;8F5< : ;8FC      ". =0=85 ">BG0AB8", "A:2>7L BCA:;>5 AB5:;>" (' ) <>65B >7=0G0BL ?@>O2;5=85 >30 2 3> B2>@5=88, 4>ABC?=>5 4065 O7KG=8:0<, B> "=52848<>5 >30", > >B>@>< <K <>65< 8<5BL 8725AB=>5 ?@54AB02;5=85, A>75@F0O B20@=>5 ( 8<.1:19-20). -B><C =5A>25@H5==><C, G0AB8G=><C 2845=8N >30 2 3> B2>@5=8OE <>6=> ?@>B82>?>AB028BL 28'45=85 A>25@H5==>5 ";8F5< : ;8FC". CAAM >B<5G05B, GB> B>B, :B> @0AA<0B@8205B :0:>9-=81C4L ?@54<5B 2 75@:0;5, =5 AB>8B : ?@54<5BC ;8F5<, 0 AB>8B : =5<C A?8=>9, ?>MB><C, GB>1K 2845BL =5?>A@54AB25==> A0<K9 ?@54<5B, =C6=> ?>25@=CBLAO : 75@:0;C A?8=>9. -B> B>;:>20=85, :>=5G=>, =5 ;8H5=> >AB@>C<8O, >4=0:> =5 A;54C5B 701K20BL B>3>, GB> 3>2>@O > 28'45=88 >30 ";8F>< : ;8FC", 0?>AB>; ?>2B>@O5B >1KG=>5 4;O 81;88 2K@065=85, :>B>@>5 2A5340 >7=0G05B 2AB@5GC A >3>< ;8G=>AB=K<.  A;54CNI5< ?@54;>65=88 A>25@H5=AB2> MB>3> >3>?>7=0=8O 2K@065=> G@572KG09=> G5B:>: "B5?5@L 7=0N O >BG0AB8, 0 B>340 ?>7=0N, ?>4>1=> :0: O ?>7=0=". A;8 65 <K =5 2A?><=8< B>3>, GB> A:070=> 1K;> =5A:>;L:8<8 AB8E0<8 2KH5  0 8<5==>, GB> 7=0=85, , 2 A>AB>O=88 A>25@H5=AB20 1C4CI53> 25:0 4>;6=> >BABC?8BL ?5@54 ;N1>2LN, , B> ?>7=0=85 8 AB0=>28BAO 2KAH59 F5;LN G5;>25:0.  B0:>< A;CG05 MB>B B5:AB 8 1C4CB B>;:>20BL A 8725AB=K< 8=B5;;5:BC0;8AB8G5A:8< C:;>=><  B.5. 2 A<KA;5 @02=>7=0G=>AB8 >1>N4=>3> ?>7=0=8O. "/ ?>7=0N >30 2 B>9 65 <5@5, 2 :0:>9 = 7=05B <5=O".  =0>1>@>B, 5A;8 <K CG8BK205< ?>=OB85 ), :>B>@>9 ?>A2OI5=0 2AO 3;020 MB>3> ?>A;0=8O, B> A1;878< MB>B B5:AB, 3>2>@OI89 > 2708<=>< ?>7=0=88, A 4@C38< B5:AB>< B>3> 65 ?>A;0=8O (1>@.8:2-3), 2 :>B>@>< A2. 0?>AB>; 3>2>@8B: "B> 4C<05B, GB> >= 7=05B GB>-=81C4L, B>B =8G53> 5I5 =5 7=05B B0:, :0: 4>;6=> 7=0BL. > :B> ;N18B >30, B><C 40=> 7=0=85 >B 53>.      ,    ". >340 <K ?>7=0Q< :0:>9-;81> >1J5:B, B> MB> 7=0=85 =5A>25@H5==>5, 2 =5< =5B 2708<=>AB8; => B0<, 345 2 7=0=88 5ABL 2708<=>ABL, 7=0=85 3>2>@8B >1 >B=>H5=88 <564C ;8G=>ABO<8, 8 >=> >?@545;O5BAO , ;N1>2LN. 845BL >30 ";8F>< : ;8FC", MB> 7=0BL 3> B0:, :0: = 7=05B <5=O, :0: 7=0NB 4@C3 4@C30 420 4@C30. "0:>5 ?@54?>;030NI55 2708<=>ABL 7=0=85-28'45=85 8A:;NG05B 2AO:CN 845N :0:>9-B> "70:>=G5==>AB8" 2 28'45=88 >30 ;8F>< : ;8FC, >=>  =5 2KAH0O ?@8G8=0, >?@545;ONI0O ;N1>2L, 0 =5:>5 2K@065=85 MB>9 ;N128, :>B>@0O 4>AB83=5B A2>53> A>25@H5=AB20 ( ) 2 1C4CI5< 25:5. @>A<>B@5==K5 =0<8 B5:ABK !2OI5==>3> 8A0=8O, >B=>AOI85AO : >3>2845=8N, ?><>3CB =0< >?@545;8BL, 2 :0:>9 AB5?5=8 1>3>A;>285 A22. >BF>2, 8 ?@5645 2A53> 1>3>A;>285 2870=B89A:>5, @072820O ?5@28G=K5 40==K5, >AB05BAO 25@=K< E@8AB80=A:><C @540=8N 8 GC64K< :0:><C-;81> ?>AB>@>==5<C 2;8O=8N. K 2845;8 2 ?@54K4CI59 3;025, :0: 2 XVI 25:5 01@8M;L 0A:5A :@8B8:>20; >BF>2, GL8 CG5=8O =5 A>>B25BAB2>20;8 845O< AE>;0AB>2 >1 8=BC8B82=>< 28'45=88 !0<>9 >65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8, 0 2 =0H8 4=8 ?@>B5AB0=BA:89 1>3>A;>2 =45@A 83@5= C?@5:05B >BF>2 &5@:28 8 2A5 :0: 2>AB>G=>5, B0: 8 70?04=>5 1>3>A;>2A:>5 ?@540=85 2 A<KA;5 ?@>B82>?>;>6=>< C?@5:0< 0A:5A0.  A2>59 G@572KG09=> A>45@60B5;L=>9 :=835, 2KH54H59 =0 D@0=FC7A:>< O7K:5 ?>4 =0720=85< "-@>A 8 030?M" (1L5, 1944), 83@5= ?@>B82>?>AB02;O5B G8AB> E@8AB80=A:>5 ?>=OB85 "030?M" :0: ;N128 A>25@H5==> 40@AB25==>9, :>B>@0O, :0: >= <KA;8B, 5ABL ?CBL B>;L:> >30 : G5;>25:C, O7KG5A:><C ?>=OB8N "M@>A0", ;N128 "708=B5@5A>20==>9" 8 M3>8AB8G5A:>9, 2;5:CI59 : >3C G5;>25:0 8 2K7K20NI59 2 =5< 65;0=85 =0A;0645=8O; MB>B ?CBL 5ABL ?CBL B>;L:> G5;>25:0 : >3C. "0:8< >1@07><, 28'45=85, 3>2>@8B 83@5=, 5ABL >A=>2=>9 >B25B, 40==K9 "M@>A><". 5A><=5==> 2 "030?M" =0;8G5AB2C5B 845O 28'45=8O >30, => 2 A>25@H5==> 8=>< A<KA;5 (@.250). = AG8B05B, GB> ?> <5@5 @0728B8O E@8AB80=A:>3> 1>3><KA;8O ?@>87>H5; :><?@><8AA <564C "030?M" 0?>AB>;0 02;0 8 "M@>A><" M;;8=A:>9 D8;>A>D88. "-@>A", ?8H5B 83@5=, @0728205BAO ?> =5?@5@K20NI59AO ;8=88, 84CI59 >B =5>?;0B>=8:>2 8 0;5:A0=4@89A:>3> 1>3>A;>28O, ?@>4>;60NI59AO 2 >1@075 <KA;59 8>=8A8O @5>?038B0 8 >BG0AB8 1;065==>3> 23CAB8=0, -@8C35=0 !:>B0, A@54=525:>2>9 <8AB8:8 8 4>E>4OI59 4> =5<5F:>3> 8450;87<0 8 A?5:C;OB82=KE A8AB5< 0=B0 8 53> ?>A;54>20B5;59 (@.247). 57C;LB0B ?>4>1=>3> :><?@><8AA0 A ?;0B>=87<>< 2 2>?@>A5 >3>28'45=8O, ?> <KA;8 02B>@0, B>B, GB> "C65 402=> A2O70;8 <8AB8G5A:>5 A>75@F0=85 >30, :>B>@>5 O2;O5BAO >4=8< 87 >G5284=59H8E 0A?5:B>2 @5;8388, >1>A=>20==>9 M@>A><, A> A;>20<8 "1;065==K G8ABK5 A5@4F5<, ?>B><C GB> >=8 C284OB >30". 5 70<5B8;8 B>3>, ?@>4>;605B 02B>@, GB> <564C MAE0B>;>38G5A:8< 28'45=85< >30, > :>B>@>< 745AL 845B @5GL, 8 3> <8AB8G5A:8< A>75@F0=85< ;568B 1574=0, 8 GB> ?5@2>5 5ABL B>;L:> =5:89 A?>A>1 2K@065=8O A>25@H5==>3> >ACI5AB2;5=8O >1I5=8O A >3>< (@.255-256). 0: 0A:5A, B0: 8 83@5= :@8B8:CNB >BF>2: ?5@2K9  2> 8<O AE>;0AB8:8, 2B>@>9  2> 8<O @5;8388 >3>>B:@>25=89. 5@2K9 3;02=K< >1@07>< =0AB08205B =0 2>AE>4OI5< ?CB8 >B G5;>25:0 : >3C 8 C?@5:05B 1>;LH8=AB2> 3@5G5A:8E >BF>2 2 B><, GB> >=8 =5 A45;0;8 87 >30 >1J5:B0 ?>7=0=8O; 83@5=, =0>1>@>B, C?@5:05B 8E 2 B><, GB> >=8 O:>1K ?>4<5=8;8 >3>A>75@F0=85< 3> MAE0B>;>38G5A:>5 ?@>O2;5=85.  :0:>9 65 <5@5 MB8 ?@>B82>@5G82K5 C?@5:8 <>3CB >B=>A8BLAO : 2870=B89A:><C 1>3>A;>28N? -B> <K 8 ?>?KB05<AO @0AA<>B@5BL, A>A@54>B>G82 ?@5645 2A53> A2>5 2=8<0=85 =0 >?@545;5=88 B>3> <5AB0, :>B>@>5 70=8<0;> A0<> >3>28'45=85 C E@8AB80=A:8E 2>AB>G=KE 02B>@>2, ?@54H5AB25==8:>2 A>1AB25==> 2870=B89A:8E 1>3>A;>2>2. * * * B0:, <K ?@5645 2A53> >AB0=>28<AO =0 42CE E@8AB80=A:8E 02B>@0E II 25:0: A2. $5>D8;5 =B8>E89A:>< 8 A2. @8=55 8>=A:><. 48=AB25==K9 4>H54H89 4> =0A F5;8:>< B@C4 $5>D8;0, MB> 53> ?>;>38O 2 B@5E :=830E, >1@0I5=8O : >1@07>20==><C O7KG=8:C 2B>;8:C. =0, ?>-2848<><C, 1K;0 A>AB02;5=0 <564C 178 8 182 33.  :=835 ?5@2>9 2 3;020E 1-712 $5>D8; @0AA<0B@8205B 2>?@>A 2>7<>6=>AB8 >3>28'45=8O. 2B>;8:, ?@825@65=5F :C;LB0 84>;>2, ?@>A8B $5>D8;0 ?>:070BL 5<C >30 E@8AB80=. $5>D8; 5<C >B25G05B: "@5645 G5< O ?>:06C B515 =0H53> >30, ?>:068 <=5 A51O :0: G5;>25:0; 409 <=5 4>:070B5;LAB2> B>3>, GB> 4CH52=K5 B2>8 >G8 <>3CB 2845BL 8 GB> A5@45G=K5 B2>8 CH8 <>3CB A;KH0BL, 81> 2845BL >30 <>3CB B>;L:> B5, GL8 >G8 4CH52=K5 >B:@KBK. 0?@>B82 65, B5, GL8 >G8 70B5<=5=K () 3@5E>2=>9 :0B0@0:B>9, =5 <>3CB 2845BL >30. >6=> ;8 >?8A0BL >30 B5<, :>B>@K5 =5 <>3CB 3> 2845BL? > 3> >1;8: () =587@5G5=, =52K@078<, 81> =52848< 4;O >G59 B5;5A=KE. A;8 O 3>2>@N, GB> = A25B, O 3>2>@N > G5<-B> ?@>87>H54H5< (). A;8 O =07K20N 3> !;>2>< (), O 3>2>@N > 3> =0G0;5 ()". 5A><=5==>, 745AL @5GL 845B > =0G0;0E 3> ?@>O2;5=89. "5@<8=K, :>B>@K5 745AL C?>B@51;O5B A2. $5>D8;, =5A:>;L:> @0A?;K2G0BK, 8 <K =5 >A<5;8205<AO A;8H:>< 8E CB>G=OBL, GB>1K, B>;:CO MB8 2K@065=8O 2 B>< B>G=>< A<KA;5, :>B>@K9 >=8 ?@8>1@5BCB 2 1>3>A;>288 ?>A;54CNI8E 25:>2, =5 8A:078BL A>1AB25==>9 53> <KA;8. >MB><C =5OA=>, >7=0G05B ;8 B5@<8= , ?@8;>68<K9 : , A25B  "A>B2>@5==>5" (B>340 @5GL H;0 1K > B20@=>< A25B5, 8 MB> =08<5=>20=85 1K;> 1K 745AL 40=> >3C ?@>AB> ?> 0=0;>388), 8;8 65 MB>B B5@<8= >7=0G05B "?>A;54AB285", =5:89 "MDD5:B", 2 :>B>@>< >3 ?@>O2;O5B !51O, :0: A25B. -B>3> <K, A>1AB25==> 3>2>@O, =5 <>65< CB>G=8BL. "A;8 O 3> =07K20N  07C< (), O 3>2>@N > 3> ?@54CA<>B@8B5;L=>AB8 (). A;8 =07K20N  CE (), B> 3>2>@N > 3> 4KE0=88. A;8 =07K20N  C4@>ABL (), B> 3>2>@N > ?;>40E 3> 45OB5;L=>AB8. <O !8;0 () >7=0G05B 3> M=5@38N. >340 O =07K20N 3> @><KA;>< (), B> O 3>2>@N > 3> 1;03>AB8. &0@AB2> C:07K205B =0 3> A;02C. 08<5=>20=85 >A?>48= >B=>A8BAO : 3> 4>AB>8=AB2C !C488, 0 8<O !C48O C:07K205B =0 ?@8ACI55 <C ?@02>AC485. A;8 O =07K20N 3> BF><, B> 3>2>@N, GB> = 5ABL 2AQ [157 A><=5=8O, 2 A<KA;5 ?5@2>?@8G8=K 2A53> ACI53>]. 0:>=5F, :>340 O 3>2>@N, GB> =  3>=L, B> MB8< O 3>2>@N > 3> 3=525. ... A5 1K;> A>B2>@5=> 87 "=5 ACI53>" (     ), 401K 3> 25;8G85 (  ) <K <>3;8 1K ?>7=020BL 8 >E20BK20BL C<>< G5@57 3> B2>@5=8O". "0:8< >1@07><, ?5@5G8A;5==K5 745AL $5>D8;>< >65AB25==K5 8<5=0 >B=>AOBAO : 25;8G8N >68N, ?@>O2;ONI5<CAO 2 B20@=><, "?>4>1=> B><C, :0: 4CH0 G5;>25:0, >AB020OAL =52848<>9, ?@>O2;O5B A51O 2 >4CH52;5==KE 5N 42865=8OE B5;0. "0: 2 3> ?@><KA;5 8 2 3> 45;0E (     ) <K <>65< ?>7=0BL >30, A>B2>@82H53> 2A5 !;>2>< 8 @5<C4@>ABLN". -B> @07@01>B:0 >A;0=8O : @8<;O=0< ("=52848<>5 >30 AB0=>28BAO 2848<K< 2 B2>@5=88"), =0?><8=0NI0O =0<   8>=8A8O @5>?038B0, 8<5==> 53> <5B>4 A>AB02;OBL >65AB25==K5 8<5=0, 8AE>4O 87 3> ?@><KA;8B5;L=KE 459AB289 8 708<AB2CO 8E 87 !2OI5==>3> 8A0=8O. -B>  5I5 =5 =5?>A@54AB25==>5 28'45=85, =5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> >3, A>B2>@82H89 2A5 !;>2>< 8 @5<C4@>ABLN, C65 ?@54AB02;5= >3>< "@>8G=K<: =5?>7=0205<K9 B5F, ?@>O2;ONI89 !51O 2 <8@5 G5@57 !K=0 8 CE0 !2OB>3>. ;O B>3> GB>1K 2B>;8: A<>3 ?>7=0BL >30, =C6=>, GB>1K >3 >B:@K; 5<C >G8, :0: 2@0G A=8<05B A 3;07 :0B0@0:BC (<>65B 1KBL, 745AL =0<5: =0 :@5I5=85, =0 >70@5=85?). 5@0 8 AB@0E >689  2>B =5>1E>48<K5 CA;>28O, GB>1K C@07C<5BL: >3 >A=>20; 75<;N !2>59 @5<C4@>ABLN 8 A>740; =51> !2>59 ?@54CA<>B@8B5;L=>ABLN. A;8 2B>;8:, C@07C<52 MB>, 1C45B 25AB8 687=L ?@0254=CN 8 G8ABCN, >= A<>65B C2845BL >30. > >3>28'45=85 MB> A<>65B >ACI5AB28BLAO B>;L:> ?>A;5 >1I53> 2>A:@5A5=8O. ">340 BK A>2;5G5HLAO A2>59 3@5E>2=>9 ?@8@>4K ( ) 8 >1;5G5HLAO 2 1573@5H=>ABL (), BK C2848HL >30 2 BC <5@C, 2 :>B>@CN >:065HLAO 4>AB>9=K< (' ). 1> >3 2>A:@5A8B B2>N ?;>BL, A>>1I82 59 2<5AB5 A 4CH>9 15AA<5@B85, 8 B>340, AB02H8 15AA<5@B=K<, BK C2848HL 5AA<5@B=>3>, => B>;L:> 5A;8 BK ?>25@8; 2 53> C65 A59G0A". -B> MAE0B>;>38G5A:>5 28'45=85 >30, AB02H53> 4>ABC?=K< A<5@B=K< ACI5AB20<, ?>B><C GB> B>340 >=8 1C4CB >1;5G5=K 2 1573@5H=>ABL. 45AL <K 2848< "@5?;8:C" =0 "=530B82=K9" B5:AB 0?>AB>;0 02;0: "48=K9 8<5NI89 15AA<5@B85, :>B>@K9 >18B05B 2 =5?@8ABC?=>< A25B5, :>B>@>3> =8:B> 87 G5;>25:>2 =5 2845; 8 2845BL =5 <>65B" (1"8<.6:16). K ?@8?><8=05< B0:65 2A5 <5AB0 !2OI5==>3> 8A0=8O, CB25@640NI85, GB> >30 =5;L7O C2845BL ;8F>< : ;8FC 8 >AB0BLAO 682K<. >3>28'45=85, > :>B>@>< 745AL 3>2>@8B $5>D8; =B8>E89A:89, ?@8;>68<> : G5;>25:C 2> 2A59 53> A>2>:C?=>AB8: :0: : 53> 4CH5, B0: 8 : B5;C, AB02H8< 15AA<5@B=K<8 ?>A;5 2A5>1I53> 2>A:@5A5=8O. -B> ?@8>1I5=85 ;N459, AB02H8E 1573@5H=K<8, >3C, 1573@5H=><C ?> !2>59 ?@8@>45, ?@8G5< 2 A0<>< 0:B5 MB>3> 28'45=8O <K =5 =0E>48< =8:0:>3> @07;8G8O <564C ?>7=0=85< @07C<=K< 8 2>A?@8OB85< GC2AB25==K<. -B> =5 AB>;L:> A>75@F0=85 >30, :0: :>=5G=>5 3> O2;5=85, 2 :>B>@>< = AB0=>28BAO 2848<K< :064><C G5;>25:C 2 B>9 <5@5, 2 :0:>9 G5;>25: MB>3> C4>AB>8;AO. -B> 1>3><KA;85, >1>A=>20==>5 2 ACI=>AB8 A2>59 !2OI5==K< 8A0=85<, >B<5G5=> MAE0B>;>38G5A:8< 25O=85< ?5@2KE 25:>2 E@8AB80=AB20, >6840=85< A>25@H5==>3> >B:@>25=8O >30 ?>A;5 7025@H5=8O 25:>2. * * * "> 65 MAE0B>;>38G5A:>5 2>A?@8OB85 28'45=8O >30 :0: :>=5G=>3> 3> ?@>O2;5=8O, : :>B>@><C G5;>25G5AB2> ?>AB5?5==> ?>43>B02;8205BAO, B> 65 A>>B=>H5=85 <564C MB8< 28'45=85< ;8F>< : ;8FC 8 A>AB>O=85< 1573@5H=>AB8 =0E>48< <K C A2. @8=5O 8>=A:>3> (A:>=G0;AO >:>;> 202 3.). 3> >A=>2=>9 B@C4 "1;8G5=85 8 >?@>25@65=85 ;658<5==>3> 7=0=8O", 2 :>B>@>< >= ?@>B82>?>AB02;O5B CG5=8N 3=>AB8:>2 @540=85 &5@:28, >B=>A8BAO ?@8<5@=> : 180-198 33. @5G5A:89 B5:AB 4>H5; 4> =0A ;8HL 2 =5A:>;L:8E D@03<5=B0E. A5 >AB0;L=>5 <K C7=0;8 87 ;0B8=A:>3> ?5@52>40, 25@>OB=> >G5=L 4@52=53>, A45;0==>3>, 2>7<>6=>, 5I5 A>2@5<5==8:>< A0<>3> A2. @8=5O. 54L 2A53> G5@57 20 ;5B ?>A;5 53> A<5@B8 =0 =53> C65 AAK;05BAO "5@BC;;80=.  A2>59 1>@L15 ?@>B82 3=>AB8:>2, ?KB02H8EAO ?@>B82>?>AB028BL >30 B2>@OI53>, 5<8C@30, >3C A?0A0NI5<C, O282H5<CAO 2 8ACA5 %@8AB5, @8=59 @0728205B <KA;L > ?>AB5?5==>< A0<>>B:@>25=88 >30, >B>@K9 2A5 A>B2>@O5B !2>8< A;>2><, > B>< >B:@>25=88, :>B>@>5 !;>2>, O2;OO !51O ?0B@80@E0< 8 ?@>@>:0<, ?@>4>;605B 8 :>B>@>5 >=> 7025@H05B !2>8< >?;>I5=85<. 45AL !;>2> 3>2>@8B > A0<>< ?@8=F8?5 >B:@>25=8O BF0, : >B>@><C ?@8;>68<0 845O >30 =52848<>3> ?> !2>59 ?@8@>45. >3, =5?>7=0205<K9 2 !2>5< 25;8G88, 405B ?>7=0BL !51O 2 !2>59 ;N128 G5@57 !;>2>, >B>@K< = 2A5 A>B2>@8;13. "<5==> !K= 2 !2>5< ?@>O2;5=88 8 405B ?>7=0BL BF0, ?>B><C GB> ?>7=0=85 BF0 5ABL O2;5=85 !K=0".  40;LH5 A2. @8=59 4>102;O5B: "B5F 5ABL =52848<>5 !K=0, 0 !K= 5ABL 2848<>5 BF0"14. "!;>2> O28;> !51O, :>340 => AB0;> '5;>25:><. %>BO 4> >?;>I5=8O 8 3>2>@8;8, GB> G5;>25: 1K; A>740= ?> >1@07C >68N, => MB>3> =5;L7O 1K;> ?>:070BL, ?>B><C GB> !;>2> 1K;> 5I5 =52848<>  =, ?> >1@07C >B>@>3> 1K; A>B2>@5= G5;>25:. >MB><C A0<> ?>4>185 A:>@> 8 CB5@O;>AL. !;>2>, AB02H55 ?;>BLN, 2>AAB0=>28;> :0: >1@07, B0: 8 ?>4>185. 1> AB0; = !0< B5<, GB> 1K;> A>B2>@5=> ?> 3> >1@07C, 8 = 3;C1>:> 70?5G0B;5; ?>4>185, A?>4>1;OO G5;>25:0 G5@57 2848<>5 !;>2> =52848<><C BFC"15. <5==> 2 CE5 !2OB>< G5;>25: ABO605B C?>4>1;5=85. "A;8 2 :0:><-;81> G5;>25:5 4CE =5 A>548=5= A 4CH>9, G5;>25: MB>B =5A>25@H5=5=; >= >AB05BAO 725@>?>4>1=K< 8 ?;>BA:8<, E>BO >1@07 >689 8 70?5G0B;5= 2 53> ?;>B8, B5< =5 <5=55 >= =5 >1@5B05B CE>< 3> ?>4>18O"16. "0:8< >1@07><, 4><>AB@>8B5;LAB2> !K=0 8 CE0 !2OB>3> "?>4J5<;5B G5;>25:0 : 687=8 >30"17. "5?5@L ?>AB5?5==>5 ?@>O2;5=85 >30 A25@H05BAO 2 4CE>2=>< A>25@H5=AB2>20=88 G5;>25:0, >ACI5AB2;OO ?>4>185, ?>;CG5==>5 2 70;>35 CE0. -B>B 2>AE>4OI89 ?CBL, ?CBL : A>AB>O=8N G5;>25:0 4CE>2=>3> ?@52KH05B AB>;L 4>@>3>5 3=>AB8:0< 45;5=85 =0 ;N459 B5;5A=KE, 4CH52=KE 8 4CE>2=KE. "5?5@L =>2K9 M;5<5=B !2OI5==>3> 8A0=8O >1>30I05B CG5=85 > ?>7=0=88 >30: 4>AB>8=AB2> G5;>25:0, A>740==>3> ?> >1@07C 8 ?>4>18N >68N. B> G5;>25G5A:>5 :0G5AB2>, :>B>@>5 2> 2A59 A2>59 ?>;=>B5 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO 8 1;03>40@O 45;C >?;>I5=8O, 2 :>B>@>< !K= O2;O5B !51O A>25@H5==K< >1@07>< =52848<>3> >30, ?> :>B>@><C 1K; A>740= G5;>25:, 8 1;03>40@O 45;C A>H5AB28O !2OB>3> CE0, A>>1I0NI53> G5;>25:C 2>7<>6=>ABL CA>25@H5=AB2>20=8O, A?>A>1=>ABL : 4CE>2=>9 687=8. -B> 4CE>2=>5 ?@>42865=85 G5;>25:0, 2>AE>4OI53> CE>< 8 !;>2>< : >1I5=8N A BF><, >1@5B05B C A2. @8=5O MAE0B>;>38G5A:89 0A?5:B: "A;8 C65 B5?5@L,  3>2>@8B >=,  ?>;CG82 70;>3 4CE0, <K 27K205<: 220 BG5, B> GB> 65 1C45B A =0<8, :>340 2>A:@5A=C2, <K C2848< 3> ;8F>< : ;8FC, :>340 @07@>7=5==K5 G;5=K, A15602H8AL B>;?>9 2>A?>NB ?>154=CN ?5A=L 2 G5ABL ">3>, B> 2>A:@5A8; 8E 87 <5@B2KE 8 40@>20; 25G=CN 687=L"18. ;O A2. @8=5O >3>28'45=85 5ABL 2A5340 >B:@>25=85, A>25@H0NI55AO ?> 2>;5 >6859. >3 ?> A0<>9 ?@8@>45 !2>59 =5 5ABL =5:89 >1J5:B, ?>440NI89AO ?>7=0=8N: = 405B >B:@>25=85 > !515 ?> !2>59 ;N128, ?> !2>5<C A=8AE>645=8N. A;8 ?@>@>:8 8 ?@>25I0;8, GB> ;N48 C284OB >30, 5A;8 >A?>4L 8 >15I0; MB> >3>28'45=85 "G8ABK< A5@4F5<", B> B0:65 8AB8==> 8 B>, GB> ">30 =8:B> =5 C2848B". 59AB28B5;L=>, :>340 A>75@F05HL 3> 25;8G85 8 3> A;02C, =8:B> =5 <>65B 2845BL 3> 8 >AB0BLAO 2 682KE, ?>B><C GB> B5F "=5C;>28<" (incapabilis); => ?> !2>5<C <8;>A5@48N, ?> !2>59 ;N128 : ;N4O<, ?> !2>5<C 2A5<>3CI5AB2C (secundum autem dilectionem et humanitatem et quod omnia possit) = A>>1I05B ;N1OI8< 3> 25;8:89 40@,  40@ >3>28'45=8O, :0: 8 2>725I0;8 >1 MB><. ?@>@>:8. 1> B>, GB> =52>7<>6=> ;N4O<, 2>7<>6=> >3C. 59AB28B5;L=>, "G5;>25: A0< ?> A515 =5 2848B >30, => >3, ?>B><C GB> = B>3> E>G5B, AB0=>28BAO 2848<K< ;N4L<8, B5<8, :>B>@K<8 = E>G5B, :>340 = MB>3> E>G5B 8 :0: = MB>3> E>G5B"19.  MB>< <K <>65< CA<>B@5BL =5:>5 A>:@KB>5 @07;8G5=85  :0: 1K 420 0A?5:B0 2 >35  secundum magnitudinem 8 secundum dilectionem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per Sancti Spiritus beneplacitum  ?> 1;03><C 872>;5=8N !2OB>3> CE0. !2. @8=59 @07;8G05B B@8 ABC?5=8 28'45=8O: 28'45=85 ?@>@>G5A:>5  G5@57 CE0 !2OB>3>, 28'45=85 CAK=>2;5=8O  !K=><, 8 28'45=85 BG55 2 &0@AB25 515A=><. CE ?@54C3>B>2;O5B G5;>25:0 2 !K=5 >685<, !K= ?@82>48B 53> : BFC, B5F A>>1I05B 5<C =5B;5==>ABL 25G=>9 687=8, :>B>@CN G5;>25: ?>;CG05B >BB>3> 8<5==>, GB> >= 2848B >3020. -B>B B578A >B;8G05BAO 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 1>30BK< 25@>CG8B5;L=K< A>45@60=85<, :>B>@>5 A2. @8=59 @0728205B 2 4@C3>< <5AB5. 5@2>5, GB> =0A 745AL ?>@0605B, MB> B>, GB> >3>28'45=85 2 &0@AB25 515A=>< A>>1I05B 25G=CN 687=L, 45;0O G5;>25:0 1573@5H=K<. 8F> >30, :>B>@>5 <K =5 <>3;8 1K 2845BL 8 =5 C<5@5BL, 2 687=8 1C4CI53> 25:0 AB0=>28BAO 8AB>G=8:>< A0<>9 687=8. "B0:, ;N48,  3>2>@8B A2. @8=59,  1C4CB 2845BL >30, GB>1K 68BL, G5@57 28'45=85 A45;02H8AL 15AA<5@B=K<8 8 H5AB2CO 4065 4> >30" (per visionem immortales facti et peregrinantes usque in Deum).  =5A:>;L:> 2KH5 >= >B<5G05B  MB>B B5:AB 4>H5; 4> =0A =0 O7K:5 ?>4;8==8:0: "52>7<>6=> 68BL 157 687=8, 0 1KB85 () 687=8 ?@>8AE>48B >B >1I5=8O () A >3><; >1I5=85 65 A >3>< A>AB>8B 2 ?>7=0=88 () (;0B8=A:89 B5:AB 3>2>@8B videre  2845BL) >30 8 2 =0A;0645=88 3> 1;03>ABLN"21. 45AL @5GL 845B =5 B>;L:> > 25G=>9 687=8, =5 B>;L:> > 1573@5H=>AB8, :>B>@CN <K ?>;CG05< 2 1C4CI5< 25:5 >3>28'45=85<  A>25@H5==K< A>CG0AB85< >65AB25==>9 687=8, => 8<5==> > 687=8 2>>1I5, :>B>@0O 2 8725AB=>9 AB5?5=8 B0:65 5ABL ?@8G0AB=>ABL, 0 7=0G8B 8 G0AB8G=>5 28'45=85 >30.  MB> =5 4>;6=> =0A C482;OBL: 254L 8 A>B2>@5=85 <8@0 C65 ?@54AB02;O5BAO A2. @8=5N ?@>O2;5=85< >30, 8 B>, GB> ?@>O2;O5BAO, AB0=>28BAO 2848<K< 8 >G5284=K<. 52848<K9 >3 !51O O2;O5B, 405B 2845BL !51O 2 !;>25,  =0G0;5 2AOG5A:>3> ?@>O2;5=8O.  459AB28B5;L=>, !;>2> 405B ;N4O< 2>7<>6=>ABL 2845BL >30, 8 => 65 >4=>2@5<5==> ?@54AB02;O5B (exhibet) G5;>25:0 >3C. 45AL A=>20 =0E>48< B> 2708<>-28'45=85, :>B>@>5 CB25@6405B A2. 0?>AB>; 025;. 4=0:> 2 B>< :>=B5:AB5 A2. @8=5O, :>B>@K9 <K A59G0A @0AA<0B@8205<22, @5GL 845B =5 > A>25@H5==>< 28'45=88, =5 > 28'45=88 ;8F>< : ;8FC; 745AL 02B>@ 8<55B 2 284C ?@>O2;5=85 >30 G5@57 !;>2> 4> 3> >?;>I5=8O. -B> B> >3>28'45=85, :>B>@>5 A2. @8=59 2 4@C3>< <5AB523 =07K205B "A8<2>;8G5A:>9 ?@8G0AB=>ABLN" =5?>@>G=>AB8, 687=8 A>25@H5==>9. -B0 A>25@H5==0O 687=L AB0=5B O2;5==>9, 2848<>9 B>;L:> ?>A;5 >?;>I5=8O, :>B>@>5 405B ;N4O< A?>A>1=>ABL ?>;CG8BL ?>;=>BC A>?@8G0AB=>AB8 687=8 25G=>9, =5?>@>G=>AB8. 0: <K C65 A:070;8, 8<5==> 28'45=85 >30 BF0 A>45;K205B =0A =5?>@>G=K<8. > >?;>I5=8O !;>2>, O2;OO >30 2 3> B2>@5=88, >E@0=O5B =52848<>5 BF0, GB>1K G5;>25:, 1C4CG8 =54>AB0B>G=> ?>43>B>2;5==K< : ?>4>1=>9 A 8< 1;87>AB8, =5 =0G0; 1K >3>< ?@5=51@530BL. > 2 B> 65 2@5<O !;>2> =5 >AB02;O5B ;N459 2 A>25@H5==>9 =58725AB=>AB8 >30. = ?>:07K205B 3> 2> <=>38E @0A?>;>65=8OE (per multas dispositiones 25@>OB=> =C6=> G8B0BL 745AL dispensationes  2> <=>38E ?@>O2;5=8OE 4><>AB@>8B5;LAB20), GB> 8 4>;6=> A>>B25BAB2>20BL A8<2>;8G5A:><C 8;8 ?@>@>G5A:><C 2845=8N >30. -B> ?@>O28B5;L=>5 4><>AB@>8B5;LAB2> =5>1E>48<> "401K G5;>25:, A>25@H5==> >B25@=C2H8AL >B >30, =5 ?5@5AB0; 1K ACI5AB2>20BL" (n5 in totum deficiens a Deo homo, cessaret esse). 45AL <K <>65< C65 2845BL 70G0B>: 8725AB=>9 >=B>;>388, :>B>@CN, >4=0:>, A2. @8=59 =5 @0728205B, 0 8<5==>: ACI5AB2>20=85 A>B2>@5==>3> G5;>25:0 7028A8B >B 53> ?@8G0AB=>AB8 >3C, ?@8G0AB=>AB8, >ACI5AB2;O5<>9 8725AB=K< >3>28'45=85<.  A2. @8=59 ?@>4>;605B: "81> A;020 >68O 5ABL 682CI89 G5;>25:, 0 687=L G5;>25:0 5ABL 28'45=85 >30". "0:8< >1@07><, 5A;8 O2;5=85 >30 2 A>B2>@5=88 <8@0 per conditionem A>>1I05B 687=L 2A5<C 682CI5<C =0 75<;5, B> B5< 1>;55 ?@>O2;5=85 BF0 !;>2>< A>>1I05B 687=L B5<, :B> 2848B >30"24. -B> A=>20 ?@82>48B =0A : >B<5G5==K< A2. @8=55< B@5< ABC?5=O< >3>28'45=8O: 2845=8N ?@>@>G5A:><C  2 !2OB>< CE5, 2845=8N CAK=>2;5=8O  2 2>?;>B82H5<AO !K=5, 2845=8N BG5<C  2 1C4CI5< 25:5. -B8 B@8 MB0?0, :0: <K A59G0A C2848<, :0: 1K A>45@60BAO >48= 2 4@C3><  :064K9 ?>B5=F80;L=> C65 2E>48B 2 4@C3>9. !2. @8=59 ?>4G5@:8205B, GB> ?@>@>:8 =5 2845;8 O2;5==K< !0<> ;8F> >685, => GB> => O2;O;>AL 8< G5@57 B08=AB25==>5 4><>AB@>8B5;LAB2>, 2 :>B>@>< ;N48 :0: 1K =0G8=0;8 2845BL >3025. ">, GB> >=8 <>3;8 2845BL, 1K;8 B>;L:> ;8HL "?>4>18O<8 25;8:>;5?8O >A?>40" (similitudines claritatis Domini) 2 ?@542845=88 ?>;=>BK O2;5=8O 1C4CI53>. 1> B5F =52848<, => !;>2> @0A:@K205B BG55 25;8:>;5?85, 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B A?>A>10, :>B>@K9 => E>G5B ?@840BL MB><C ?@>O2;5=8N. -B> 8 5ABL A8<2>;8G5A:>5 8;8 ?@>@>G5A:>5 28'45=85, ?@8;>65==>5 2 40==>< A;CG05 =5 : 4><>AB@>8B5;LAB2C !2OB>3> CE0, => : 4><>AB@>8B5;LAB2C !K=0, 81> 8 !;>2> 8 CE A>2<5AB=> 8 =5@07;CG=> O2;ONBAO =0G0;>< 2AO:>3> >3>?@>O2;5=8O. -B> 28'45=85 "?>4>189 25;8:>;5?8O BF0" C65 A>45@68B 2 A515 =0G0B:8 B>3> A>25@H5==>3> 28'45=8O, :>B>@>5 >ACI5AB28BAO ?>74=55. >3 O2;O5BAO >8A5N =0 3>@5 !8=09A:>9 :0: 4@C3C  "2 !2>5< ?@8ACBAB288" (in conspetu). <C O2;O5BAO 8<5==> !;>2>; => >8A59 =5 <>65B 3> 2845BL 8 C<>;O5B > O2=>< 28'45=88 ">3>, >B>@K9 A =8< 3>2>@8B. !B>OI5<C 2 @0AI5;8=5 A:0;K >8A5N 405BAO B>340 A8<2>;8G5A:>5 28'45=85 >30  videbis quae sunt posteriora mea  "C2848HL 704=OO >O". ;O A2. @8=5O MB> >7=0G05B: 2>-?5@2KE, GB> G5;>25:C =52>7<>6=> 2845BL >30, 8 2>-2B>@KE, GB> G5;>25: C2848B 3> ?>74=55, 2 =>2K5 2@5<5=0, in novissimis temporibus, =0 25@H8=5 A:0;K, B.5. 2 3> G5;>25G5A:>< ?@8H5AB288 (in eo qui est secundum hominem ejus adventu), 2 2>?;>B82H5<AO !;>25. ">MB><C-B>,  3>2>@8B A2. @8=59,  >8A59 15A54>20; A >3>< ;8F>< : ;8FC =0 25@H8=5 3>@K 2 ?@8ACBAB288 ;88, :0: =0< ?>25AB2C5B 20=35;85, 8 B0:8< >1@07>< >3 : :>=FC A45@68205B >15I0=85, 40==>5 2=0G0;526. B0:, 28'45=85 =0 !8=09A:>9 3>@5 >1@5B05B A2>5 7025@H5=85, ?>;=>BC A2>53> >ACI5AB2;5=8O =0 3>@5 $02>@A:>9, =0 :>B>@>9 >8A59 8 ;8O,  0 8< B0:65 40=> 1K;> A8<2>;8G5A:>5 28'45=85 >30,  O2;ONBAO @O4>< A %@8AB>< ?@5>1@065==K<, !;54>20B5;L=>, ?@>@>G5A:>5 28'45=85 C65 CG0AB2>20;> 2 :>=5G=>< A>AB>O=88, 2 A>AB>O=88 =5?>@>G=>AB8 1C4CI53> 25:0, @0A:@K2H5<AO 2 @5>1@065=88 %@8AB>2><, :0: 2 "&0@AB25 >685<, ?@8H54H5< 2 A8;5". ;O A2. @8=5O B@5BLO ABC?5=L, ABC?5=L 28'45=8O BF0, ?@8ACI0O 4>AB83H8< 1;065=AB20, 5ABL O2;5=85 %@8AB0, ?@5>1@065==>3> A25B><, :0: 8AB>G=8:>< =5?>@>G=>9 687=8 1C4CI53> 25:0. 59AB28B5;L=>, >= 3>2>@8B: "!;>2> AB0;> ?;>BLN... 401K 2A5, GB> ACI5AB2C5B, 2845;>... A2>53> &0@O; 8 401K A25B BF0 A>H5; =0 ?;>BL >A?>40 =0H53>, 8 >B 3> A8ONI59 ?;>B8 ?5@5H5; =0 =0A, 8 B0:8< >1@07>< G5;>25:, >45O==K9 BG8< A25B><, ?>;CG8; =5B;5=85"27.  B5<5 @5>1@065=8O %@8AB>20 ?>AB>O==> 2>72@0I0NBAO 2870=B89A:85 1>3>A;>2K; MB>  :;NG 8E CG5=8O > >3>28'45=88. -B0 B5<0 2?5@2K5 ?>O2;O5BAO C A2. @8=5O,  8 <=5 :065BAO, GB> O =5 >H810NAL,  2 B>< 8<5==> CG8B5;L=>< :>=B5:AB5, :>B>@K9 A>>B=>A8B MBC B5<C A 28'45=85< 1C4CI53> 25:0: 28'45=85< %@8AB0 2 3> A;025, B5< 28'45=85<, 1;03>40@O :>B>@><C G5;>25: AB0=>28BAO ?@8G0AB=K< A25BC >30 =52848<>3>, >1@5B0O 2 =5< A>AB>O=85 1573@5H=>AB8, B.5. >165=85. 1> "5A;8 !;>2> AB0;> G5;>25:><, B> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ;N48 <>3;8 AB0BL 1>30<8"28  3>2>@8B A2. @8=59, 8 MB8 53> A;>20 1C4CB ?>2B>@OBL 2> 2A5 25:0 A2OBK5 >BFK 8 1>3>A;>2K.  GB> 65 5ABL >165=85, :0: =5 A>25@H5==0O A>?@8G0AB=>ABL 687=8 1>65AB25==>9? -B0 A>?@8G0AB=>ABL =08;CGH8< >1@07>< 2K@0605BAO 2 28'45=88 A25B0. "845BL A25B,  3>2>@8B A2. @8=59,  7=0G8B 1KBL 2 5< 8 1KBL ?@8G0AB=K< 3> 682>B2>@=><C 25;8:>;5?8N. >MB><C 284OI85 >30  A>?@8G0AB=K 687=8"29. ;065=AB2> ?@54AB02;O5BAO A2. @8=5N 15A?@545;L=K< CA>25@H5=AB2>20=85< G5;>25:0 8 2A5 2>7@0AB0NI8< ?@>O2;5=85< >30. "065 8 2 1C4CI5< 25:5,  3>2>@8B >=,  >3C 2A5340 =04> 1C45B ?>CG0BL, 0 G5;>25:C  2A5340 C >30 ?>CG0BLAO"30. '0AB> A2. @8=5O >128=O;8 2 B><, GB> >= CG8; > BKAOG5;5B=5< F0@AB25 ?@0254=8:>2, :>B>@>5, A>3;0A=> ?>:0;8?A8AC, 4>;6=> =0ABC?8BL 5I5 =0 75<;5 4> :>=F0 A25B0. = 459AB28B5;L=> 3>2>@8B > B09=5 2>A:@5A5=8O 8 F0@AB25 ?@0254=8:>2, :0: =0G0;5 =5?>@>G=>AB8, B0:>< F0@AB25, 345 53> C4>AB>82H85AO ?>AB5?5==> 1C4CB ?@82K:0BL : B><C, :0: >30 "C;>2;OBL" (paulatim assuescunt capere Deum)31.  40;55 >= ?@8102;O5B: "@0254=8:8 1C4CB F0@8BL =0 75<;5, 2>7@0AB0O 2 28'45=88 >A?>40, 8 2 5< >=8 1C4CB ?@82K:0BL : ?@8OB8N A;02K >30 BF0"32. -B> E0@0:B5@=> 4;O >1@070 <KA;8 A2. @8=5O: A;8 >160NI89 A25B BF0 1K; O2;5= =0 75<;5 2> %@8AB5 ?@5>1@065==><, B> ?@8ACI55 1C4CI5<C 25:C 28'45=85 BF0 <>65B =0G8=0BLAO C65 745AL, =0 75<;5. ;O 02B>@0 ?5@2KE 25:>2 E@8AB80=AB20 B0:>5 CG0AB85 2 A>AB>O=88 1573@5H=>AB8, A2>9AB25==>< :>=FC 2@5<5=, => AB02H8< 2>7<>6=K< C65 =0 75<;5, ?@54AB02;O5BAO 2 MAE0B>;>38G5A:8E ?5@A?5:B820E ?>:0;8?A8A0 :0: B08=AB25==>5 CA;>285 ?@0254=KE, 2>A:@5H5==KE 4;O =0A;0645=8O =0 75<;5 >1I5=85< A >3><. 4=0:> A>AB>O=85 ?>;=>3> 1;065=AB20 >AB05BAO 70 =51><. !2. @8=59 3>2>@8B =0< >1 MB><, :>340 =01@0AK205B :0@B8=C =>2>3> =510 8 =>2>9 75<;8: "">340, :0: 3>2>@OB 4@52=85 >BFK, C4>AB>82H85AO =515A=>3> ?@51K20=8O 2>7=5ACBAO =0 =51>. @C385 1C4CB =0A;0640BLAO A;04>ABLN @0O (745AL, ?>-2848<><C, @5GL 845B > 75<=>< @05).  =0:>=5F, 8=K5 1C4CB >1;040BL 25;8:>;5?85< @040 (>@=8< 5@CA0;8<><, AH54H8< A =515A). 4=0:> 2AN4C 1C45B 2848< !?0A8B5;L 2 B>9 <5@5, 2 :0:>9 C4>AB>OBAO 284OI85 3>"33.  >= 65 @0728205B BC 65 <KA;L @07;8G=>3> >3>28'45=8O 4;O :064>3> 2 >B45;L=>AB8, 8=B5@?@5B8@CO 2 MB>< 8<5==> A<KA;5 A;>20 20=35;8O >B >0==0: " 4><C BF0 >53> >18B5;8 <=>3> ACBL"34. "0:>2> CG5=85 > 28'45=88 >30 A2. @8=5O. "0: 65, :0: 8 C A2. $5>D8;0 =B8>E89A:>3>, >3>28'45=85 A>G5B05BAO A <KA;LN > 1573@5H=>AB8. > C A2. @8=5O >=> AB0=>28BAO A0<8< 8AB>G=8:>< 25G=>9 687=8 8 4065 8AB>G=8:>< 2AOG5A:>3> ACI5AB2>20=8O. '5@57 28'45=85 ?@8>1I05HLAO >3C, :0: <K ?@8>1I05<AO A25BC, :>340 <K 53> 2848<. 4=0:> >3 =52848<K9 O28; !51O 2> %@8AB5, ?@5>1@065==>< A25B>< BG8<, B5< !25B><, 2 :>B>@>< G5;>25: >1@5B05B 1573@5H=>5 A>AB>O=85 25G=>9 687=8. >7<>6=>ABL =0A;0640BLAO MB8< >16820NI8< =0A 28'45=85< C65 745AL, =0 75<;5, ?>;CG0O G5@57 2>?;>B82H55AO !;>2> A25B BG89, 2 >1@075 <KA;59 A2. @8=5O ?5@5=>A8BAO 2 ?;0= MAE0B>;>38G5A:89  MB> BKAOG5;5B=55 F0@AB2> ?@0254=KE. "5<0 <8AB8G5A:>3> A>75@F0=8O :0: 1K 5<C =5 ?@54AB02;O;0AL 8=0G5, :0: B>;L:> 2 MB>9 D>@<5 =>2>3> 8AB>@8G5A:>3> MB0?0 G5;>25G5AB20, 2 :>B>@>< ?@0254=8:8 <0;>-?><0;C 1C4CB ?@82K:0BL : A>25@H5==><C >1I5=8N A >3><. K 40;55 C2848<, GB> 2>?@>A MB>B ?@8<5B A>25@H5==> 8=>9 0A?5:B  8<5==> 0A?5:B <8AB8G5A:>3> A>75@F0=8O C ;8<5=B0 ;5:A0=4@89A:>3> 8 @835=0. ;020 3 ! / ! C30A0=85< MAE0B>;>38G5A:>3> 4CE0, E0@0:B5@=>3> 4;O 42CE ?5@2KE 25:>2 E@8AB80=A:>9 M@K, CG5=85 > BKAOG5;5B=5< F0@AB25, 8;8 E8;807<, ?>AB5?5==> 8AG5705B.  B@5BL5< 25:5 ?@>B82 =53> 2545BAO C?>@=0O 1>@L10, 3;02=K< >1@07>< 2 38?B5, A=0G0;0 @835=><, 0 70B5< 53> CG5=8:>< 52 8>=8A85< ;5:A0=4@89A:8<. @8G8=C, ?> :>B>@>9 MB8 G0O=8O 3@O4CI53> F0@AB20 682CI8E =0 75<;5 2 A>548=5=88 A >3>< ?@0254=8:>2 =0G8=0NB :070BLAO ;8H5==K<8 A<KA;0, =5 A;54C5B 8A:0BL B>;L:> 2 =082=>-<0B5@80;8AB8G5A:>< E0@0:B5@5, :>B>@K9 >=8 8=>9 @07 ?@8=8<0;8, :0:, =0?@8<5@, C 0?8O, ?@>B82 G53> 2>7@060; A2. @8=59,  8;8 65 2 M:AB@02030=B=KE ?@5B5=78OE 48A:@548B8@>202H8E E8;807< A5:B0=B>2 <>=B0=8AB>2. 0ABCICN >??>78F8N ?@>B82 CG5=89 > 2>7=8:=>25=88 =5:>59 =>2>9 M@K, >B<5G5==>9 =>2K< 8 >G5284=K< >65AB25==K< ?@>O2;5=85<, <>6=> ;8HL >BG0AB8 >1JOA=8BL 0;;53>@8G5A:8< >1@07>< <KA;59, A2>9AB25==K< <>;>4>9 E@8AB80=A:>9 H:>;5 ;5:A0=4@88, =5 E>B52H59 1KBL A2O70==>9 >4=>9 B>;L:> 8C459A:>9 "1C:2>9" 8 8A:02H59 2 A2OI5==KE B5:AB0E 8E 4CE>2=K9 A<KA;.  5A;8 845N > =5:>5< =>2>< MB0?5 ?@8>1I5=8O >3C 2 >1@075 3@O4CI53> F0@AB20 ?@0254=8:>2 8 >BAB@0=O;8, B> 45;0;>AL MB> A F5;LN ?>:070BL, GB> ?CBL : AB5?5=O< MB>3> A>25@H5=AB20 >B:@KB E@8AB80=0< C65 8 2 =0AB>OI5<, 2 4CE>2=>9 687=8, ?>A2OI5==>9 A>75@F0=8N >30. >4>1=K9 8450; A>75@F0B5;L=>9 687=8 ?> A2>59 D>@<5 A;8H:>< =0?><8=05B, ?> :@09=59 <5@5 ?@8 A2>5< 2>7=8:=>25=88, M;;8=A:CN <C4@>ABL, 2 >A>15==>AB8 65 :>340 A>75@F0=85, :0: A>AB>O=85 =08A>25@H5==59H55, A0<>F5;L E@8AB80=8=0, ?@>B82>?>AB02;O5BAO 45;0=8N. @>B5AB0=BA:89 1>3>A;>2 =45@A 83@5=, > :>B>@>< <K C65 C?><8=0;8 2 ?@54K4CI59 3;025, 2848B 745AL @57C;LB0B ?>4<5=K E@8AB80=A:>9 "030?M" O7KG5A:8< "M@>A><". "5 70<5B8;8 B>3>,  3>2>@8B >=,  GB> <564C MAE0B>;>38G5A:8< 28'45=85< >30... 8 <8AB8G5A:8< 3> A>75@F0=85< ?@>;53;0 1574=0 8 GB> ?5@2>5 8 2K@0605B A>25@H5==CN @50;870F8N E@8AB80=A:>3> >3>>1I5=8O". "0:8< >1@07><, 2AO E@8AB80=A:0O <8AB8:0 ?@54AB02;O5BAO 5<C >B:;>=5=85< >B ?5@2>E@8AB80=A:8E CG5=89, >=0  8E ?;0B>=8G5A:>5 8A:065=85. 57028A8<> >B 83@5=0 : B0:8< 65 2K2>40< >1 8450;5 A>75@F0B5;L=>9 687=8 ?@8E>48B 8 >. $5ABN6L5@  A2>59 AB0BL5 "A:570 8 A>75@F0=85"35 >= 3>2>@8B: "! =0G0;0 III 25:0 ?0@0;;5;L=> B@048F88 E0@0:B5@=> E@8AB80=A:>9 =01;N405BAO 2;8O=85 8=>9 B@048F88, 2 :>B>@>9 84CI55 >B 8ACA0 A<5H8205BAO A M;5<5=B0<8 O7KG5A:>9 <C4@>AB8 8 ?>@>9 5N ?>;=>ABLN ?>3;>I05BAO. AB>:8 MB>3> 42865=8O A>25@H5==> >G5284=K: MB>  ;5:A0=4@89A:0O H:>;0, ;8<5=B 8 @835="36.  >.$5ABN6L5@ =0 MB>< =5 >AB0=02;8205BAO: >=, :0: 8 83@5=, E>BO 8 A >3>2>@:0<8, 2848B ?>GB8 2> 2A59 C<>7@8B5;L=>9 <8AB8:5 ?>A;54CNI8E 25:>2 @57C;LB0B A8=B570, A8<18>70 <564C D8=0<8 8 5@CA0;8<><. ">6=> ;53:> ?@>A;548BL 725=LO MB>9 F5?8: =0 >AB>:5 MB> CG8B5;8 A>75@F0=8O  203@89, @83>@89 8AA:89, 804>E $>B8:89A:89, ?A524>-8>=8A89, =0 0?045  23CAB8=, 8  2 B><, 2 G5< >= A;54C5B 70 23CAB8=><,  @83>@89 5;8:89"37. >340 2 40;L=59H5< <K 1C45< @0AA<0B@820BL CG5=85 > >3>28'45=88 @83>@8O 8AA:>3>, 804>E0 8 8>=8A8O, B> ?>?KB05<AO 40BL A515 >BG5B, 2 :0:>9 <5@5 <K <>65< A>3;0A8BLAO A B57>9 >. $5ABN6L5@0.  ?>:0 >3@0=8G8<AO 153;K< @0AA<>B@5=85< B5<K >3>28'45=8O C 25;8:8E ;5:A0=4@89A:8E CG8B5;59  ;8<5=B0 8 @835=0, 2 :>B>@KE >. $5ABN6L5@ 8 2848B >A=>2>?>;>6=8:>2 B>3>, GB> >= =07K205B "D8;>A>D8G5A:>9 4CE>2=>ABLN". = >?@545;O5B 55 A;54CNI8< >1@07><: "-B>  <8AB8:0 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=0O 8;8 A25@E8=B5;;5:BC0;L=0O, :>B>@0O ?@82>48B : >1@07C 687=8 8A:;NG8B5;L=> A>75@F0B5;L=><C, =5 >AB02;ONI5<C =8 <0;59H53> <5AB0 459AB2>20=8N, 4065 5A;8 ?>A;54=55 42868<> ;N1>2LN. KBL A>25@H5==K<  7=0G8B A>75@F0BL, 0 A>75@F0BL  MB> 2845BL >30 28'45=85< =5?>A@54AB25==K<"38. * * * ;8<5=B ;5:A0=4@89A:89 @>48;AO >:>;> 150 3>40; >= ?@5?>4020; 2 ;5:A0=4@88 2?;>BL 4> 2033., :>340 3>=5=8O !5?B8<8O !525@0 ?@8=C48;8 53> ?>:8=CBL MB>B 3>@>4. !:>=G0;AO >= ?@8<5@=> 2 2153. A=>2=K5 53> B@C4K "@>B@5?B8:, 8;8 #25I0=85 : M;;8=0<", 345 >= >1@0I05BAO : 2=5H=8<, : O7KG=8:0<, 70B5< "5403>3", ?@54=07=0G5==K9 >3;0H5==K< 8;8 =C640NI8<AO 2 ?>CG5=88 ?@>ABK< 25@CNI8<, =0:>=5F "!B@><0BK", A>AB02;5==K5 :0: <>708:0 87 @07=>@>4=KE ?>4G0A G0AB59 8 A>45@60I85 2 A515 :0: 1K =0G0B:8 CG5=8O 4;O E@8AB80= 1>;55 A>7=0B5;L=KE.  MB>9 701>B5 @0A?@545;8BL A2>5 CG5=85 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B AB5?5=8 A>25@H5=AB20 G8B0B5;O ?@>ABC?05B 8725AB=K9 M7>B5@87<, 8 ;8<5=B 8=>9 @07 2K@0605B A2>N <KA;L B5@<8=0<8, A>7=0B5;L=> 708<AB2>20==K<8 87 O7KG5A:8E <8AB5@89. "0:, >= >B<5G05B, GB> 3@5G5A:85 <8AB5@88 =0G8=0NBAO A >G8I5=8O, :>B>@>5 0=0;>38G=> E@8AB80=A:>9 8A?>2548. 0B5< A;54C5B ?>A2OI5=85 2 "<0;K5 <8AB5@88 ( ), :0: 1K >1CG5=85 8;8 =0CG=0O ?>43>B>2:0 : "25;8:8< <8AB5@8O<" ( ), 8;8 B09=0<, :>340 C65 =5 >1CG05HLAO, 0 A>75@F05HL 40==K5 @50;L=>AB8. -B>  , 2KAH0O ABC?5=L E@8AB80=A:>3> ?>A2OI5=8O, >3>A>75@F0=85, 4>AB868<>5 ?CB5< 0=0;870. ;8<5=B 405B =0< ?@8<5@ ?>4>1=>3> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> 459AB28O, 7025@H0NI53>AO A>75@F0=85<. AE>4O 87 :0:>3>-=81C4L B5;0, <K ?@>872>48< @O4 01AB@0:F89 8 ?@5645 2A53> C?@074=O5< 53> D878G5A:85 :0G5AB20. AB05BAO >?@545;5==0O ?@>BO65==>ABL. #AB@0=OO 87<5@5=8O 2KA>BK, H8@8=K 8 4;8=K, <K ?>;CG05< B>G:C, 70=8<0NICN 8725AB=>5 ?@>AB@0=AB25==>5 ?>;>65=85, 8725AB=CN 548=8FC, =5:CN C<>?>AB8305<CN <>=04C. A;8 70B5< <K >B1@>A8< 2A5, GB> <>65B 1KBL A2>9AB25==> ACI5AB20< :0: B5;5A=K<, B0: 8 15AB5;5A=K<, B> <K "@8=5<AO" () 2 25;8G85 () %@8AB0; 5A;8 65 >B 25;8G8O ?>A@54AB2>< A2OB>AB8 ?5@5945< : "1574=5" (), B> >1@5B5< 8725AB=>5 ?>7=0=85 >30 "A545@68B5;O" (), ?>7=020O =5 B>, GB> = 5ABL, 0 B> GB> = =5 5ABL39. -B>B B5:AB ;8<5=B0, 2 :>B>@>< <K 2848< :0:: 1K =0<5B:8 >B@8F0B5;L=>3>  0?>D0B8G5A:>3>  ?CB8 >3>?>7=0=8O, =0?><8=05B 0=0;8B8G5A:>5 @0AAC645=85, :>B>@>5 A?CABO H5ABL45AOB ;5B ?>A;5 ;8<5=B0 >?8H5B 2 A2>59 6-9 -==5045 ;>B8=. 3> ?CBL 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=KE 01AB@0:F89, ?CBL "C?@>I5=8O", () 8;8 A254=8O : 548=><C, B0:65 ?@82>48B : 8725AB=><C >?KBC, M:AB0B8G5A:89 E0@0:B5@ :>B>@>3> C ;>B8=0 2K@065= 1>;55 O@:>, =565;8 C 53> E@8AB80=A:>3> ?@54H5AB25==8:0. # ;>B8=0 2AO:>5 ?>7=0=85 C?@074=O5BAO 2 A>AB>O=88 M:AB070, 345 =5B 1>;LH5 =8 AC1J5:B0, =8 >1J5:B0, 0 B>;L:> >?KB A>25@H5==>3> >B>645AB2;5=8O A 48=K<. > A>7405BAO 2?5G0B;5=85, GB> :>340 ;8<5=B ?@54;0305B ?>7=020BL >30 2 B><, GB> = =5 5ABL, >= 2A5 65 >AB05BAO 2 AD5@5 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9, E>BO ?@5645 G5< 4>9B8 4> MB>3> =530B82=>3> ?>7=0=8O 8 A;54C5B  :0: >= 3>2>@8B  ?5@59B8 70 3@0=L <>=04K C<>?>AB868<>9, "@8=C2H8AL 2 25;8G85 %@8AB0", 401K 70B5< "?CB5< A2OB>AB8" 4>AB8GL 1574=K BF0. 5AB> MB> =5A:>;L:> BC<0==>. >:0 <K :0A0BLAO 53> =5 1C45<. > >4=> =0< OA=>: 745AL @5GL 845B > B0:>< A>75@F0=88, :>B>@>5, 2<5AB5 A >.$5ABN6L5@><, <K <>65< >B=5AB8 : <8AB8:5 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 8;8 A25@E8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9. 1J5:B>< ?>4>1=>3> A>75@F0=8O O2;O5BAO >3, >B>@K9 48=>5 ?@52>AE>48B, >B>@K9 ?@52KH5 548=AB2040. A5 ?>=OB8O, :>B>@K5 <>65< <K > 5< 8<5BL,  "=5 8<5NB D>@<K"41. 59AB28B5;L=>, : 5<C =5 ?@8;>68<K =8 @>4, =8 @07;8G85, =8 284, =8 8=48284,  =8 >4=0 87 2A5E ;>38G5A:8E :0B53>@89. = 8 =5 0:F845=F8O, 8 =5 B>, : G5<C 0:F845=F88 ?@8;030NBAO. = 8 =5 F5;>5, 8 =5 G0ABL. >6=> A:070BL GB> = 15A:>=5G5=, 81> C 53> =5B 87<5@5=8O; = =5 8<55B =8 2840, =8 8<5=8.  5A;8 <K =58A:CA=> 8 =07K205< 3>  48=>5, ;03>, CE, !0<>-1KB85, B5F, >3, "2>@5F, >A?>4L,  B> 2<5AB> B>3>, GB>1K 3> 8<5=>20BL, <K, GB>1K A>A@54>B>G8BL A2>N 1;C640NICN 8 A182G82CN <KA;L, ?>;L7C5<AO 8<5=0<8 A0<K<8 ?@5:@0A=K<8, :0:85 B>;L:> <>65< =09B8 4;O 25I59 =0< 7=0:><KE42. "A;8 >30 ?>7=0BL B@C4=>, B> 2K@078BL 3> =52>7<>6=>". -B> 2 A2>5< ""8<55" 3>2>@8B ;0B>=, ?>B><C GB> ;0B>= G8B0; 81;8N (;8<5=B =8:>340 =5 A><=520;AO 2 B><, GB> 8 8D03>@, 8 ;0B>=, 8 AB>8:8, 2A5 >=8 >1@5B5==>5 8<8 7=0=85 > >35 ?>708<AB2>20;8 2 A2OI5==KE :=830E 52@552). >MB><C ;0B>=, 7=0O > 2>AE>645=88 >8A5O =0 3>@C !8=09, 7=0; 8 B>, GB> ?CB5< "A2OB>3> A>75@F0=8O" >8A59 A<>3 4>AB8GL A0<>9 25@H8=K C<>?>AB868<>3>43. '5< 65 5I5 <>3;> MB> 1KBL, :0: =5 AB>;L B@C4=> ?>AB868<>9 "AD5@>9 >30", :>B>@CN ;0B>= =07K205B "AD5@>9 8459", C7=02 >B >8A5O, GB> >3 5ABL AD5@0, 81> = ?>;=>ABLN 2A5 2 !515 A>45@68B44. 1=0@C68BL 3> <K <>65< G8ABK< 8 2=5B5;5A=K< 27;5B>< <KA;8 B>;L:> 8740;8, :0: 1K 2 75@:0;5, 0 =5 ;8F>< : 8FC45. B0:, 2 >1@075 <KA;59 ;8<5=B0 ;5:A0=4@89A:>3> D8;>A>D8O ;0B>=0 8 A2OI5==K9 B5:AB A>AB02;ONB =5@0745;8<CN 0<0;L30<C 8 4@C3 4@C30 4>?>;=ONB, 2708<=> 4@C3 4@C30 @0A:@K20NB. >4=O2H8AL 4> 25@H8= ACI53>  4> "8458", <K <>65< <KA;5==> >E20B8BL B>, GB> 8E ?@52>AE>48B, B> 5ABL ;03> (), 4>AB830O B0:8< >1@07>< A0<>3> ?@545;0 C<>?>AB868<>3>, A>3;0A=> ;0B>=C46. 7>94O =0 MB8 25@H8=K, >8A59 2ABC?05B 2 <@0: (), 845B =02AB@5GC 52848<><C 8 587@5G5==><C. @0: >7=0G05B =525@85 8 =52565AB2> B>;?K, :>B>@0O =5A?>A>1=0 : ?>7=0=8N >30. 59AB28B5;L=>, A2. 0?>AB>; >0== 3>2>@8B =0<, GB> ">30 =5 2845; =8:B> =8:>340. 48=>@>4=K9 !K=, >B>@K9 2 ;>=5 BF0, = O28;". >=> BF0 8 5ABL B> 52848<>5 8 587@5G5==>5, :>B>@>5 >8A59 2AB@5G05B 2> <@0:5. >MB><C =5:>B>@K5 8 =07K20NB 3>   3;C18=>9, 1574=>9, 81> =0 2AQ >1J5<;5B 2 !2>5< ;>=5. -B> 8 5ABL >1JOA=5=85 B>3> =5OA=>3> <5AB0, :>B>@K< ;8<5=B 70:0=G8205B ?CBL 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> 0=0;870 ?>@K2>< 2 "25;8G85" %@8AB0, >B >B>@>3> =C6=> 4>9B8 4> "1574=K" BF0 A545@68B5;O, !0<>3> ?> !515 =5C;>28<>3> 8 15A:>=5G=>3>. "0:8< >1@07><, :;8<5=B>2A:>5 "25;8G85 %@8AB0" A>>B25BAB2C5B B>9 "AD5@5 8459", B>9 25@H8=5, 4> :>B>@>9 ;0B>= A>?@>2>6405B >8A5O. BAN40 "A2OB>ABLN" 4>AB8305HL 1574=K 52848<>3> 8 587@5G5==>3>. 5 5ABL ;8 MB0 "A2OB>ABL" B> , ?;0B>=>2A:>5 ;03>, ?@52KH0NI55 AD5@C 8459? 0: 1K B> =8 1K;>, => >8A59 AB>8B ?5@54 >3>< "5@>645==K<", ?5@54 "5254><K< >3><", ?@>?>2540==K< 0?>AB>;>< 02;>< 0D8=O=0<, >3><, ?>7=0205<K< B>;L:> 1>65AB25==>9 1;03>40BLN 8 !;>2><, >B>@>5 "C >30"47. A;8 >8A59 ?@>A8B >30 !51O 5<C O28BL, B> 45;05B MB> ?>B><C, GB> >3 405B 5<C 7=0=85 > !515 B>;L:> G5@57 !2>N A8;C, "AO:>5 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>5 8A:0=85  A><=8B5;L=> 8 A;5?> 157 1;03>40B=>3> ?>7=0=8O, 84CI53> >B >30 G5@57 !K=0"48. >6=> 1K;> 1K >6840BL, GB> B5?5@L ;0B>= >BABC?8B ?5@54 >8A55<, GB> A?5:C;OB82=>5 <KH;5=85 D8;>A>D0 70B<8BAO ?5@54 >B:@>25=85< 82>3> >30, A>>1I0NI53> !2>N 1;03>40BL G5@57 !K=0. 4=0:> 2 1>3><KA;88 ;8<5=B0 8<5==> ;0B>= @07JOA=O5B =0<, GB> 65 5ABL 1;03>40BL; >30 <>65< <K ?>7=0BL B>;L:> ?> ?>40205<>9 < 4>1@>45B5;8. 54L ;0B>=,  3>2>@8B ;8<5=B,  C?><8=05B 2 A2>5< "5=>=5" > =5:>59 ?>40205<>9 >3>< 4>1@>45B5;8, :>B>@0O ?>AK;05BAO =0< "1>65AB25==K< 6@5185<". -B> A>1AB25==> 8 5ABL "A?>A>1=>ABL : ?>7=0=8N"49. 45AL <K 2 AD5@5 0;5:A0=4@89A:>3> >1@070 <KA;59, 2 A0<>< >G035 <KH;5=8O M:;5:B8G5A:>3> 8 A8=:@5B8G5A:>3>, 2 :>B>@>< C65 87402=0 @5;838O >B:@>25=8O 2KGC@=> A>G5B0;0AL A M;5<5=B0<8 M;;8=8AB8G5A:>3> C<>7@5=8O. I5 70 ?OBL45AOB ;5B 4> ;8<5=B0 ;5:A0=4@89A:>3> $8;>= C459 3>2>@8; > A8;0E (), 2 :>B>@KE >3 >B:@K20;AO >8A5N, 2 B5@<8=0E ?;0B>=>2A:>9 D8;>A>D88. >MB><C =5B =8G53> C4828B5;L=>3> 2 B><, GB> 2 ?@54AB02;5=88 2A:>@<;5==>3> 3@5G5A:>9 D8;>A>D859 E@8AB80=A:>3> CG8B5;O >3>28'45=85 A>>B25BAB2C5B A>AB>O=8N >?8A0==>3> ;0B>=>< A>25@H5==>3> A>75@F0=8O "5G=>ACI53>". # ;8<5=B0 E@8AB80=A:>5 A>25@H5=AB2> A>AB>8B 2 ?>7=0=88 ;030 8 C?>4>1;5=88 >3C50. &5;L E@8AB80=8=0  ?>7=0BL 8;8 C2845BL >3051. !>25@H5==K9 3=>A8A 5ABL 25G=>5 A>75@F0=85   52 8 2 MB>< A<KA;5 >=  2KH5 25@K. A;8, >BE>4O >B O7KG5AB20, <K >1@0I05<AO : 25@5, B> >B 25@K 4>;6=K 2>AE>48BL : 3=>A8AC53. 'B>1K >1;040BL ?>7=0=85<, =54>AB0B>G=> 1KBL E@8AB80=8=><; 40@ MB>B A;54C5B C<=>60BL 687=LN, ?>A2OI5==>9 A>75@F0=8N, ?CB5< >BA5G5=8O AB@0AB59 8 4>AB865=8O A>AB>O=8O 15AAB@0AB8O.  CAB0E ;8<5=B0 0A:5B8G5A:89 8450; B0:>3> 15AAB@0AB8O =5 >G5=L >B;8G05BAO >B 15AAB@0AB8O AB>8:>2: B>;L:> A>25@H5==K9 E@8AB80=8=, 4>AB83H89 15AAB@0AB8O, >1;0405B 40@>< 7=0=8O, >=  8AB8==K9 3=>AB8:. 5>1E>48<> BCB 65 >B<5B8BL, GB> :;8<5=B>2A:89 3=>AB8: =5 8<55B =8G53> >1I53> A B5<8 5@5B8:0<8, :>B>@KE =07K20NB "3=>AB8:0<8" 8 :>B>@KE ;8<5=B 18GC5B :0: "?A524>-3=>AB8:>2". >MB><C, ?> <KA;8 ;8<5=B0, E@8AB80=A:85 3=>AB8:8  =5 :0:0O-B> >B45;L=0O ":0AB0", >B;8G=0O ?> A2>59 4CE>2=>9 ?@8@>45 >B >AB0;L=KE ;N459, :>B>@K5 8;8 >1O70B5;L=> B5;5A=K, 8;8 >1O70B5;L=> 4CH52=K. AB8==K5 3=>AB8:8  MB> E@8AB80=5, 4>AB83H85 A>25@H5=AB20, ?@54;>65==>3> 2A5< 157 8A:;NG5=8O C?@06=5=85< 2 A>75@F0B5;L=>9 4>1@>45B5;8. "=>AB8:,  3>2>@8B ;8<5=B,  ?>A:>;L:C >= ;N18B 548=>3> 8AB8==>3> >30,  G5;>25: A>25@H5==K9, 4@C3 >30, ?>AB02;5==K9 2 4>AB>8=AB2> AK=0". 0720=8O 1;03>@>4AB20, ?>7=0=8O, A>25@H5=AB20 ?@>8AB5:0NB >B >3>28'45=8O, 2KA>G09H53> ?@58<CI5AB20, 40@>20==>3> 4CH5 3=>AB8:0, AB02H59 A>25@H5==> G8AB>9, C4>AB>82H59AO, :0: 3>2>@8B 8A0=85, 25G=>3> 28'45=8O >30 ;8F>< : 8FC, 28'45=8O >30 A545@68B5;O54. -B> 5ABL 28'45=85 >30 BF0  ">3> >30 52848<>3>, B>9 574=K, :>B>@0O A>45@68B 2 !2>5< ;>=5 25;8G85 !;>20 A> 2A5< <8@>< 8459. => ?@54C3>B>20=> 4;O "G8ABKE A5@4F5<", 4;O 3=>AB8:>2, 4>AB83H8E ?@545;L=>3> A>25@H5=AB20. > <0;> :B> <>65B 4>9B8 4> 3;C18= 3=>A8A055. >;LH8=AB2> ;N459 ?8B05BAO <>;>:><, 7=0=85< =5A>25@H5==K<, :0B5E878A=K<, 25@>9 ;N459 ?@>ABKE 8 B5;5A=KE. "25@40O 65 ?8I0  4>AB>25@=>5 >B:@>25=85 C4CI53> 5:0, 28'45=85 ;8F>< : 8FC56. => =5<KA;8<> =0 75<;5, 8 >48= B>;L:> 3=>A8A <>65B 40BL 53> ?>A<5@B=>. 4=0:> >B >?8A0==>3> ;8<5=B>< 3=>AB8:0 C =0A A>7405BAO 2?5G0B;5=85, GB> C65 2 75<=>9 687=8 >= =0A;06405BAO A>25@H5==K< 7=0=85<, 2 :>B>@>< C65 8 =5 >AB05BAO <5AB0 4;O B09=K57. @8<5@0<8 8AB8==KE 3=>AB8:>2 ;8<5=B AG8B05B 0:>20, 5B@0, 02;0 8 4@C38E 0?>AB>;>2. =>AB8:  2A5 7=05B, 2A5 ?>=8<05B, 4065 8 B>, GB> 4@C38< :065BAO =5?>=OB=K<58. 5 5ABL ;8 3=>A8A A?>A>1=>ABL @07C<=>9 4CH8 ?>42870BLAO 2 ?>7=0=88 8 B0:8< >1@07>< >15A?5G820BL G5;>25:C 15AA<5@B85?59 B0:, 2 ?@54AB02;5=88 ;8<5=B0 A>75@F0=85 O2;O5BAO 2KA>G09H8< 1;065=AB2>< 8 2 MB> A>75@F0=85 2>2;5G5=0 ?>GB8 GB> >4=0 B>;L:> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=0O AB>@>=0 G5;>25:0. -B> 1;065=AB2> @02=>7=0G=> 7=0=8N, 8 =0< ?@54AB02;O5BAO, GB> >G5=L 40;5:> >B>H;8 <K >B MAE0B>;>38G5A:>3> >3>28'45=8O B0:>3> >BF0 &5@:28, :0: A2. @8=59, 8 GB> 2 A0<>9 8455 1;065=AB20 ?@>87>H;> :0:>5-B> @0AI5?;5=85: A >4=>9 AB>@>=K  =5B;5==0O 687=L 1;065==KE, A>CG0AB=8:>2 ?@525G=>3> A25B0 BF0, @0A?@>AB@0=O5<>3> %@8AB>< ?@>A;02;5==K<; A 4@C3>9  MB>B 3=>A8A, MB> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>5 A>75@F0=85, MB> ?>AB865=85 5?>AB86=>3>, :>B>@>5 ;8<5=B ?@52>7=>A8B :0: A0<>F5;L A>25@H5==KE E@8AB80=. 59AB28B5;L=>, <K =5 <>65< =5 2845BL MB>3> @0AE>645=8O <564C 82K< >3>< 81;88 8 >3>< ?;0B>=>2A:>3> A>75@F0=8O, @0AE>645=8O, @0A:0;K20NI53> A0<C ?>;=>BC 25G=>3> 1;065=AB20, :>340 <K A;KH8< B0:>5 2KA:07K20=85 ;8<5=B0: " O 45@7=C A:070BL, GB> B>B, :B> 70=8<05BAO 3=>A8A>< @048 A0<>9 1>65AB25==>9 =0C:8, 55 =5 ?>AB83=5B, 5A;8 >= 4C<05B > A2>5< A?0A5=88. 07C<, 2 A8;C A2>9AB25==>3> 5<C :0G5AB20, 2A5340 AB0@05BAO 1KBL 2 459AB288, 8 MB>B 2A5340 459AB2CNI89 @07C<, AB02H89, 1;03>40@O A2>59 =5?@5@K2=>9 =0?@O65==>AB8, ACI=>ABLN 3=>AB8:0, ?@5>1@07>2K205BAO 2 25G=>5 A>75@F0=85 8 ?@52@0I05BAO 2 682CN AC1AB0=F8N. >MB><C, 5A;8 1K 3=>AB8:C ?@54;>68;8 2K1>@ <564C ?>7=0=85< >30 8 25G=K< A?0A5=85<, ?@54?>;030O, GB> MB> 25I8 @07;8G=K5 (?> ACB8 65 45;0 >=8 A>25@H5==> B>645AB25==K), >= 157 2AO:>3> :>;510=8O 2K15@5B >3>?>7=0=8560. 0: 1K ;8<5=B =8 >3>20@820;AO, A>75@F0=85 >30 8 25G=>5 A?0A5=85 >:07K20NBAO C =53> 745AL @0745;5==K<8, E>BO 1K 8 <KA;5==>, 8 3=>A8A ?@52>7=5A5= =04 A?0A5=85<.  E>BO >= 8 3>2>@8B, GB> 25@0 2>72>48B =0A : 3=>A8AC ;N1>2LN (), ;N1>2L MB0 2 1C4CI5< 25:5 ?5@54 3=>A8A>< C?@074=8BAO 8 8<5==> 3=>A8A 709<5B B> 8A:;NG8B5;L=>5 <5AB>, :>B>@>5 0?>AB>; 025; ?@54=07=0G05B ""  ;N128. >=OB85 :;8<5=B>2A:>3> 3=>A8A0 =0?><8=05B =0< =5:>B>@K5 <5AB0 87 ">9<0=4@5A", ?>O282H53>AO 2 38?B5 A>1@0=8O A>G8=5=89 B0: =07K205<KE "35@<5B8G5A:8E", 2 :>B>@KE 7=0=85 ?@54AB02;O5B 87 A51O =5:CN >165AB2;ONICN D>@<C, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@>9 ?>4=8<05HLAO : AD5@5 =5?>4286=KE 7257461. !0<> <KH;5=85, >B 1>65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8 =5>B45;8<>5, ?@82>48B ;N459 : >3C62, B0:8< >1@07>< <K >1@5B05< A?0A5=85 ?CB5< 7=0=8O, ?@52KH0NI53> 25@C. ;8<5=B C?><8=05B > ?8A0=8OE 5@<5A0 "@8A<538AB063, => =8:>340, =0A:>;L:> <=5 8725AB=>, =0 =8E =5 AAK;05BAO.  5A;8 >= =5OA=> D>@<C;8@C5B A2>5 CG5=85 > 28'45=88 1>65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8, B> MB> ?@>8AE>48B >BB>3>, GB> B>340, 4;O >1>7=0G5=8O 548=>9 ?@8@>4K B@5E 8F, B5@<8= "CA8O" =5 2>H5; 5I5 2 C?>B@51;5=85. 4=0:> 2 >3><KA;88 ;8<5=B0 <K =0E>48< 2A5 4>:B@8=0;L=K5 M;5<5=BK, ?>72>;ONI85 CB25@640BL 2>7<>6=>ABL A>75@F0=8O 1>65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8. ;O ;8<5=B0 1>65AB25==0O ACI=>ABL @02=>7=0G=0 1574=5 A545@68B5;O. "0:8< >1@07><, B5<0 >3>A>75@F0=8O, :>B>@0O =587156=> 4>;6=0 1K;0 2>7=8:=CBL 2 E@8AB80=A:>< <KH;5=88, ?5@2>=0G0;L=> 2KABC?05B 2 D>@<0E, 5I5 =5 >A2>1>482H8EAO >B 2;8O=89, GC64KE E@8AB80=A:><C 25@>CG5=8N. ;8<5=B>2A:85 3=>AB8:8, A>AB02;ONI85 2=CB@5==89,  E>B5;>AL 1K A:070BL "M7>B5@8G5A:89"  :@C3 2 &5@:28, 2 53> >1@075 <KA;59 A>>B25BAB2CNB E@8AB80=0<, 4>AB83H8< A>25@H5=AB20, A2OBK<, ?@51K20NI8< 2 =5?@5AB0==>< >1I5=88 A >3><. E 687=L ?>GB8 GB> =587156=> 4>;6=0 70:0=G820BLAO <CG5=8G5AB2><.  745AL <K C7=0Q< 8450; A2OB>AB8, A2>9AB25==K9 E@8AB80=0< M?>E8 3>=5=89. > ?>@B@5B 3=>AB8:0 =5 A?8A0= A =0BC@K: >= =5 >B@0605B B8?0 :>=:@5B=>3> A2OB>3>. -B> ;8B5@0BC@=0O D8:F8O, 345 ;8<5=B >1;0G05B 2 E@8AB80=A:89 =0@O4 >1@07 B>3> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> A>75@F0B5;O, :>B>@>3> >= =0H5; 2=5 687=5==>3> >?KB0 &5@:28.  B>;L:> :>=:@5B=0O @50;870F8O 0A:5B8G5A:>9 687=8 2KB5A=8B MBC ?;0B>=8G5A:CN CB>?8N ?@0:B8:>9 A>75@F0=8O G8AB> E@8AB80=A:>3>, :>B>@>5 2 =>2>< 0A?5:B5 A=>20 1C45B A>>B25BAB2>20BL MAE0B>;>38G5A:><C 2845=8N A2. @8=5O. * * * KA;L @835=0 (>:.185-254 8;8 255) A@02=8B5;L=> A ;8<5=B><, GL8< CG5=8:>< >= 1K; =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O 2 ;5:A0=4@89A:>9 4840A:0;88, 1>;55 G5B:0, <5=55 @0A?;K2G0B0. ;8<5=B  ?@5645 2A53> <>@0;8AB; @835=  1>3>A;>2, M:7535B, 0?>;>35B 8 CG8B5;L 0A:5B8G5A:>9 687=8. ;O =53> E@8AB80=5 B>65 @0745;ONBAO =0 425 :0B53>@88: >4=8  25@OB, 4@C385  7=0NB. 4=0:> :064K9 E@8AB80=8= 4>;65= AB@5<8BLAO : ?>7=0=8N. B0:, B:@>25=85 >B=>A8BAO :0: : ?@>ABK<, B0: 8 : A>25@H5==K<. 4=8< >=> 405B CG5=85 =@02AB25==>5, 4@C38< 405B "3=>A8A", CG5=85 > "@>8F5 8;8 "B5>;>38N"64. >3 >B:@K205B !51O 2 A2OI5==>< B5:AB5 8A0=89 ?> <5@5 B>3>, :0: <K >B@K205<AO >B 53> 1C:20;L=>3> A<KA;0  8C45O< B>;L:> >= 8 4>ABC?5=,  GB>1K ?@>=8:=CBL 2 53> 4CE>2=K9 A<KA;, >B:@KBK9 E@8AB80=0<. > 8 745AL ACI5AB2CNB 3@040F88. >340 0?>AB>; 025; >1@0I05BAO : >@8=DO=0< :0: "=5 7=0NI89" 8 65;0NI89 ?@>?>254>20BL >4=>3> B>;L:> %@8AB0 @0A?OB>3>, >= >1@0I05BAO : ?@>ABK<. , =0>1>@>B, :>340 0?>AB>; >0== 2 ?@>;>35 : A2>5<C 20=35;8N 3>2>@8B > 1>65AB25==>< >3>A5, >= >1@0I05BAO : B5<, :B> A?>A>15= ?>7=020BL65.  >1I5<, B>, GB> >B=>A8BAO : G5;>25G5AB2C 8ACA0 %@8AB0  ?@8=04;568B 8:>=><8'8 (4><>AB@>8B5;LAB2C) 8 ?@54;0305BAO 25@5 ?@>ABKE; B>, GB> >B=>A8BAO : >65AB2C  5ABL >1;0ABL 1>3>A;>28O 8 ?@54=07=0G05BAO 4;O A>25@H5==KE, 4;O A?>A>1=KE : A>75@F0=8N. -B8 425 @07;8G=K5 AB0488 A>25@H5=AB2>20=8O >ACI5AB2;ONBAO 2 42CE @07;8G=KE >1@070E 687=8: 2 687=8 45OB5;L=>9 8 687=8 A>75@F0B5;L=>9. ( 07;8G85 MB> 708<AB2>20=> C AB>8:>2.) @835= ?5@2K9 A45;0; 87 0@DK 8 0@88, 2 ?>25AB2>20=88 520=35;8AB0 C:8, >1@07K 687=8 45OB5;L=>9 8 687=8 A>75@F0B5;L=>966. "5OB5;L=K5" 70=8<0NB 2=5H=89 42>@ E@0<0, "A>75@F0NI85" 2E>4OB 2 >< >68967. 07;8G=K5 G0AB8 5@CA0;8<A:>3> E@0<0 A>>B25BAB2CNB AB5?5=O< A>25@H5=AB20 2 ?>7=0=88. "0:, 425@8, >B45;ONI85 2=5H=89 42>@ >B A2OB8;8I0  ACBL 425@8 ?>7=0=8O: MB> ?5@2>5 A>75@F0=85, A>75@F0=85 ACI5AB2 B5;5A=KE 8 15AB5;5A=KE. !2OB>5 !2OBKE 5ABL ?>7=0=85 >3068. B0:, E@8AB80=0< =04> ?@>9B8 B@8 MB0?0: ?5@2K9  MB>  (45;0=85), 1>@L10 70 15AAB@0AB85 () 8 ;N1>2L; 2B>@>9    (5AB5AB25==>5 C<>7@5=85), ?>7=0=85 B09= A>B2>@5==>3>; 8 B@5B89   (1>3>A;>285), ?>7=0=85 >30 2 >3>A5. @835= 1K; ?@5645 2A53> M:7535B><, ?>MB><C >= >1@0I05BAO : !2OI5==><C 8A0=8N 8 ?@54;0305B ?@>E>4OI8< ?5@2K9 MB0?  @8BG8, :0: A>25BK =@02AB25==K5; ?@>E>4OI8< 2B>@>9 MB0?  :=83C -::;5A80AB0, @0A:@K20NICN BI5BC ACI5AB2 B20@=KE 8 ?>=C640NICN 8A:0BL ?>7=0=8O >30, 8 =0:>=5F, ?@>E>4OI8< B@5B89 MB0?  5A=L 5A=59, :>B>@0O, 2>A?520O 1@0: G5;>25G5A:>9 4CH8 A >3>A><, CG8B A>75@F0=8N >30. <5==> MB0 B@5BLO ABC?5=L, >1;0ABL "B5>;>388" ?@5645 2A53> =0A 8 8=B5@5AC5B 2 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 1>30B>< 8 A;>6=>< >3><KA;88 @835=0. 'B> 65, A>1AB25==>, ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 MB0 "B5>;>38O", ?>7=0=85 >30 2 >3>A5, :>B>@>5 4;O @835=0 >4=>2@5<5==> 5ABL 8 >3>A>75@F0=85, 8 2KA>G09H0O ABC?5=L E@8AB80=A:>3> A>25@H5=AB20? !>25@H5=AB2> 5ABL C?>4>1;5=85 >3C. $8;>A>DK, :>=5G=>, B>65 MB> 3>2>@8;8. > =5 A0<8 =0H;8 >=8 MBC 8AB8=C: >=8 ?>708<AB2>20;8 55 87 A2OI5==KE :=83 52@552, 345 2 :=835 KB8O >8A59 ?>25AB2C5B > B><, GB> G5;>25: 1K; A>B2>@5= ?> >1@07C 8 ?>4>18N >30. "1@07" =0< C65 40=; "?>4>185" 65 5ABL 2>7<>6=>ABL 4>AB830BL A>25@H5=AB20, :>B>@>5 >1@5B5B 2AN A2>N ?>;=>BC ;8HL ?> >:>=G0=88 2@5<5=, :>340 >3 1C45B "2AOG5A:0O 2> 2A5E"69. @835= 40;55 >?@545;O5B MB> A>AB>O=85 A>25@H5=AB20: ">3 1C45B 2A5< 2> 2A5<" >7=0G05B, GB> = 1C45B "2A5<" 4065 2 :064>< 87 =0A.  2 :064>< 1C45B = "2A5<" 2 B>< A<KA;5, GB> 2A5 GB> <>65B GC2AB2>20BL, ?>=8<0BL 8;8 <KA;8BL C<, >G8I5==K9 >B 2AO:>9 3@5E>2=>9 A:25@=K, ><KBK9 >B 2AO:>3> ;C:02AB20, 1K;> 1K >3><; GB>1K =5 2845; >= =8G53> 8=>3> :@><5 >30, GB>1K >3>< >= >1;040;, GB>1K >3 1K; 4;O =53> <>4CA>< 8 <5@>9 2A5E 53> 42865=89; B0:8< >1@07>< >3 8 1C45B "2A5<"70. -B> 8 5ABL >165==>5 A>AB>O=85, B> A>548=5=85 A >3><, :>B>@>5 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO ?CB5< 8A:;NG5=8O 2AO:>9 8=>9 F5;8 A>25@H5=AB2>20=8O, >3 B0: AB0=>28BAO "2A5<", GB> C< G5;>25:0 =8G53> 4@C3>3>, :@><5 53>, C65 =5 7=05B. A;8 C< G5;>25:0, ?> A;>2C 0?>AB>;0 02;0, =0 :>B>@>5 G0AB> AAK;05BAO @835=, AB0=>28BAO "548=K< C<>< A >3><", B> MB> 8<5==> ?>B><C, GB> 2 ?>;=>B5 A2>59 A>7=0B5;L=>AB8 C< ">E20BK205B" >30, >B>@K9 8 AB0=>28BAO 548=AB25==K< 53> A>45@60=85<. 165=85 A>25@H05BAO G5@57 A>75@F0=85. >3 AB0=>28BAO "2AOG5A:0O 2> 2A5E" ?CB5< 3> ?>7=0=8O :064K< G5;>25:>< 2 >B45;L=>AB8. AB5AB25==>, GB> B0:>5 ?>7=0=85 =5>B45;8<> >B ;N128. @835= 1K; A;8H:>< E>@>H8< M:7535B><, GB>1K =5 ?><=8BL <5AB0, 70=8<05<>3> ;N1>2LN ()) 2 >3>28'45=88 A2OBKE 0?>AB>;>2 >0==0 8 02;0. > <5@5 2>7@0AB0=8O ?>7=0=8O, 2A5 A8;L=55 2>73>@05BAO ;N1>2L71. >MB><C A;>2>   4CH0,  :>B>@>5 @835= ?@>872>48B >B   E>;>4, >7=0G05B 4;O =53> >E;0452HCN 4CE>2=CN AC1AB0=F8N, CB5@O2HCN 87-70 C40;5=8O >B >30 A2>N ?5@2>=0G0;L=CN ?;0<5==>ABL. "> ?5@2>740==>5 A>AB>O=85, 2 :>B>@>< 1K; A>B2>@5= G5;>25:, A>>B25BAB2C5B 53> A>AB>O=8N :>=5G=><C: >3, AB02H89 "2AOG5A:0O 2> 2A5E" ?>A@54AB2>< A>75@F0=8O. 59AB28B5;L=>, :>340 :=830 KB8O ?>25AB2C5B =0< > A>B2>@5=88 =510 "2 =0G0;5", 0 70B5< 3>2>@8B > B><, GB> =0 A;54CNI89 45=L 1K;0 A>B2>@5=0 B25@4L, @5GL 845B > 42CE @07;8G=KE =515A0E: > =515 4CE>2=>< 8 > =515 B5;5A=><. "5@2>5 =51>,  3>2>@8B @835=,  B>, :>B>@>5 <K >?@545;8;8 :0: =51> 4CE>2=>5  MB> =0H 4CE>2=K9 C< (, 8;8 mens), 8=0G5 3>2>@O  =0H "4CE>2=K9 G5;>25:, 284OI89 8 A>75@F0NI89 >30; 0 =51> B5;5A=>5  MB> G5;>25:, 284OI89 >G0<8 B5;5A=K<8"72. "=5H=89 G5;>25:"  C65 453@040F8O A>25@H5==>3> A>AB>O=8O, A>AB>O=8O G5;>25:0 4CE>2=>3>. B>@>9 45=L B2>@5=8O A 53> G8A;5==>ABLN 8 <=>65AB25==>ABLN C65 5ABL >BE>4 >B 548=AB20, =8AE>645=85 =0 1>;55 =87:89 C@>25=L. -B>B 45=L >B<5G05B =0G0;> 2@5<5=8. > <KA;8 @835=0, A MB>3> <><5=B0 A>B2>@5=85 <8@0 A>?@>2>6405BAO =8A?045=85< A>25@H5==KE ACI5AB2, A>740==KE "2 =0G0;5", 2 ACI5AB2>20=85 2@5<5==>5 8 <0B5@80;L=>5. "0G0;>" (), 2 :>B>@>< >3 B2>@8; 2 ?5@2K9 45=L,  MB> !;>2>, >3>A. >MB><C B2>@5=85 ?5@2>3> 4=O 5ABL 0:B =5 2@5<5==K9, "4>" 8;8, 25@=55, "2=5" 2@5<5=8. >2>@8BL > ?@54ACI5AB2>20=88 4CH 2 CG5=88 @835=0 =5B>G=>: 254L 845O 2@5<5==>9 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8 A 55 "4>" 8 "?>A;5"  =5?@8;>68<0 : A>>B=>H5=8N <564C 25G=>ABLN 8 2@5<5=5<. 45AL @5GL 845B A:>@55 > ?@5425G=>< B2>@5=88 2 >3>A5, > ?5@2>740==><, G8AB> 4CE>2=>< ACI5AB2>20=88, 8 > 53> 453@040F88, > 53> D878G5A:>< 8A:065=88 2 @57C;LB0B5 ?045=8O. 8'45=85 >30 1K;> 8AB8==K< 1KB85< 4CE>2=KE ACI5AB2, A>740==KE 2 >3>A5; >3 1K; A>45@60=85< MB>9 A>25@H5==>9 687=8 B20@=KE C<>273. B 53> >B?040O, C<K ?5@5AB0NB 1KBL B5<, G5< 1K;8. #< (, 8;8 mens) <5=O5B A2>9 M:78AB5=F80;L=K9 C@>25=L, ?5@5E>48B 2 4@C3>9, AB0=>28BAO 4CH>9,  2E>48B 2 8AB>@8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA, GB>1K ?CB5< A>75@F0=8O 2>AAB0=>28BL A2>5 ?5@2>740==>5 A>AB>O=85 G8AB>3> C<074 CH0, E>BL >=0 8 5ABL 453@048@>20==0O 4CE>2=0O AC1AB0=F8O, 2A5 65 A>E@0=O5B =5:CN @>4AB25==>ABL 8;8 A>?@8@>4=>ABL A >65AB25==K< >3>A><, ?>A:>;L:C >=0 A>E@0=O5B A2>5 @07C<=>5 1KB85, GB> 405B 59 2>7<>6=>ABL 1KBL ?@8G0AB=>9 >3>AC, 1KBL ?> 53> >1@07C75. !>25@H5=AB2> >1@070 5ABL ?>4>185, :>B>@>5 5ABL >3>28'45=85  MB> 8 ?5@2>740==>5 A>AB>O=85 C<0 8 53> A>AB>O=85 :>=5G=>5. >72@0I5=85 : >3>2845=8N 2 >3>A5 (), 2>AAB0=02;820O "?>4>185", >ACI5AB2;O5B A>25@H5==>5 A>548=5=85 A >3><, >B>@K9 A=>20 AB0=>28BAO "2AOG5A:0O 2> 2A5E". "0:>5 A>548=5=85 A >3>< G5@57 >3>28'45=85 ?@54AB02;O5BAO @835=C AB>;L B5A=K< 8 =5@0AB>@68<K<, GB>, CB25@640O @50;L=>ABL 8?>AB0A=>3> A>548=5=8O 1>65AB20 8 G5;>25G5AB20 2 8G=>AB8 %@8AB0, >= >1JOA=O5B 55 >3>28'45=85<, A2>9AB25==K< 4CH5 2>?;>B82H53>AO %@8AB0. 5 A;54C5B 701K20BL B>3>, GB> 4;O @835=0 4CH0 %@8AB0, 25@=55, 3> C<, ACI5AB2>20; ?@5645, B.5. ACI5AB2C5B 2=5 2>?;>I5=8O. CH0 MB0 =8:>340 =5 ?>425@30;0AL ?045=8N, :0: 4CH8 G5;>25G5A:85, :0: 4@C385 C<K, 8 2 0:B5 >3>28'45=8O ?@51K205B 25G=> A>548=5==>9 A >3>A><. "0:8< >1@07><, 2>?;>I5=85 %@8AB0 ?@54AB02;O5BAO 5<C ;8HL A>548=5=85< MB>9 A>25@H5==>9 4CH8, 8;8 C<0, A B5;>< G5;>25G5A:8<, B5< A>548=5=85<, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@>3> @525G=>5 !;>2> ?> !2>59 2>;5 2ABC?05B 2 8AB>@8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA, AB0=>28BAO G5;>25:><76. >A:>;L:C 4CH0 %@8AB0 =5?@5AB0==> 2848B >30 2 >3>A5, ?>AB>;L:C 8 B5;> 3> MB8< 28'45=85< >165=>, >4CE>B2>@5=>. @835= ?5@2K9 AD>@<C;8@>20; CG5=85, ?>;CG82H55 2?>A;54AB288 =0720=85 "?5@8E>@578A", 8;8 2708<>?@>=8:=>25=85 A2>9AB2. "0:>5 2708<>?@>=8:=>25=85 :0G5AB2 B5;5A=KE, 4CE>2=KE 8 1>65AB25==KE 4;O @835=0 2 ;8G=>AB8 2>?;>B82H53>AO %@8AB0 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO >3>28'45=85<. <5==> >=> 8 >168205B G5;>25G5AB2> %@8AB0, 0 G5@57 3> G5;>25G5AB2>  G5;>25G5AB2> 2A5E =0A. >G5;>25G82H8AL, %@8AB>A A>548=8;AO A G5;>25G5A:>9 ?@8@>4>9 2> 2A59 55 F5;>AB=>AB877. !>7840O &5@:>2L78, = A>548=O5B 55 2 !515 :0: @07@>7=5==K5 G;5=K 548=>3> B5;0. ">A:>;L:C <K, 5I5 =5 A>25@H5==K5, ?@51K205< 2 3@5E5, = ?@51K205B 2 =0A >BG0AB8, 8 ?>MB><C <K 7=05< >BG0AB8, 8 ?@>@>G5AB2C5< >BG0AB8, 4> B5E ?>@ ?>:0 B>B 8;8 8=>9 G;5= =5 4>AB8305B B>9 <5@K, > :>B>@>9 3>2>@8B 0?>AB>;: "C65 =5 O 682C, => 6825B 2> <=5 %@8AB>A". -B>, A>25@H0NI55AO 2 F5@:>2=>< B5;5, ?>AB5?5==>5 A>548=5=85 A> %@8AB>< ?@54AB02;O5BAO @835=C <8AB8G5A:8< 1@0:>< G5;>25G5A:>9 4CH8 A >65AB25==K< >3>A><, 0;;53>@8G5A:8 >?8A0==K< 2 5A=8 5A=59.  MB>< A>548=5=88 G5;>25:, A> A2>8<8 A<5@B=K<8, 8A:065==K<8 G5;>25G5A:8<8 GC2AB20<8, >1@5B05B =5:>5 8=>5 GC2AB2>20=85,  GC2AB2>20=85 15AA<5@B=>5, 4CE>2=>5, 1>65AB25==>579. ">2>5 7@5=85  : A>75@F0=8N 25I59 A25@E-B5;5A=KE; A;CE, A?>A>1=K9 @07;8G0BL 3>;>A0, 2 2>74CE5 =5 @0740NI85AO; 2:CA  2 =0A;0645=88 682K< E;51><, AH54H8< A =515A; >1>=O=85, ?@>=8:0NI55 2 B>, GB> 70AB028;> 02;0 A:070BL ";03>CE0=85 %@8AB>2>"; >AO70=85, :>B>@K< >1;040; >0==, :>340 3>2>@8;, GB> "A2>8<8 @C:0<8 >AO70; !;>2> 687=8"80. 45AL <K 2848< :0: 1K ?5@2K9 =01@>A>: CG5=8O > 4CE>2=KE GC2AB20E81. 59AB28B5;L=>, MB> CG5=85 ?>74=55 =0945B A2>5 @0728B85, =0?@8<5@, C A2. @83>@8O 8AA:>3>. 'B> 65 4> A0<>3> @835=0, B> 53> @048:0;L=K9 A?8@8BC0;87< =5 ?>72>;O5B 5<C ?>;=55 @0728BL MBC 845N >1 >4CE>B2>@5==KE 8;8 ?@5>1@065==KE GC2AB20E 2 8E 2>A?@8OB88 1>65AB25==KE @50;L=>AB59.  A2>5<  ( =0G0;0E) >=, >4=0:>, >3>20@8205BAO 8 >B<5G05B, GB> G0AB> <K : 4CH5 >B=>A8< A?>A>1=>AB8, ?@8=04;560I85 >@30=0< GC2AB2; B0:, :>340 3>2>@8<, GB> "2848< >G0<8 A@4F0", MB8< E>B8< 2K@078BL, GB> =0H0 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=0O A?>A>1=>ABL ?>AB8305B =5GB> C<>7@8B5;L=>582. A;8 A:070=> ">30 =5 2845; =8:B> =8:>340", B> 4;O ACI5AB2, >40@5==KE @07C<><, MB> >7=0G05B, GB> = =52848< >G0<8 B5;5A=K<8. 1> >4=> 45;>  2845BL, 4@C3>5  7=0BL. KBL 2848<K< 8 2845BL  A2>9AB25==> @50;L=>ABO< B5;5A=K<; 1KBL ?>7=0205<K< 8 ?>7=020BL  A2>9AB2> ?@8@>4 C<>7@8B5;L=KE83. A5, GB> <K <>65< ?>GC2AB2>20BL 8 ?>7=0BL > >35, 1C45B ;8HL =51>;LH>9 8A:>@:>9 A25B0, :>B>@0O =5 A<>65B 40BL =0< =8:0:>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O > 2A5?@52>AE>4AB25 1>65AB25==>9 ?@8@>4K84. 45AL 2 E@8AB80=A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 2?5@2K5 ?>O2;O5BAO B5<0 "8A:@K". "5<0 MB0 1C45B H8@>:> @0728B0 =0 0?045 8 709<5B F5=B@0;L=>5 <5AB> 2 A8AB5<5 59AB5@0 -:E0@B0, E>BO 8 2 A>25@H5==> 8=>< 7=0G5=88, =5 8<5NI5< =8G53> >1I53> A CG5=85< > 4CE>2=KE GC2AB20E.  A2>59 27-9 5A545 =0 :=83C '8A5; @835= B>;:C5B ">AB0=>2:8" 87@08;LA:>3> =0@>40 2 ?CABK=5 :0: MB0?K ?> ?CB8 : >3>2845=8N. -B> "8AE>4" 4CH8, ?>AB5?5==> >A2>1>640NI59AO >B B5;5A=KE ?@82O70==>AB59.  =0G0;5 ?CB8 : ?5@2K< >?KB0< 1>65AB25==>3> ?@8<5H820NBAO 8A:CH5=8O. >3>A C:@5?;O5B 4CHC 2845'=8O<8 8;8 ?>A5I5=8O<8, A>>B25BAB2CNI8<8, 25@>OB=>, 2>A?@8OB8N 1>65AB25==>3> 4CE>2=K<8 GC2AB20<8, ?5@2K<8 A>?@8:>A=>25=8O<8 4CH8 A >3><. > =0 1>;55 2KA>:8E ABC?5=OE 2845'=8O ?@5:@0I0NBAO 8 CABC?0NB <5AB> 3=>A8AC, >70@5=8N G8AB> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=><C, :>B>@>5 AB@5<8BAO AB0BL, 8 4065 C65 8 5ABL  A>75@F0=85  . ?@>G5<, 2 3=>A8A5 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K5 M;5<5=BK ?>O2;ONBAO B>;L:> 2 =0G0;5: >=8 2A5 1>;LH5 8 1>;LH5 8AG570NB ?> <5@5 B>3>, :0: 4CH0 A>548=O5BAO A %@8AB><, :0: A>25@H05BAO 55 4CE>2=K9 1@0: A >3>A><. -B>B 1@0: 5I5 =5 5ABL 25@H8=0 2>AE>645=8O 4CH8. =0 2KH;0 87 AD5@K B5;5A=>3>, ?5@5H;0 70 3@0=8 C<>7@8B5;L=>3>, 70 AD5@K =515A=K585; => 5A;8 >=0 C?>4>18;0AL %@8ABC, 5A;8 AB0;0 "548=K< C<><" A >3>A><, B> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K C7@5BL 2 5< >30 52848<>3>.  >3>A5 4CH0  >1@07 (); 2 28'45=88 >30 >=0 2>72@0I05B A515 CB5@O==>5 ?>4>185 (), A=>20 >16820OAL, AB0=>2OAL C<>< A>25@H5==K<. 59AB28B5;L=>, 5A;8 ">G8I5==K9 C< ?@527>H5; 2A5, GB> >B <0B5@88, B> MB> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K ?@89B8 : 1;03><C :>=FC  : >3>A>75@F0=8N 8 B5<, GB> >= A>75@F05B  >168BLAO"86. "0:8< >1@07><, 2>AAB0=>2;5=85 ?5@2>740==>3> A>AB>O=8O, 2 :>B>@>< 4CH0    A=>20 AB0=>28BAO C<><  , A>25@H05BAO ?CB5< A>548=5=8O 2 48=>< !K=5 2 28'45=88 >3087. " B>340,  3>2>@8B @835=,  1C45B B>;L:> >4=> 459AB2>20=85 B5E, :B> ?@8E>48B : >3C G5@57 !;>2>, >B>@>5 C >30: MB>  459AB2>20=85 >3>?>7=0=8O, GB>1K B0:8< >1@07>< 2 ?>7=0=88 BF0 =5 >AB020;>AL 1K =8G53> 8=>3>, :@><5 >4=>3> !K=0, 81> !K=  ">B 48=AB25==K9, :B> ?>7=0; BF0"88. 5:>B>@K5 :@8B8:8 ($5;L:5@) AG8B0;8, GB> ?> <KA;8 @835=0 2 ?>4>1=>< A>548=5=88 2> 48=>3> !K=0, A>75@F0NI53> BF0, G5;>25G5A:89 C< A>25@H5==> >B>645AB2;O5BAO A> %@8AB><, 2 5< >157;8G8205BAO. ">340 MB> 1K;> 1K A>AB>O=85< M:AB0B8G=K<, 2KE>4>< 87 A0<>3> A51O, ?>402;5=85< ;8G=>AB=>3> A>7=0=8O. .NH, 2 A2>59 @5F5=788 =0 :=83C $5;L:5@0, 8 8A:5, 2 B@C45 "8AB8:0 >3>A0 C @835=0"89, C1548B5;L=> 4>:07K20NB, GB> @835= 1K; >G5=L 40;5: >B ?>4>1=>3> ?>=8<0=8O A>548=5=8O A >3>A><. # =53> A;>2> "M:AB07" ?>GB8 2A5340 8<55B A<KA; ?56>@0B82=K9; >=  157C<85, ?>B5@O C<AB25==>3> @02=>25A8O. >340 @835= 3>2>@8B > 4CH52=KE A>AB>O=8OE, :>B>@K5 <>3CB A>>B25BAB2>20BL M:AB07C 2 A<KA;5 ?>;>68B5;L=><, >= C?>B@51;O5B 2K@065=85 "B@5725==>5 >?LO=5=85"  ( ), >:A8<>@>=, ?>708<AB25==K9 8< C $8;>=0, :>B>@K9 2?@54L 1C45B 8<5BL @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 2 E@8AB80=A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5. >65AB25==K9 >3>A =5 ?>402;O5B A>7=0=8O G5;>25:0, 0 ?5@5=>A8B 53> C< 70 ?@545;K @50;L=>AB59 G5;>25G5A:8E. @835= 3>2>@8B, GB> G5;>25: <>65B ?5@5AB0BL 1KBL G5;>25:>< 2> 2@5<O MB>3> ?5@5E>40, ?@82>4OI53> : ACI5AB2>20=8N 4CE>2=><C, => >B MB>3> >= =5 B5@O5B A2>53> ;8G=>AB=>3> A>7=0=8O. >3>A  ?>A;54=89 MB0?, => 2A5 65 =  MB0?, 4>;65=AB2CNI89 ?@825AB8 : >3>2845=8N. A;8 >3>A "C >30", 7=0G8B =  >3; 8 ?>8AB8=5 =5 1K; 1K = >3><, 5A;8 1K =5 1K; "C >30", 2 =5?@5AB0==>< 28'45=88 1574=K BF090. "0:65 8 A>740==K5 ?> >1@07C >3>A0, A>CG0AB2CO A 8< 2 MB>< 28'45=88, AB0=>2OBAO 1>30<8. 5 G5@57 >3>A, =5 3> ?>A@54=8G5AB2><, => 2 5< 8 A 8< C<K ;N459, 4>AB83H8E A>25@H5=AB20, 284OB BF0 2 =5?>A@54AB25==>< 28'45=88 8;8 ?>7=0=88. 45AL A;54C5B >B<5B8BL, GB> 4;O @835=0 !K=, E>BO 8 B>9 65 ACI=>AB8, GB> B5F, E>BO =  >3 ?> !2>59 ACI=>AB8 (' ), 0 =5 ?> ?@8G0AB=>AB8, 2A5 65 =  >3 2B>@8G=K9, ?>4G8=5==K9 BFC 2 :0G5AB25 >@C48O 3> ?@>O2;5=8O. "54L A:070=>: "B> 5=O 2845;, 2845; BF0, ?>A;02H53> 5=O", 0 =5 ":B> 2845; BF0, 2845; 5=O"; A;54>20B5;L=>, 2845BL <>65< <K B>;L:> 8AE>4O >B !K=0, >B !K=0 2>AE>4O : BFC. 0: ABC?5=8 E@0<0 25;8 : !2OB><C !2OBKE, B0: !K= A>45@68B 2 !515 ABC?5=8, 254CI85 >B 3> G5;>25G5AB20 : 3> >65AB2C, : B><C, "GB> = 5ABL". !CI5AB2C5B 8725AB=0O 3@040F8O 2 ?>7=0=88 >30; =0@CH0O MB>B ?>@O4>:, <K =5 <>65< 4>AB8GL A>25@H5==>3> ?>7=0=8O BF0. "0: =5 <>65< <K 2845BL BF0, GB>1K 70B5< ?>7=0BL @5<C4@>ABL 8;8 AB8=C, => >B @5<C4@>AB8 >6859 2>AE>48< : BFC @5<C4@>AB8. !=0G0;0 ?>7=02 AB8=C, <>65< <K ?>B>< 4>AB8GL 28'45=8O ACI=>AB8 8;8 <>3CI5AB20 8 ?@8@>4K >30, :>B>@0O ACI=>ABL ?@52KH05B"91. 0: 8 ;8<5=B, @835= @0A:@K205B =0< B>, GB> O2;O5BAO >1J5:B>< >3>A>75@F0=8O, ?>A;54=59 F5;LN A>75@F0=8O  , ?@545;>< 1>3>A;>28O  . -B> A0<0 ACI=>ABL 8;8 "A2>9AB2> 8 ?@8@>40 >30, ?@52>AE>4OI0O ACI=>ABL", :>B>@CN C<K, 4>AB83H85 A>25@H5=AB20, 2>AAB0=>2;5==K5 2 A2>5< ?5@2>740==>< A>AB>O=88, 284OB 8;8, B>G=55, ?>7=0N'B A>2<5AB=> A 48=K< !K=><, 1C4CG8 548=K<8 A 8< 2 MB>< 459AB288 28'45=8O. A;8 !K=, 2>?@5:8 B><C, GB> =, ?> CG5=8N @835=0, B>9 65 ACI=>AB8, GB> B5F, ?@54AB02;O5BAO 5<C "ABC?5=LN" : 2845=8N ACI=>AB8, B> MB> ?@>8AE>48B ?>B><C, GB> 4;O @835=0 B5F 5ABL A0<>ACI=>ABL, ?5@28G=0O ?@>AB>B0 >65AB25==>9 ?@8@>4K, 8<5==> MB0 >65AB25==0O ?@8@>40  B5F, 8;8 ?@>AB> ">3", 8 O2;O5BAO >1J5:B>< >16820NI53> A>75@F0=8O 2 1C4CI5< 25:5.  5I5 2 4@C3>< <5AB592 @835= =0< 3>2>@8B, GB> ">3  ?@8@>40 ?@>AB0O, =5 B5@?OI0O 2 !515 =8:0:>3> 4>102;5=8O"; "2A5AB>@>==5 48=8F0 8 :0: 1K 48=AB2> 8 #<, =  8AB>G=8:, 2 :>B>@>< 15@5B A2>5 =0G0;> 2AO:0O @07C<=0O 8;8 4CE>2=0O ?@8@>40". "@>AB>B0 1>65AB25==>9 ?@8@>4K A>AB>8B :0: 1K 2 >4=>< 548=AB25==>< 2845 (species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locus eruditionis) "0C48B>@859 8;8 H:>;>9 4;O 4CH" (auditorium vel schola animarum), B> MB>B @09 H:>;O@0 8 ?@5?>4020B5;O =52>;L=> 2K7K205B C;K1:C. 0:>=G82 >1@07>20=85 2 MB>9 H:>;5, ?@>E>48HL :C@A CA>25@H5=AB2>20=8O 2 @07;8G=KE >B45;5=8OE  mansiones, :>B>@K5 3@5:8 =07K20NB AD5@0<8, 0 !2OI5==>5 8A0=85  =515A0<8. 45AL, 1C4CG8 2 A>AB>O=88 A>25@H5==>9 G8AB>BK, <K 8AA;54C5< ";8F>< : ;8FC" ?@8G8=K ACI5AB2 B20@=KE, 5I5 4> B>3>, :0: A<>65< C2845BL >30, B.5."?>7=020BL 3> @07C<><, 2 G8AB>B5 A5@4F0" (videre Deum, id est inteligere per puritatem cordis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voir) >7=0G05B ">1;040BL" (posseder, avoir). '53>-B> =5 2845BL  7=0G8B =5 8<5BL A2>59 G0AB8, =5 CG0AB2>20BL. "0:8< >1@07><, 70 3@0=O<8 A>75@F0=8O (), 70 ?@545;0<8 28'45=8O, ?5@54 4CH>9, 2ABC?0NI59 2> <@0:, >B:@K205BAO =>2K9 ?CBL. 0: 2845;8 <K 2KH5, 4;O A2. @83>@8O >3>A;>20 <@0: (, ) 5ABL B>, GB> >B45;O5B =0A >B A25B0 @5A2OB>9 "@>8FK. ;O @83>@8O 8AA:>3> <@0:, 2 :>B>@K9 ?@>=8: >8A59 =0 !8=09A:>9 25@H8=5, =0>1>@>B, 5ABL <>4CA >1I5=8O A >3><, ?@52KH0NI89 A>75@F0=85 A25B0, 2 :>B>@>< >3 O28;AO >8A5N 2 :C?8=5 =5>?0;8<>9 2 =0G0;5 53> ?CB8. <5==> ?>MB><C, @072820O A2>5 CG5=85 > 4CE>2=KE GC2AB20E, :>B>@>5, :0: >= AG8B05B, =0<5G5=> 1K;> 5I5 @835=><, A2. @83>@89 8AA:89 ?@8405B =08<5=LH55 7=0G5=85 7@5=8N, "GC2AB2C, =081>;55 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=><C",  >B<5G05B >.0=85;C. A;8 >3 O2;O5BAO A=0G0;0 :0: A25B, 0 70B5< :0: <@0:, B> 4;O @83>@8O 8AA:>3> MB> >7=0G05B, GB> 28'45=8O >65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8 =5B 8 A>548=5=85 ?@54AB02;O5BAO 5<C ?CB5<, ?@52>AE>4OI8< 28'45=85 8;8 , ?CB5<, ?@>E>4OI8< 70 3@0=O<8 @07C<0, B0<, 345 C=8GB>605BAO 7=0=85 8 ?@51K205B >4=0 ;N1>2L 8;8, 25@=55, 345 3=>A8A AB0=>28BAO 030?>9. A5 1>;LH5 8 1>;LH5 65;0O >30, 4CH0 =5?@5AB0==> 2>7@0AB05B, A51O ?@52>AE>4O, A0<0 87 A51O 2KE>4O.  ?> <5@5 B>3>, :0: >=0 2A5 1>;55 8 1>;55 A>548=O5BAO A >3><, 55 ;N1>2L AB0=>28BAO 2A5 ?;0<5==55 8 =5=0AKB=55. >MB><C 2>7;N1;5==0O 5A=8 5A=59 4>AB8305B A2>53> 5=8E0 2 A>7=0=88 B>3>, GB> A>548=5=8N =5 1C45B :>=F0, GB> 2>AE>645=85 : >3C =5 8<55B 3@0=8F, GB> 1;065=AB2> 5ABL 15A:>=5G=>5 ?@>42865=85 ?> 15A?@545;L=><C ?CB8... 0H >G5@: CG5=8O > >3>28'45=88 A2. @83>@8O 8AA:>3> 1K; 1K =5?>;=K<, 5A;8 1K <K =5 >B<5B8;8 5I5 >4=>3> 0A?5:B0, :>B>@K9 >A>15==> ?>4G5@:=C; 2 A2>59 :=8351240z  ( * , .  & 6 !v..//f1l1VX~[Űznnf^fIf)h76B*CJOJQJ]^JaJphh7B*phdPh7B*phh7B*CJaJph%h7h7B*CJaJmH phsH h7B*CJaJphh7$jhB*OJQJU^Jph)h+h+B*OJQJ^JmH phsH h+B*OJQJ^Jph#h+B*OJQJ^JmH phsH hB*OJQJ^JphhhB*ph0z * . D \ " : T .  & <6&&&&&&&&&&v:&v:$a$gd}]gd7 & Fgd}]gd}]$a$gdgdgdgd [$\$gd6 ! )2,z...//1<>AOZX oq8ޠήp&v:&v:&v:&J &&&&v:&v:&gd}]gd}]gd7gd7$a$gd}]$a$gd}]~[[zdfs ssszz\^ldf PRTV,.&H$$& &u丫yyyyqqyyhdhB*ph hdhh7B*CJH*aJph)h76B*CJOJQJ]^JaJphh7B*phdPh7h7h7>*B*phh7B*ph hdhh7B*CJH*aJph%h7h7B*CJaJmH phsH h7B*CJaJphh75B*CJ\aJph,p dfB <\,+0JA*\DsXs΋npR &v:&& & & &&+&&&& &&gd}]gd7gd}]uuڦަHL ƮʮJN&\`$(v z "8:((z*~*--33XB^B|BBBBHHļ)h76B*CJOJQJ]^JaJphh7B*phdPh7# *hdhh7B*CJH*aJph *hdhh7B*phh7B*ph hdhh7B*CJH*aJphBRz":0# '-337=BKOX8emP~lΟ& &gd}]gd7gd}]H~LLMMQQTTVVZV8W>.S2SzY~YnnqqvvwF|J|} }"}̅h7B*phdPh7# *hdhh7B*CJH*aJph *hdhh7B*ph)h76B*CJOJQJ]^JaJph/h756B*CJOJQJ\]^JaJph hdhh7B*CJH*aJphh7B*ph6֕ܕƚֵܵPVRXV\flDJhnJ P z\b++0666CChWnWWWggz|v|pvlr(.h7B*phdPh7U)h76B*CJOJQJ]^JaJphh7B*ph hh7B*CJH*aJphMҘxܠާv½4tV hT#h#+/<6CWj`hf &&&g3&&P& &gd7gd}] >.0=85;C: 4CH0  >18B5;L !;>20, !;>2> >18B05B 2 =59, 8 <8AB8G5A:89 >?KB  B>;L:> 2A5 2>7@0AB0NI55 A>7=0=85: 4CE>2=K9 >?KB ?@8ACBAB28O 2 =0A %@8AB0, 2E>645=8O 2 A51O,  8 M:AB0B8G5A:89 >?KB 2 ?>@K25 ;N128, 2KE>40 87 A51O : !;>2C, "0:><C, 0:>9 = 5ABL 2 !0<>< !515, 8=0G5 3>2>@O : "=5C;>28<>9" ?@8@>45 >30. >3><KA;85 >BF>2 IV 25:0 7=0<5=C5B @5H0NI89 MB0? 2 E@8AB80=A:>< ?@5>1@07>20=88 0;5:A0=4@89A:>3> M;;8=87<0 ;8<5=B0 8 @835=0. -B> >A>15==> >G5284=> 2 ?;0=5 G8AB> 4>3<0B8G5A:><, 2 :>B>@>< "@>8F0 =5 >AB02;O5B 1>;LH5 <5AB0 4;O >30  ?@>AB>9 >=04K, C<>?>AB86=>9 8;8 A25@EC<>?>AB86=>9 AC1AB0=F88 8 8AB>G=8:0 4CE>2=>3> 1KB8O. # A2. @83>@8O 8AA:>3> <K 2848<, 2 :0:>9 <5@5 MB> ?@52>AE>645=85 ?;0B>=>2A:8E :>=F5?F89 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO B0:65 8 2 AD5@5 4CE>2=>9 687=8. 4=0:> 2 MB>9 8<5==> AD5@5 2;8O=85 @835=0 1C45B 1>;55 CAB>9G82K< 8 1C45B >ICI0BLAO 5I5 4>;3>5 2@5<O ?>4 2;8O=85< 203@8O >=B89A:>3>, :>B>@K9 225; 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K9 3=>A8A @835=0 2 70<:=CBK9 <8@ E@8AB80=A:8E 0A:5B>2 8 <>=0E>2. > ?@5645 G5< ?5@59B8 : 0A?5:BC >3>28'45=8O 2 0A:5B8G5A:>< 8 4CE>2=>< ?@540=88, =0< =5>1E>48<> 1@>A8BL 153;K9 273;O4 =0 1>3>A;>285 28'45=8O C 4@C38E >BF>2 IV 8 V 25:>2, GB>1K 70B5< ?@>=8:=CBL 2<5AB5 A 8>=8A85< @5>?038B>< 2 AD5@C >3><KA;8O A>1AB25==> 2870=B89A:>3>. ;020 5 !+ ! !-!"! (+  !.   ! ! >2>@O > @50:F88 =0 @0F8>=0;87< 2=><8O 2 ?>7=0=88 >30, <K ?@5645 2A53> >AB0=>28;8AL =0 B@5E 25;8:8E :0??04>:89F0E  A2. 0A8;88 5;8:><, A2. @83>@88 8AA:>< 8 A2. @83>@88 >3>A;>25. 0??04>:8O 2 IV 2.  F5=B@ 1>3>A;>2A:>9 <KA;8, 345 >A>7=0==> ?@5A;54>20;0AL 25;8:0O 7040G0 E@8AB80=870F88 D8;>A>DA:>3> 0??0@0B0 3@5G5A:>3> <8@0. 8AB8G5A:89 8=B5;;5:BC0;87< ;5:A0=4@88 1C45B ?@5>4>;5= 8 B@0=AD>@<8@>20= 2 MB>< 25@>CG8B5;L=>< A8=B575, 8<5NI5< 25@H8=>9 4>3<0B > "@>8F5. =>A8A ;8<5=B0 8 @835=0 1C45B A2545= 4> 2A?><>30B5;L=>9 @>;8, B5>;>38O  A>75@F0=85 >30  =5 1C45B 1>;55 >?@545;OBL 4CE>2=>5 CG5=85 > 153AB25, 2>72@0I5=88 : >3C G5@57 @07C<; >=0 O28BAO >4=8< 87 =5>1E>48<KE M;5<5=B>2 >1I5=8O A >65AB25==>9 "@>8F59. A;8 >B3>;>A:8 M;;8=87<0 5I5 GC2AB2CNBAO C E@8AB80= 87 ;5:A0=4@88 (!8=5789, =0?@8<5@, 1>;55 >1O70= ?;0B>=87<C, G5< @835=), B> 2 IV 2. 1K;8 8 4@C385 :@C38 1>3>A;>2>2, >AB02H85AO ?>;=>ABLN GC64K<8 3@5G5A:><C 8=B5;;5:BC0;87<C. @5645 2A53> MB> <8@ A8@89A:>9 4CE>2=>AB8: D@00B, A2. D@5< !8@8=. >A;54=89 >G5=L ?@82O70= : 5BE><C 025BC.  53> 2KA:07K20=8OE > >35 4><8=8@C5B 0?>D0B87<, 70?5G0B;5==K9 @5;838>7=K< AB@0E><. !>7=020O 15A:>=5G=CN 48AB0=F8N, >B45;ONICN A>740=85 >B !>740B5;O, >= >B:07K205BAO 8A:0BL ?>7=0=85 >30, ?>A:>;L:C 5?@8ABC?=K9 ?> ?@8@>45 !2>59 AB@0H5=. !2. D@5< O@>AB=> 2>AAB05B ?@>B82 "8AA;54>20B5;59", ?@>B82 @0F8>=0;8AB>2-52=><80=; >= =5 E>G5B B0:65, GB>1K 87KA:820;8AL <8AB8G5A:85 40@K, 45;0NI85 A>75@F0=85 >30 F5;LN E@8AB80=A:>9 687=8.  53> 1>3>A;>2A:>9 <KA;8 1>;LH>5 <5AB> 70=8<05B &5@:>2L. &5@:>2L :0: A@540 >A2OI5=8O, 345 A>N7 A >3>< >ACI5AB2;O5BAO 2 B08=AB20E. * * * !@548 3@5:>O7KG=KE 1>3>A;>2>2 !8@88 8 0;5AB8=K B08=AB25==K9 0A?5:B A>75@F0=8O >30 1>;55 2A53> @0728205B A2. 8@8;; 5@CA0;8<A:89 (315-386).  28'45=88 >30 >= 3>2>@8B A:>@55 2 B5@<8=0E =530B82=KE: B>;L:> !K= 8 !2OB>9 CE 8<5NB G8AB>5 28'45=85 ?@8@>4K BF0, 2 >B>@>9 =8 A>25@H5==> CG0AB2CNB.  A0<>< 45;5, A:070=>, GB> B>;L:> !K= 2848B BF0 8 GB> !2OB>9 CE 8AA;54C5B 3;C18=K >30. <5==> A> !2OBK< CE>< 8 G5@57 3> ?>A@54AB2> !K= >B:@K205B >65AB2> 0=35;0< 2 <5@5, A>>B25BAB2CNI59 8E G8=C, ?> A?>A>1=>AB8 :064>3>. >340 0=35;K <0;KE A8E 2A5340 A>75@F0NB ;8F> BF0, >=8 =5 284OB >30 B0:8<, :0:>2 = 5ABL, => =0AB>;L:>, =0A:>;L:> A?>A>1=K 2>A?@8=OBL, 2<5AB8BL. A;8 B0: >1AB>8B A 0=35;0<8, B> ;N4O< =5 4>;6=> A<CI0BLAO A2>53> =57=0=8O. K <>65< 7=0BL > >35 B>;L:> B>, GB> 2>A?@8=8<05B G5;>25G5A:0O ?@8@>40, AB>;L:>, A:>;L:> =0H0 =5<>IL <>65B 2K=5AB8. ;O B5E, :B> =0E>48BAO @O4>< A >3><, 25;8:>5 7=0=85  8A?>254>20BL A2>5 =57=0=85 125. * * * !2. ?8D0=89 8?@A:89 (315-413) @0AA<>B@5; 2>?@>A > 28'45=88 >30 2 A2>5< "Panarion" (OI8G5: A ;5:0@AB20<8 ?@>B82 5@5A59)126. A;8 8A0=85, >B:07K20O ;N4O< 2 2>7<>6=>AB8 2845BL >30, CB25@6405B 2<5AB5 A B5< MB> 28'45=85, MB> >7=0G05B, GB> >3, =5?>7=0205<K9 ?> ?@8@>45, 405B 2845BL !51O, >B:@K205B !51O ?> !2>59 2>;5 3> 284OB =5 :0: 5A:>=5G=>3>, => 2 B>9 <5@5, 2 :0:>9 = O2;O5B =0< !51O, 040?B8@CO A?>A>1=>ABL MB>3> 28'45=8O : =0H59 A?>A>1=>AB8 2>A?@8=8<0BL. 845BL =51> A:2>7L I5;L 2 :@KH5  MB> 2A5 65 2845BL =51>; => MB> B0:65 8 =5 2845BL 53>.  2>?;>I5=88 !K=, O282H89AO 2> ?;>B8, 40; ?>7=0BL !51O ;N4O<, => :0: >3 = ?@52>AE>48B =0HC A?>A>1=>ABL ?>=8<0=8O. "5< =5 <5=55 2A5, GB> <K <>65< A:070BL > 5<,  8AB8==>. * * * !2. >0== ;0B>CAB (344-407) >B25B8; 2=><8N 425=04F0BLN ?@>?>254O<8 " =5?>AB868<>9 ?@8@>45 >30". = @0AA<>B@5; B0:65 2>?@>A > 28'45=88 >30 2 159 15A545 =0 20=35;85 >B >0==0, >1JOA=OO A;>20 "=8:B> =8:>340 =5 2845; >30". @8@>40 >30, ?@>AB0O, =5 8<5NI0O D>@<K, =5A;>6=0O (, , ), =8:>340 =5 O2;O5BAO >1J5:B>< 28'45=8O. A;8 1K A09O, 575:88;L 8 4@C385 ?@>@>:8 459AB28B5;L=> 2845;8 ?@8@>4C >30, >=8 1K =5 2845;8 55 ?>-@07=><C. >3 A:070; A88: "7 28'45=8O C<=>68E, 8 2 @C:0E ?@>@>G5A:8E C?>4>18EAO" (12. 10). -B> >7=0G05B: "/ =5 O28; A0<CN ACI=>ABL !2>N, => (2 28'45=88) / A=8AE>6C : A;01>AB8 B5E, :B> 2848B 5=O"127. AO:>5 28'45=85 >30 >B=>A8BAO : 3> A=8AE>645=8N 8 =5 5ABL 28'45=85 3> G8AB>9 ACI=>AB8 (    ,    )128. 'B> B0:>5 MB> A=8AE>645=85 ()? -B> O2;5=85 >30, :>340 = ?>:07K205B !51O "=5 B0:8<, :0:>9 = 5ABL, => B0:8<, :0:8< 284OI89 3> A?>A>15= 3> C2845BL, A>>1@07CO 28'45=85 A =5<>ILN () B5E, :B> 2848B"129.  B0: >1AB>8B =5 B>;L:> A ;N4L<8, :>B>@K5 ?>7=0NB =0 MB>< A25B5 ">BG0AB8", ","2 75@:0;5 8 70304:0E", => 8 A 0=35;0<8, 8<5NI8<8 28'45=85 >30 ;8F>< : ;8FC. 065 A>25@H5==>5 28'45=85 A>>B=5A5=> A 2>A?@88<G82>ABLN B20@8, 4065 =0 =515 >3 O2;O5B !51O 2 A=8AE>645=88, 8 0=35;LA:85 A8;K >B2>@0G820NB 3;070, =5 1C4CG8 2 A>AB>O=88 ?5@5=>A8BL MB> AE>645=85 (), O2;ONI55 >30130. ">, GB> 4;O =0A 7=0G8B 28'45=85 (), 4;O 15AB5;5A=KE 4CE>2 5ABL 7=0=85 (). "5< =5 <5=55 =8 0=35;K, =8 0@E0=35;K =5 7=0NB ACI=>AB8 >30. =8 4065 =5 ?KB0NBAO ?>7=0BL, :0: 2=><89, GB> 5ABL >3 2 3> ACI=>AB8, => A;02OB 3> 8 ?>:;>=ONBAO <C =5?@5AB0==>131. -B> 4><>AB@>8B5;L=>5 A=8AE>645=85 >30, =54>ABC?=>3> ?> !2>59 ?@8@>45, A>>B25BAB2C5B C A2. >0==0 ;0B>CAB0 ?@>O2;ONI8<AO 459AB28O< 8;8 M=5@38O<, =8AE>4OI8< : =0<, :>B>@K5 <K 2AB@5B8;8 C A2. 0A8;8O 5;8:>3> 8 A2. @83>@8O 8AA:>3>. >;55 <>@0;8AB, G5< 1>3>A;>2, A2. >0== ;0B>CAB ?@8405B MB8< ?@>O2;5=8O< >30, MB><C 8AE>4C 2> 2=5 3> ACI=>AB8, =N0=A ?A8E>;>38G5A:89: <8;>AB820O 2>;O A=8AE>48B : =87H5<C A>AB>O=8N A>740==KE ACI5AB2. 065BAO, GB> 4;O A2. >0==0 ;0B>CAB0 MB> <8;>A5@4=>5 A=8AE>645=85 2 8B>35 A2>48BAO : 2>?;>I5=8N !K=0. C4CG8 A>25@H5==K< >1@07>< =52848<>3> >30, !K= B0:65 =52848<: 8=0G5 = =5 1K; 1K >1@07>< BF0. /2;OO !51O 2> ?;>B8, = AB0; 2848< B0:65 8 0=35;0<. <5==> B0:8< >1@07>< ;0B>CAB >1JOA=O5B A;>20 0?. 02;0 (1"8<.3:16) ">3 O28;AO 2> ?;>B8... ?>:070; A51O 0=35;0<". > 2>?;>I5=8O  AE>645=8O !K=0 : B20@=K< ACI5AB20<  0=35;K 2845;8 >30 B>;L:> <KA;5==> (  ), 2>>1@060O 3> () 2 A2>59 G8AB>9 8 =5CAK?=>9 ?@8@>45132. "0:8< >1@07><, 28'45=85 >30 >1CA;>2;5=> 4;O B20@=KE ACI5AB2 3> 2>?;>I5=85<: A>25@H5==K< 2K@065=85< 53> A=8AE>645=8O,  8?>AB0A=>3>. !K= >48= B>;L:> 8<55B 7=0=85 > >35, :>B>@>5 5ABL , A>25@H5==>5 A>75@F0=85, ?>A:>;L:C = 2 ;>=5 BF0. = O28; =0< >30. ;0B>CAB ?>=8<05B 2K@065=85 A2. >0==0  2 53> ?@O<>< 7=0G5=88  >1JOA=OBL, ?>OA=OBL, ?>25AB2>20BL. !2>8<8 GC45A0<8, !2>8< ?@8<5@>< 8 !2>8< CG5=85< %@8AB>A >B:@K; =0< >30, 8 MB> >B:@>25=85 8<55B ?@5645 2A53> =@02AB25==K9 E0@0:B5@. /2;OO >30 2 !2>5< 2>?;>I5=88, !K= (">1@07 =52848<K9") >AB05BAO A>:@KBK< 2 !2>5< >65AB25. 065 2 ?@5>1@065=88 = O2;O5B B>;L:> A25B, ?@8<5=5==K9 : 7@5=8N A<5@B=KE; MB> 2A5 5I5 28'45=85 "2 75@:0;5 8 70304:0E", ","=5OA=K9 >1@07 1C4CI8E 1;03"133, B>9 1>65AB25==>9 A;02K %@8AB0, :>B>@0O 1C45B A>75@F05<0 3;070<8 15AA<5@B=KE 2 687=8 25G=>9. B0:, @57N<8@CO <KA;L A2. >0==0 ;0B>CAB0 > 28'45=88 >30, <>6=> A:070BL, GB> >3, =52848<K9 8 =5?>7=0205<K9 2 A2>59 ACI=>AB8, 405B ?>7=0BL !51O, O2;O5BAO, 2KE>4O, B0: A:070BL, 87 A>1AB25==>9 ?@8@>4K, A=8AE>4O : B20@=K< ACI5AB20<, 8 MB> A=8AE>645=85 (), 45;> 2>;8, 5ABL 2>?;>I5=85 !K=0 8 ?>A@54AB2>< 2>?;>I5=8O !;>2>, =52848<K9 >1@07 >30, AB0=>28BAO 2848<K< :0: 0=35;0<, B0: 8 ;N4O<.  1C4CI5< 25:5 %@8AB0 C7@OB >1;5G5==>3> 1>65AB25==>9 A;02>9, 8 MB> 1C45B 28'45=85 >30 ";8F>< : ;8FC". >3 O28; !51O AB02 G5;>25:><, 2>B ?>G5<C C7@OB >30 2 G5;>25G5AB25 %@8AB0. -B0 :>=F5?F8O  >1I0O 4;O 2A59 0=B8>E89A:>9 H:>;K, ?@8;56=>5 1;03>G5AB85 :>B>@>9 ?@825@65=> :>=:@5B=>9 ;8G=>AB8 20=35;LA:>3> %@8AB0. >;55 2K@065==0O C $5>4>@0 >?AC5AB89A:>3> 8 $5>4>@8B0, MB8E >BF>2 =5AB>@80=AB20, >=0 >3@0=8G8205B 28'45=85 >30 B>;L:> 2>A?@8OB85< G5;>25G5A:>9 ?@8@>4K %@8AB0. A;8 4;O A2. >0==0 ;0B>CAB0 8G=>ABL !K=0 1K;0 "=52848<K< >1@07><", 0 2 2>?;>I5=88 AB0=>28BAO >1@07>< 2848<K<, B> 4;O $5>4>@0 >?AC5AB89A:>3> (350-428) 548=AB25==> G5;>25: 8ACA 5ABL >1@07 =52848<>3> >65AB20134. * * * $5>4>@8B 8@@A:89 (393-453) 2 480;>30E "8I89 8;8 5?>AB>O=AB2>", 8725AB=KE B0:65 ?>4 =0720=85< " =587<5==><", 70I8I0O =587<5==>ABL 1>65AB25==>3> !;>20 2 2>?;>I5=88, CB25@6405B 01A>;NB=CN =52848<>ABL >30 4065 4;O 0=35;>2135. "20@=K5 ACI5AB20 (;N48 8 0=35;K) <>3CB C2845BL >30 B>;L:> 2 >B:@>25=8OE, A>@07<5@5==KE A 8E A?>A>1=>ABLN 2>A?@8OB8O, "?>4>18OE", :>B>@K5 =5 O2;ONB A0<C ?@8@>4C >30, B0: 65 :0: 87>1@065=8O 8<?5@0B>@>2 =0 <>=5B0E ;8HL >B40;5==> =0?><8=0NB >@838=0;136. =35;K, A>75@F0NI85 ;8F> BF0, =5 284OB >65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8, 15A:>=5G=>9, =5?>7=0205<>9, =5?>AB868<>9, 2A5>1J5<;NI59, => 2A53> ;8HL =5:CN A;02C, A>@07<5@5==CN A 8E ?@8@>4>9137. 0:>20 ?@8@>40 MB>9 A;02K? 5@>OB=>, GB> 4;O $5>4>@8B0 MB> =5 1>65AB25==K5 M=5@388, => B20@=>5 459AB285, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@>3> >3 ?@>O2;O5B !2>5 ?@8ACBAB285, B0: :0: $5>4>@8B C?>B@51;O5B ?@58<CI5AB25==> 181;59A:>5 (57.2:1) 2K@065=85 "?>4>185 A;02K".  2>?;>I5=88 >3 O28;AO 0=35;0<, 2 B> 65 2@5<O GB> 8 ;N4O<, C65 =5 2 "?>4>188 A;02K", => 8A?>;L7CO "2 :0G5AB25 ?>:@>20" G5;>25G5A:CN ?;>BL =0AB>OICN 8 682CN138. @8@>40 =52848<0O ?@>O28;0AL G5@57 ?@8@>4C 2848<CN, A>25@H0O GC45A0, >1=0@C6820O ?@8ACICN 59 A8;C (  ). 'B> B0:>5 MB0 2848<0O ?@8@>40? $5>4>@8B > =59 A:070; B0:: >65AB25==0O ?@8@>40 =52848<0, => ?;>BL 2848<0139. >A?>4L >B:@K; A8;C A2>59 1>65AB25==>9 ?@8@>4K G5@57 GC45A0. -B> =5AB>@80=A:89 ?0@0;;5;87<: 1>65AB25==>5 8F> !K=0 >AB05BAO A>:@KBK< 2 G5;>25G5AB25 8ACA0. "5;> %@8AB0 AB0;> =52848<K< ?>A;5 2>7=5A5=8O, => => 4>ABC?=> 2>A?@8OB8N 2 A8<2>;0E, 2 B08=AB20E140.  1C4CI5< 25:5 >A?>4L !0< 1C45B 2848<K< ";8F>< : ;8FC", 8;8, B>G=55, "25@=K5, :0: 8 =525@=K5 C284OB ?@8@>4C, :>B>@CN = 27O; >B =0A, ?>:;>=O5<CN 2A5N B20@LN"141. -B> 28'45=85 G5;>25G5AB20 %@8AB0, =8G53> 1>;55. >65AB2> >AB05BAO A>:@KBK<. AO:89 M=5@389=K9 <><5=B, 2AO:0O "?5@8E>@570" GC640 MB>9 B5>;>38G5A:>9 <KA;8, :>B>@0O, 0:F5=B8@CO :>=:@5B=K9 E0@0:B5@ 28'45=8O >30 2 %@8AB5  '5;>25:5, 4>2>4O 4> :@09=>AB8 B5=45=F88 0=B8>E89A:>9 H:>;K, =5 ?@87=05B 2AO:>5 28'45=85 >30 :0: B0:>2>5, 2AO:>5 =5?>A@54AB25==>5 1>3>>1I5=85, 0 B0:65 2AO:CN 2>7<>6=>ABL >165=8O, 2 8AB8==>< A<KA;5 MB>3> A;>20, B20@=KE ACI5AB2. 45AL, =5A><=5==>, :@09=>ABL, ?@>B82>?>;>6=0O B>9, :0:CN <K >B<5B8;8 2 0;5:A0=4@89A:>9 H:>;5 C ;8<5=B0 8 @835=0, 345 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K9 3=>A8A, A>75@F0=85 1>65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8 70<5=O5B ;8G=CN 2AB@5GC A %@8AB><, 2=CB@5==55 >1I5=85 A >3>< 82K<. * * *  V 25:5 0;5:A0=4@89A:>5 1>3>A;>285 =0E>48B A2>5 =081>;55 ?>;=>5 8 =081>;55 ?@02>A;02=>5 2K@065=85 2 <KA;8 A2. 8@8;;0 ;5:A0=4@89A:>3> (370-444), <KA;8, 345 3;025=AB2>20;0 845O >165=8O :0: 2KAH59 F5;8 A>740==KE ACI5AB2. -B> B@048F8O A2. D0=0A8O, >1>30I5==0O 1>3>A;>2A:8< 2:;04>< B@5E 25;8:8E :0??04>:89F52: 0;5:A0=4@89A:>5 1>3>A;>285 >165=8O, >A2>1>645=85 >B 2AO:>3> A;540 >@835=87<0 8 53> A?8@8BC0;8AB8G5A:>3> 8450;0 153AB20 2 A>75@F0=85. -B> G8AB>5 1>3>A;>285, 1>3>A;>285 !2OB>9 "@>8FK, 345 =5B =8:0:>3> <5AB0 >3C D8;>A>D>2, 48=><C () =5>?;0B>=87<0, 4CE>2=>9 <>=045. ;O A2. 8@8;;0 8<O BF0 2KH5 8<5=8 >30. "= =0720= BF><, 3>2>@8B >=, ?> ?@8G8=5 !K=0, =08;CGH53> 8 =084>AB>9=59H53>. = =0720= >3>< ?> ?@8G8=5 @01>2, B.5. =08<5=LH8E, B0: 25;8:0 48AB0=F8O <564C >A?>48=>< 8 @01><, !>740B5;5< 8 A>740=85<". 0: A;>2> B5F A>>B=>A8BAO A !K=><, B0: A;>2> >3 A>>B=>A8BAO A @010<8 8 A> 2A5<8 B5<8, :B> =5 >4=>9 ?@8@>4K A >3><, :0:>9 1K >=0 =8 1K;0"142. AO:0O A>740==0O ?@8@>40, 4CE>2=0O 8;8 B5;5A=0O, @02=> C40;5=0 >B =5A>740==>9 ?@8@>4K >30. "5< =5 <5=55 2A5 ?@8720=K AB0BL ?> A;>2C A2. 0?. 5B@0 "?@8G0AB=8:0<8 >65A:>3> 5AB5AB20". ">;L:> !;>2> 5ABL !K= ?> ?@8@>45, => ?> ?@8G8=5 3> >?;>I5=8O <K AB0=>28<AO "AK=0<8 ?> ?@8G0AB8N" (). #G0AB2>20BL 2 >65AB25 !K=0, 2 >1I5< >65AB25 "@>8FK, 7=0G8B 1KBL >165==K<, 1KBL ?@>=870==K< >65AB2><, ?>4>1=> B><C :0: @0A:0;5==>5 65;57> 1K205B >E20G5=> 60@>< >3=O, GB> 45;05B =0A =>A8B5;O<8 A8O=8O :@0A>BK =52K@078<>9 ?@8@>4K "@>8FK143. K >165=K !2OBK< CE><, :>B>@K9 45;05B =0A ?>4>1=K<8 !K=C, A>25@H5==><C >1@07C BF0144. K AB0=>28<AO ?>4>1=K<8 !K=C  "AK=0<8 ?> ?@8G0AB8N"  1C4CG8 ?@8G0AB=K 1>65AB25==>9 ?@8@>45, A>548=OOAL A >3>< 2 !2OB>< CE5145. K >165=K !K=>< 2 !2OB>< CE5. "A;8 1K =52>7<>6=K< >1@07>< =0< A;CG8;>AL 1KBL ;8H5==K<8 CE0 !2OB>3>, <K 1K 4065 8 =5 4>3040;8AL, GB> >3 1K; 2 =0A"146. !2OB>9 CE =5 B>;L:> AB0=>28BAO 8AB>G=8:>< 4CE>2=>9 687=8 4CH8, => = B0:65 5ABL =0G0;> 3=>A8A0, :>B>@K9 405B =0< >A>7=0=85 MB>9 687=8 2 1;03>40B8. K 2848< 745AL :0: B@0=AD>@<8@C5BAO 8=B5;;5:BC0;8ABA:89 3=>A8A ;8<5=B0 8 @835=0 2 0;5:A0=4@89A:>< 1>3>A;>288, A>25@H5==> @07@K20O A A>75@F0=85< ?;0B>=87<0. !>25@H5==>5 7=0=85 >30, :>B>@>5 4>AB8305BAO 2 1C4CI5< 25:5, 1>;55 =5 O2;O5BAO :>=5G=>9 F5;LN, => >4=>9 87 AB>@>= :>=5G=>3> >165=8O, "4CE>2=>3> <8@0 1;065=AB20" (   ), :0: 3>2>@8B A2. 8@8;;. K ?>7=05< %@8AB0, >B>@K9 2>AA8O5B 2 =0A !2OBK< CE><, ?>B><C GB> <K ?@8>1@5B5< "C< %@8AB>2" ( ), > :>B>@>< 3>2>@8B A2. 0?. 025;, 8 MB>B C< %@8AB>2 5ABL !2OB>9 CE, ?@8ACBAB2CNI89 2 =0A147. >7@0AB0NI55 >165=85, A>?@>2>6405<>5 2A5 1>;55 8 1>;55 A>25@H5==K< ?>7=0=85< >30, 8A?>;=O5BAO 2 B08=AB20E. "!>25@H5==K9 3=>A8A %@8AB0,  3>2>@8B A2. 8@8;;,  4>AB8305BAO :@5I5=85< 8 ?@>A25I5=85< CE>< !2OBK<"148. "5;> 8<55B A2>N 4>;N 2 MB>9 687=8 2 A>N75 A >3><, GB> 1>;55 2A53> ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 B08=AB25 2E0@8AB88  B5;5A=>< A>548=5=88 A %@8AB><"149. ">65AB25==K9 <@0:", ?>7=0=85 G5@57 =52545=85, =5 8<55B <5AB0 2 <KA;8 A2. 8@8;;0. 0: 8 A2. @83>@89 >3>A;>2, >= G0AB> 3>2>@8B > ?@>A25I5=88 () 8 :>;L A:>@> ?>7=0=85 C?@074=8BAO 2 1C4CI5< 25:5, B> @5GL 845B 745AL C =53> > ?>7=0=88 G0AB8G=><  "3040B5;L=><, A:2>7L BCA:;>5 AB5:;>",  :>B>@>5 8AG57=5B ?5@54 >70@5=85< %@8AB0, >B>@K9 =0?>;=8B =0H C< A25B>< 1>65AB25==K< 8 =5A:070==K< (    150. "K C2848< >30 :0: >= 5ABL". -B> 7=0G8B, GB>, 8<5O ;8F> >B:@KB>5 8 <KA;L =5AB5A=5==CN, <K 1C45< 8<5BL 2 A>7=0=88 ( ) :@0A>BC >65AB25==>9 ?@8@>4K BF0, A>75@F0O A;02C ">3>, B> 2>AA8O; >B 53> (    )151. -B> >G5=L 206=K9 4;O CG5=8O > 28'45=88 >30 ;8F>< : ;8FC B5:AB. 0: C A2. @8=5O 8 C 1>3>A;>2>2 0=B8>E89A:>9 H:>;K, @5GL 2 =5< 845B > %@8AB5. > MB> =5 B>;L:> 3> G5;>25G5A:0O ?@8@>40, :0: C $5>4>@8B0, 0 2>?;>B82H0OAO 1>65AB25==0O 8G=>ABL, :>B>@0O O2;O5B !51O 2 !2>59 A>1AB25==>9 A;025, :>B>@0O 5ABL B0:65 8 A;020 BF0, ":@0A>B0 () 1>65AB25==>9 ?@8@>4K"152, :>B>@>9 <K ?@8G0AB=K 2 CE5 !2OB><.  A2. 8@8;; ?@82>48B A;>20 A2. 0?.02;0 (2>@.5:6): "A;8 65 8 7=0;8 %@8AB0 ?> ?;>B8, B> =K=5 C65 =5 7=05<".  B5E, :B> >1@5; 1>65AB25==>5 @07C<5=85 ( ) A8O5B A;020 %@8AB0, ?>B><C GB> >=8 2>A?;0<5=5=K B5< 65 CE><, :>B>@K9 >168; G5;>25G5A:CN ?@8@>4C !K=0. 8F>< : ;8FC 284OB %@8AB0, => MB> 28'45=85 =5>B45;8<> >B ?@8G0AB8O "@>8F5 2 F5;><, 2 ?@>A25I5=88 1C4CI53> 25:0. 870=B89A:85 1>3>A;>2K A>15@CB =0A;5485 >158E H:>;  0=B8>E89A:>9, ?@5645 2A53> G5@57 A2. >0==0 ;0B>CAB0, 8 0;5:A0=4@89A:>9, G5@57 A2. 8@8;;0. 5@2>5 =0?@02;5=85 2 CG5=88 > 1>3>28'45=88 ?@>O2;O5B =5:>B>@CN >3@0=8G5==>ABL, ?>A:>;L:C A2O70=> ?@5645 2A53> A 8G=>ABLN %@8AB0, O2;5==>9 2 3> G5;>25G5AB25, 2B>@>5 65 0:F5=B8@C5B ":@0A>BC >65AB25==>9 ?@8@>4K", 25G=CN A;02C %@8AB0, >1ICN C 53> A BF>< 8 !2OBK< CE><. KA;L 0=B8>E89F52 A;54C5B =0?@02;5=8N 1>65AB25==>3> A=8AE>645=8O, :>B>@>5 ?@8A?>A>1;O5B O2;5=85 >30 : 2>7<>6=>ABO< B20@=KE ACI5AB2: >=0 ?@5645 2A53> E@8AB>;>38G=0. KA;L 0;5:A0=4@89F52 ?@845@68205BAO ?@>B82>?>;>6=>3> =0?@02;5=8O  G5;>25: 2>AE>48B : A>548=5=8N A >3>< 8 >165=8N; MB0 <KA;L =5A5B 0:F5=B ?=52<0B>;>38G5A:89. K;> >B<5G5=>, GB> A A5@548=K V 25:0 =0G8=05BAO C?04>: 1>3>A;>2A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K >AB>:0: "<5=0 $5>4>@8B0 8 A2. 8@8;;0 7025@H0NB, 2 =5:>B>@>< A<KA;5, A?8A>: 25;8:8E ?8A0B5;59 3@5G5A:>9 &5@:28: ;8B5@0BC@=0O 68;0 8AG5@?0=0 8 =0ABC?05B 2@5<O 1>3>A;>28O <5=55 :@0A=>@5G82>3>, => 1>;55 B>=:>3>"153. -B> A?@0254;82> B>;L:> A B>G:8 7@5=8O G8AB> ;8B5@0BC@=>9: 25;8:>5 :@0A=>@5G85 7025@H05BAO, => 25;8:0O 1>3>A;>2A:0O <KA;L ?@>4>;605B @072820BLAO. ! 8>=8A85< @5>?038B>< 8 A2. 0:A8<>< <K 2E>48< 2 <8@ 1>3>A;>28O A>1AB25==> 2870=B89A:>3>. > ?@5645 G5< ?@8ABC?8BL : CG5=8N > 1>3>28'45=88 2 @5>?038BA:>< :>@?CA5, =0< =C6=> 25@=CBLAO =0704, GB>1K C2845BL, :0: MB>B 2>?@>A AB028;AO C 0A:5B8G5A:8E ?8A0B5;59, ?@54H5AB2CNI8E V 25:C. ;020 6 '   !"'! " "#   B5?5@L <K @0AA<>B@8< 2>?@>A > 28'45=88 >30 2 A>25@H5==> 8=>< >A25I5=88: B0:, :0: >= 1K; ?>AB02;5= 2 0A:5B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5. 5@=5<AO =0704, 2 IV 25:, 2 M?>EC @>645=8O <>=0H5AB20. >2>@O >1 @835=5, <K C2845;8 =0A:>;L:> 53> 8450; A>75@F0B5;L=>9 687=8 1K; 1>;55 B>G5=, 1>;55 :>=:@5B5=, 1>;55 >A=>20= =0 687=5==>< >?KB5, G5< 8450; ;8<5=B0 ;5:A0=4@89A:>3>. =>AB8: ;8<5=B0  ;8B5@0BC@=K9 2K<KA5;. CE>2=K9 G5;>25: (?=52<0B8:) @835=0, =5A<>B@O =0 53> @>4AB2> A ?;0B>=8G5A:8<8 A>75@F0B5;O<8, 3>@074> 1;865 : E@8AB80=A:><C 0A:5BC. -B> 4CE>2=>ABL ?;0B>=8G5A:>3> ?>1530, 153AB2> >B <8@0 8 2>72@0I5=8O : >3C G5@57 A>75@F0=85, :>B>@0O AB@5<8BAO AB0BL =0C:>9 > A?0A5=88, E@8AB80=A:>9 0A:5B8:>9. "5< =5 <5=55 8=B5;;5:BC0;8AB8G5A:0O <8AB8:0 ;5:A0=4@88 =5 8<5;0 =8:0:>3> 2;8O=8O =0 ?5@2K5 ?>:>;5=8O 25;8:8E 538?5BA:8E 0A:5B>2.  687=5>?8A0=88 A2. =B>=8O, A>AB02;5==>< A2. D0=0A85<, =5B 8 =0<5:0 =0 ?@52>7=5A5==K9 A>75@F0B5;L=K9 ?CBL =04 ?CB5< 45OB5;L=K<, =0 A>75@F0=85 :0: F5;L E@8AB80=A:>9 687=8. -B> 687=L 2 =5?@5AB0==>9 <>;8B25 8 ?>AB>O==>< 145=88, 687=L 45OB5;L=KE 4>1@>45B5;59, 1>@L1K 70 =5B;5=85, :>340 G5;>25G5A:0O 2>;O 35@>8G5A:8 A>?@>B82;O5BAO :>20@=K< =0?04:0< 15A>2, AB0@0OAL A;54>20BL 520=35;LA:8< 70?>254O<, 8 ?@5645 2A53> 70?>2548 ;N18BL >30 8 1;86=53>. -B0 4CE>2=>ABL 1>@L1K 70 =5B;5==>ABL () A;C68;0 >1@07F>< A2. 0A8;8N 5;8:><C, :>340 >= A>AB02;O; A2>8 ?@028;0 <>=0H5A:>9 687=8. = 2845; 2 CAB0=>2;5=88 >1I568B5;L=>9 <>=0H5A:>9 687=8 ( ) 8450;L=CN E@8AB80=A:CN >1I8=C, <0;CN F5@:>2L 2 &5@:28, 345 C7K ;N128, @07>@20==K5 2 <8@C, 4>;6=K C:@5?8BLAO, 345 687=L ?> >1@07C !2OB>9 "@>8FK 4>;6=0 >ACI5AB28BLAO =0 75<;5 2 >B:075 >B A2>59 2>;8 G5@57 ?>A;CH0=85, 2 A>N75 A 1@0BLO<8, =0 >1I5< ?CB8 A>548=5=8O A >3><. 8'45=85 >30, A>75@F0=85 :0: F5;L <>=0E0, 8A:0=85 <8AB8G5A:8E 40@>2, 3=>A8A =5 8<5NB <5AB0 2 MB>9 4CE>2=>AB8 >1I568B5;L=>3> <>=0H5AB20. 5B@C4=> ?>=OBL, GB> B0:>9 <>=0E, :0: 203@89, CA5@4=K9 G8B0B5;L @835=0, ?>:8=C; >1I8=C B0:>3> B8?0 "87-70 ;N128 : D8;>A>D88 1>65AB25==>9 8AB8=K", :0: >= 3>2>@8;. * * * 203@89 >=B89A:89, @>482H89AO >:>;> 345 3., 1K; ?>A2OI5= 2> GB5F0 A2. 0A8;85<; A2. @83>@89 8AA:89 @C:>?>;>68; 53> 2 480:>=0 8 >= A>?@>2>640; A2. @83>@8O >3>A;>20 2 >=AB0=B8=>?>;L 2 380 3. 5A<>B@O =0 B5A=K5 A2O78 A B@5<O 25;8:8<8 :0??04>:89F0<8, >A>15==> A> A2. @83>@85< >3>A;>2><, :>B>@>3> 203@89 AG8B0; A2>8< CG8B5;5<, AD>@<8@>20;AO >= ?@5645 2A53> G8B0O @835=0.  383 3. >= ?@857605B 2 38?5B, ?>ABC?05B 2 >48= 87 =8B@89A:8E <>=0ABK@59, => A:>@> ?>:8405B 53> 2 =045645 >1@5AB8 2 !:8BA:>9 ?CABK=5, : 70?04C >B 5;LBK, 1;03>?@8OB=CN A@54C 4;O A>75@F0B5;L=>9 687=8.  MB>9 "?CABK=5 :5;;89", >@30=87>20==>9 A2. 0:0@85<, CG5=8:>< A2. =B>=8O, >= ?>AB0@0;AO >ACI5AB28BL 8450; A>75@F0B5;L=>9 687=8, =0<5G5==K9 @835=><. 203@89 C<5@ 2 399 3., 70A;C682 ?@87=0=85 :0: 25;8:89 CG8B5;L A>75@F0B5;L=>9 687=8. = >AB028; B@C4K, :>B>@K5 A;C60B CG51=8:0<8 4CE>2=>9 687=8, 2 :>B>@KE <KA;8 @835=0 > E@8AB80=A:>< A>25@H5=AB25, ?@8A?>A>1;5==K5 4;O <>=0H5A:>3> ?>;L7>20=8O, 40=K 2 A60B>9, OA=>9 D>@<5 0A:5B8G5A:8E 8 <8AB8G5A:8E 0D>@87<>2. <5==> 203@8N ?@8=04;568B 70A;C30 22545=8O 2 0A:5B8G5A:CN ;8B5@0BC@C D>@<K "A>B=8F", A1>@=8:>2 87 AB0 3;02 8;8 >?@545;5=89. > B0:65 1;03>40@O 5<C 2 4CE>2=CN 687=L 2>H5; ?@5>4>;5==K9 2 4>3<0B8G5A:>< ?;0=5 8=B5;;5:BC0;87< @835=0, :>B>@K9 E>BO >1>30B8; E@8AB80=A:CN 0A:5B8:C, => 8 A>740; 2 =59 =>2K5 B@C4=>AB8.  MB>< AB@0==>ABL AC4L1K @835=0: 8A?KBK20BL ?>AB>O==K5 =0?04:8 8 2 B> 65 2@5<O >1@0I0BL B5E, :B> 1>@5BAO A 53> 2>77@5=8O<8. 5@2K< >128=8; 203@8O 2 >@835=87<5 1;06. 5@>=8<. > >AC645= 203@89 1C45B B>;L:> G5@57 150 ;5B, =0 V A5;5=A:>< A>1>@5, >4=>2@5<5==> A @835=><. "5< =5 <5=55 53> A>G8=5=8O, ?5@52545==K5 =0 A8@89A:89, :>?BA:89, ;0B8=A:89 O7K:8, ?@>4>;60;8 E>645=85 2 <>=0H5A:>9 A@545 8=>340 ?>4 ?@8:@KB85< 8<5=8, A:065<, A2. 0A8;8O 8;8 ?@5?. 8;0 !8=09A:>3>. !2. 0:A8< 8 4@C385 2>A?>;L7CNBAO 203@85<, =5 C?><8=0O 53> 8<5=8, => A>7=020O 1>30BAB2> 53> CG5=8O, =5A<>B@O =0 53> M;;8=8AB8G5A:89 87JO=, B.5. 8=B5;;5:BC0;8AB8G5A:CN <8AB8:C.  =0H8 4=8 2A5 1>;55 8 1>;55 =0G8=0NB >A>7=020BL >A=>2>?>;030NICN @>;L, :>B>@CN 203@89 AK3@0; 2 8AB>@88 E@8AB80=A:8E CG5=89 > 4CE>2=>9 687=8. 3> ;8B5@0BC@=>5 =0A;5485 G@572KG09=> 2>7@>A;> 1;03>40@O =0E>4:0< 53> A>G8=5=89, >AB0202H8EAO =58725AB=K<8, 0 B0:65 845=B8D8:0F88 B5:AB>2, 4> A8E ?>@ 8725AB=KE ?>4 ;>6=K<8 02B>@A:8<8 8<5=0<8. "@C4K 203@8O >1@07CNB B@8 3@C??K A>G8=5=89, A>>B25BAB2CNI8E B@5< MB0?0< E@8AB80=A:>9 687=8, >?@545;5==KE @835=><: 45OB5;L=0O 687=L, 1>@L10 70 15AAB@0AB85 ; 3=>A8A 8;8 A>75@F0=85 ?@8@>4, >ICB8<KE 8 C<>?>AB8305<KE; 8 , 1>65AB25==K9 3=>A8A, A>75@F0=85 1>65AB25==>9 ?@8@>4K, ?> @835=C, A>75@F0=85 "@>8FK C 203@8O, :>B>@K9 =07>25B MB>B 2KAH89 MB0? <>;8B2>9 (). A:570 2 A>1AB25==>< A<KA;5 A;>20 A>>B25BAB2C5B ; MB>B ?5@2K9 MB0? ?CB8 : A>25@H5=AB2C A>AB>8B 87 ;5AB28FK 4>1@>45B5;59, :>B>@0O =0G8=05BAO A 25@K  =87H59 ABC?5=8. 0B5< A;54C5B AB@0E >689, A>1;N45=85 70?>25459, 2>745@60=85, 1;03>@07C<85, B5@?5=85 8 =045640. 5@H8=>9 45OB5;L=>9 687=8 AB0=>28BAO , 15AAB@0AB85, 8;8, B>G=55, A>AB>O=85, 345 G5;>25: 1>;55 =5 2>;=C5< AB@0ABO<8. ;>4><  O2;O5BAO ;N1>2L  C25=G0=85 0A:57K. A?><=8<, GB> C @835=0 ;N1>2L B0:65 1K;0 "425@LN 3=>A8A0". 203@89 845B 5I5 40;LH5, 70O2;OO: "">;L:> ;N1>2L : 1;03C ?@51K205B 2> 25:8 [=0<5: =0 A;>20 0?.02;0 >  (>@.13)]. -B> ;N1>2L "8AB8==>3> 7=0=8O" (...    )154. 0==>5 >?@545;5=85 ;N128 >B<5G5=> A8;L=K< 8=B5;;5:BC0;8AB8G5A:8< C:;>=><: A>25@H5==0O ;N1>2L, :>B>@0O =8:>340 =5 C<8@05B, 5ABL ;N1>2L 1>65AB25==>3> 3=>A8A0.  4@C3>< <5AB5 203@89 2KA:07K205BAO 2 B>< 65 4CE5: "N1>2L MB> 2KAH55 A>AB>O=85 ( ) @07C<=>9 4CH8, 2 A8;C :>B>@>3> >=0 =5 <>65B =8G53> ;N18BL 2 MB>< <8@5 1>;55, G5< ?>7=0=85 >30"155. > ?@5645 G5< ?@89B8 : A>75@F0=8N >30, 4CE>2=><C 3=>A8AC ( ), =C6=>, GB>1K @07C< C?@06=O;AO, ?>7=020O >30 2 B2>@5=88, C?@06=O;AO 2 3=>A8A5 8;8 A>75@F0=88 () D878G5A:><, 7=0=88 ?@8@>4 >ICB8<KE 8 C<>?>AB8305<KE. -B> 0@5=0 C?@06=5=89, 38<=0A89 8=B5;;5:B0, 345 C65 >A2>1>645==K9 >B AB@0AB59 G5@57 , >= C?@06=O5BAO 2 A>75@F0=88, ?@5645 G5< C2845BL >30. -B> B>65 "F0@AB2> =515A=>5", :0: 3>2>@8; 203@89: "&0@AB2> =515A=>5  MB> 15AAB@0AB85 4CH8, A>548=5==>5 A 8AB8==K< A>75@F0=85< ACI5AB2". > MB> 5I5 =5 &0@AB2> >685, :>B>@>5 5ABL A>75@F0=85 !2OB>9 "@>8FK156. !>75@F0=85 !2OB>9 "@>8FK  =0G0;> 3=>A8A0: MB> theologia (@835= ?>;L7>20;AO MB8< 65 A;>2>< 4;O >1>7=0G5=8O MB>9 2KAH59 AB5?5=8 A>25@H5=AB20). -B> 5I5 8 <>;8B20 () 8;8 "G8AB0O <>;8B20". "0:8< >1@07><, B5>;>38O, 3=>A8A "@>8FK 8 <>;8B20 4;O 203@8O O2;ONBAO A8=>=8<0<8. "A;8 BK 1>3>A;>2, 3>2>@8; >=, B> 1C45HL <>;8BLAO 8AB8==>, 0 5A;8 BK <>;8HLAO 8AB8==>, B> BK  1>3>A;>2"157.  (15AAB@0AB85) =54>AB0B>G=> 4;O 8AB8==>9 <>;8B2K, ?>A:>;L:C <>6=> 5I5 1KBL >B2;5:05<K< "?@>ABK<8 <KA;O<8", <KA;O<8, ;8H5==K<8 AB@0AB59, => :>B>@K5 2A5 65 70BC<0=820NB C<158. "0: :0: 2A5, GB> >A254><;O5B C<, 8=B5;;5:B    40;5:> C2>48B 53> >B >30.  3=>A8A5 C<>?>AB8305<KE ACI5AB2, >B2;5:05B 8E <=>65AB25==>ABL. B0:, >G8I5=85, =0G0B>5 2 , 345 0A:5B 4>1@>45B5;O<8 ?>156405B AB@0AB8, 4>;6=> 7025@H8BLAO 2 3=>A8A5. >1@>45B5;L, 3>2>@8B 203@89, MB> =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: <KA;L, @>645==0O 87 AB@0AB8, :>B>@0O 59 ?@>B82>AB>8B. =>AB8:, 8;8 "284OI89", 4>;65= A;54>20BL MB><C >G8I5=8N, >A2>1>640O A51O >B >1@07>2 ?>A@54AB2>< 4CE>2=>3> ?>7=0=8O. 0 2KAH59 ABC?5=8 >= 1C45B >A2>1>645= >B ?@>ABKE <KA;59 <>;8B2>9159. "I8B5 &0@AB28O =515A=>3> 8 ?@024K 53>, 8 2A5 ?@>G55 ?@8;>68BAO 20<". @0254=>ABL 4;O 203@8O >7=0G05B 4>1@>45B5;8 45OB5;L=>9 687=8; &0@AB2> =515A=>5  3=>A8A ACI53>; =C6=> 8A:0BL 4>1@>45B5;59 8 3=>A8A0, B>340 A>75@F0=85 !2OB>9 "@>8FK  &0@AB285 >685  ?@8;>68BAO, 2 A>AB>O=88 2KAH5<, A>AB>O=88 <>;8B2K, :>B>@>5 =5 7028A8B 1>;55 >B =0H59 2>;8. 'B> 7=0G8B MB> A>AB>O=85 <>;8B2K? -B> "15AAB@0AB=>5 A>AB>O=85, habitus, :>B>@>5 G5@57 2KAHCN ;N1>2L 2>7=>A8B =0 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K5 25@H8=K C< (), >E20G5==K9 <C4@>ABLN 8 >4CE>B2>@5==K9"160. -B> "2>AE>645=85 C<0" : >3C161.  5I5: ">;8B20 157 @0AA5O==>AB8 5ABL 2KAH55 @07C<5=85 C<0"162. B0:, MB> A>AB>O=85 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> A>75@F0=8O, 345  4>AB8305B A2>53> A>25@H5=AB20. > 203@89 3>2>@8B 2 4@C3>< <5AB5: "@5E>2=0O 4CH0 ()  MB> C< (), >B?02H89 >B A>75@F0=8O >=04K"163. 45AL <K 8<55< :>=F5?F8N G8AB> >@835=8ABA:CN: :0: 8 4;O @835=0,  1K;0, ?> 2A59 2848<>AB8, 4;O 203@8O 45D>@<0F859  (C<0), :>B>@K9, <0B5@80;87COAL, C40;O5BAO >B >30. CH0 AB0=>28BAO C<>< () G5@57 A>75@F0=85, 2KAH0O ABC?5=L :>B>@>3>  G8AB0O <>;8B20.  A>AB>O=88 G8AB>9 <>;8B2K  AB0=>28BAO 01A>;NB=> ?@>ABK<, ">1=065==K<" (): 4065 G8ABK5 <KA;8 4>;6=K 1KBL C40;5=K 87 A>7=0=8O, 8 MB0 ?>A;54=OO ABC?5=L A>25@H5=AB20 5ABL 40@ >689164.  B0:>< A>AB>O=88, 2> 2@5<O <>;8B2K, A25B "@>8FK 2>AA8O205B 2 4CE5 >G8I5==>3> G5;>25:0. -B> A>AB>O=85 , C<0, 5ABL 25@H8=0 4;O 5AB5AB2 C<>?>AB8305<KE, 2 =5< >=8 A@02=8<K A =51><, ?@58A?>;=5==K< A25B0 "@>8FK165. >;8B20 <>65B 1KBL A@02=8<0 A 28'45=85<: :0: 7@5=85 ;CGH55 87 2A5E GC2AB2, B0: 8 <>;8B20 =081>65AB25==0O 87 2A5E 4>1@>45B5;59166. > 745AL "7@5=85< =07K205BAO B> 7@5=85, :>B>@>5 A>25@H05BAO GC2AB2>< C<0"167. <5==> <KA;L 2> 2@5<O <>;8B2K 2848B A25B !2OB>9 "@>8FK (...    )168. #< 2 A>AB>O=88 G8AB>9 <>;8B2K AB0=>28BAO 2<5AB8;8I5< >30 ( ), >1@07>< >30, E@0<><, 1>65AB25==K< 4CE><, >3>< ?> 1;03>40B8. !>75@F0O >30, G5;>25G5A:>5 @07C<5=85 C;02;8205B A0<>3> A51O, 284O 3>, 2848B A51O. -B> 2>A?@8OB85 >4=>2@5<5==>: ?>7=020O >30, C< ?>7=05B A51O :0: 2<5AB8;8I5 >30, :0: <5AB> ?@8=8<0NI55 A25B "@>8FK. = 2848B A51O, B0:8< >1@07><, A25B;K< :0: A0?D8@, :0: =51>. -B> >1=065==K9 @07C< ( ), @07C<, :>B>@K9 "CA>25@H5==K9 2 28'45=88 A0<>3> A51O 8 :>B>@K9 C4>AB>5==K9 CG0AB8O 2 A>75@F0=88 !2OB>9 "@>8FK"169. -B> CG5=85, =8 2 :>59 <5@5 =5 2K@065==>5 2 40==>9 D>@<5 C @835=0, <>65B 1KBL ?@81;865=> :  ; A2. @83>@8O 8AA:>3>, 345 >3 A>75@F05< 2 75@:0;5 4CH8. 4=0:> C 203@8O MB> 28'45=85 A25B0 >68O 2 C<5 >165==>< O2;O5BAO 25@H8=>9, 7025@H5=85<, :>B>@>5 =5 7=05B B@0=AF5=45=F88. 0: 8 C @835=0 C =53> =5B M:AB070, 2KE>40 87 A51O, "?@52KH5 C<0"; 0 B0:65 =5B 1>65AB25==>9 BL<K ?>7=0=8O G5@57 =57=0=85. 0< 8725AB5= B>;L:> >48= >B@K2>:, 345 203@89 3>2>@8B: ";065= B>B, :B> A>H5; 2 15A:>=5G=>5 =57=0=85" (     )170. !;>2>   A>H5;  <>3;> 1K 2K720BL C482;5=85, 5A;8 1K @5GL H;0 > A>AB>O=88 M:AB0B8G5A:><, :>B>@>5 2KH5 A>75@F0=8O A25B0 "@>8FK 2 4CH5. 0 A0<>< 65 45;5, :0: MB> ?>:070; >.%0CA35@@, 203@89 ?>=8<05B ?>4    15A:>=5G=>5 =57=0=85  8A:;NG5=85 2AO:>3> 8=>3> 7=0=8O, :@><5 7=0=8O >30. 1=065==K9 @07C<, A>75@F0NI89 "@>8FC, AB0=>28BAO 15A:>=5G=> =57=0NI8< ?> >B=>H5=8N : B><C, GB> =865 1>65AB25==>3> 3=>A8A0. A?><=8< A2. @83>@8O >3>A;>20, :>B>@>3> 203@89 G0AB> =07K205B A2>8< CG8B5;5<. ;O =53> B>65 BL<0 !8=0O, :C40 2>H5; >8A59, GB>1K 2AB@5B8BL >30, =5 8<5;0 7=0G5=8O A?>A>10 >1I5=8O A >3><, ?@52KH0NI53> :  4;O A2. @83>@8O >3>A;>20 5ABL =52565AB2> B>;?K 2 >B=>H5=88 >30; A25B 2KH5 BL<K. !2. @83>@89 >3>A;>2, :>B>@K9 <=>3> 3>2>@8B > A>75@F0=88 "@>8FK, =5 @07@010BK20; CG5=8O > A>75@F0=88. !0<0O ?@8@>40 A>75@F0=8O B@C4=>C;>28<0 2 53> A>G8=5=8OE, :>B>@K5 ?@54AB02;ONB A:>@55 A>75@F0B5;L=K5 @07<KH;5=8O, =565;8 87;>65=85 4>:B@8=K. 203@89 =0H5; C @835=0 B>, GB> >BACBAB2>20;> C A2. @83>@8O >3>A;>20, 8 >= >AB>@>6=>, =5 =07K20O 53> 8<5=8, :@8B8:>20; A2. @83>@8O 8AA:>3>, 4;O :>B>@>3> A>548=5=85 A >3>< 1K;> 15A:>=5G=K< ?@>42865=85< 2> <@0:5 =52545=8O, ?@52KH0NI53> A>75@F0=85171. ;O 203@8O =5>1O70B5;5= 2KE>4 70 ?@545;K C<0, M:AB0B8G5A:>5 ?@52>AE>645=85 53>, ?>B><C GB> ?> A0<>9 A2>59 ?@8@>45 @07C< O2;O5BAO ?@85<=8:>< 1>65AB25==>3> A25B0. >AB83=C2 548=>64K A2>53> G8AB>3> A>AB>O=8O  , 284O A51O, 2848B >30, >B>@K9 =0?>;=O5B 53> !2>8< A25B><. >A?@8=8<0NI0O A?>A>1=>ABL  2 >B=>H5=88 A>75@F0=8O "@>8FK 5ABL A>AB02;ONI0O 53> ?@8@>4K: 1>;55 B>3>, >= 5ABL 2 A>25@H5=AB25 C< B>;L:> 2 B>9 <5@5, 2 :0:>9 A>75@F05B >30. K =0E>48< 745AL 2=>2L >A=>2>?>;030NICN <KA;L @835=0, 53> ?;0B>=8G5A:89 A?8@8BC0;87<, A@>4AB2> C<>?>AB830<>3> 8 1>65AB25==>3>, C<0 G5;>25G5A:>3>, ?> >1@07C >6L5<C, 8 "@>8FK. !>75@F0=85 !2OB>9 "@>8FK 548=>>1@07=>, >=> =5 8<55B ABC?5=59. 45AL <KA;L 203@8O B0:65 =0E>48BAO 2 =5A>3;0A88 A> A2. @83>@85< 8AA:8<, :>B>@><C A>548=5=85 A >3>< ?@54AB02;O5BAO 15A:>=5G=K< ?@>42865=85< 4CH8. ;O 203@8O MB> CAB>9G82>5 A>25@H5=AB2>, =5 7=0NI55 =8 25@E0, =8 =870, MB8E "?>4J5<>2" 8 "A?04>2", :>B>@K5 <>3CB 8<5BL <5AB> 2 A>75@F0=88 A>740==KE ACI5AB2172. 8'45=85 !2OB>9 "@>8FK 2A5340 >48=0:>2> B>645AB25==> A0<> A515 (  ). 203@89 =07K205B 53> "ACI5AB=K< ?>7=0=85<"   . -B> 7=0G8B, GB> >3 2>A?@8=8<05BAO =5?>A@54AB25==>, 157 ?>A@54AB20 :0:>3>-;81> >1@070. 5B =8:0:8E >1@07>2 1>65AB25==>3> >:50=0 2 C<5173. 52>7<>6=> 2>A?@8OBL >65AB25==K9 A25B 2 :0:><-=81C4L A25B5, :@><5 A8O=8O !2. "@>8FK. 59AB28B5;L=>, "B0: 65 :0: A25B, :>B>@K9 =0< 2A5 O2;O5B, =5 8<55B =C64K 2 8=>< A25B5, GB>1K 1KBL C2845==K<, B0: 8 >3, :>B>@K9 405B =0< 2A5 C2845BL, =5 =C6405BAO 2 A25B5, :>B>@K9 ?>72>;8; 1K =0< 53> C2845BL: ?>B><C GB> = 5ABL A25B ?> !2>59 ACI=>AB8"174. -B> A>75@F0=85 "@>8FK, ACI=>AB=>5 ?>7=0=85, 1K;> ;8 >=> 4;O 203@8O 28'45=85< 1>65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8? "@C4=> A:070BL =5GB> 2?>;=5 >?@545;5==>5 ?> MB><C ?>2>4C. ! >4=>9 AB>@>=K, >1J5:B>< 28'45=8O C 203@8O 2A5340 O2;O5BAO A25B "@>8FK, :>B>@K9 2>AA8O205B 2 G8AB>< C<5; A 4@C3>9  =8:>340 =5 ?@>2>48B @07;8G8O <564C ?@8@>4>9 >30 8 ACI=>AB=K< A25B><. 4=0:> >= >?@545;5==> 3>2>@8B, GB> ">3 =5?@8ABC?5= 2 !515 !0<><"175, 0 2 8AL<5 29: "><=8 8AB8==CN 25@C 8 7=09, GB> !2OB0O "@>8F0 =5 O2;O5B A51O =8 27>@C B5;5A=KE ACI5AB2, =8 A>75@F0=8N ACI5AB2 15AB5;5A=KE, :@><5 :0: 5A;8 =0 =5 ?@8:;>=8BAO ?> 1;03>40B8 : ?>7=020B5;L=>9 A?>A>1=>AB8 4CH8"... "..."?>B><C GB> B20@8 O28;8AL 2 687=L 87 =51KB8O, B>340 :0: ?>7=0=85 !2OB>9 "@>8FK ACI5AB25==> 8 =5?>AB868<>". -B> A=8AE>645=85 !2OB>9 "@>8FK ?> 1;03>40B8 : ?>7=020B5;L=>9 A?>A>1=>AB8 5ABL, =5A><=5==>, 1>65AB25==K9 A25B, :>B>@K9 A=8AE>48B 2> 2@5<O <>;8B2K 2 . 203@89 @5H8B5;L=> 2>AAB05B ?@>B82 2A5E 2848<KE 1>3>O2;5=89. = AG8B05B, GB> MB> CG5=85 A2>9AB25==> O7KG5A:8< <C4@5F0< (AB>8:0<), :>B>@K5 ?@54AB02;ONB A515, GB> >3, :>B>@K9 =5 8<55B =8:0:>9 D>@<K, ?@8=8<05B ?> A2>59 2>;5 @07;8G=K5 >1;8GLO, GB>1K ?@54AB0BL ?5@54 ;N4L<8176. "5;0O C2845BL ;8F> BF0, >B>@K9 =0 =515A0E, =5 AB0@09AO =8 70 GB> =0 A25B5 C2845BL :0:>9-;81> >1@07 8;8 >1;8: 2> 2@5<O <>;8B2K"177. @8 <>;8B25 28'45=8O, ?@8OB=K5 GC2AB20<, O2;ONBAO 15A>2A:8< >1<0=><178.  MB8E 2KA:07K20=8OE 203@8O E>B5;8 C2845BL =0<5: =0 =5?@02>A;02=>5 4CE>2=>5 CG5=85 52E8B>2 8;8 <5AA0;80=, :>B>@>5 @072820;>AL B>340 65, 2 IV 25:5. !>1>@ 383 3. >AC48; CG5=8O <5AA0;80=, => MB0 A5:B0 ?@>4>;60;0 ACI5AB2>20BL 5I5 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E 25:>2: =5:>B>@K5 55 G5@BK 7=0G8B5;L=> ?>765 ?>O2;ONBAO 2=>2L C 1>3><8;>2 >;30@88, ?@>B82 =8E 1C4CB =5?@5AB0==> 1>@>BLAO ?@02>A;02=K5 2 870=B88. !C4O ?> =5:>B>@K< ?>;>65=8O< <5AA0;80=, >AC645==K< 2 383 3. 8 87;>65==K< A2. >0==>< 0<0A:8=>< 8 "8<>D55<, ?@5A28B5@>< >=AB0=B8=>?>;LA:8<, MB0 A5:B0 8A?>254>20;0 <8AB8G5A:89 <0B5@80;87<. 5AA0;80=5 CB25@640;8, GB> ACI=>ABL "@>8FK <>65B 1KBL 2>A?@8=OB0 GC2AB25==>, ?;>BA:8<8 3;070<8, GB> "@>8F0 ?@52@0I05BAO 2 >4=> ;8F>, GB>1K 2>9B8 2 A>548=5=85 A 4CH0<8 A>25@H5==KE, GB> >3 ?@8=8<05B @07;8G=K5 284K, GB>1K GC2AB25==> >B:@KBL !51O, GB> B>;L:> GC2AB25==K5 >B:@>25=8O >30 A>>1I0NB A>25@H5=AB2> E@8AB80=8=C, GB> A>AB>O=85 A2>1>4K >B AB@0AB59 <>65B 1KBL 4>AB83=CB> B>;L:> <>;8B2>9 (>B:C40 =0720=85 52E8B>2  "<>;OI85AO"), GB> :@5I5=85 8 B08=AB20 =5459AB25==K ?@>B82 2;0AB8 A0B0=K =04 G5;>25G5A:>9 ?@8@>4>9, GB> B5, :B> ?>;CG8; ?>4B25@645=85 A2>5<C A>AB>O=8N 15AAB@0AB=>AB8 G5@57 GC2AB25==>5 O2;5=85 >30, 1C4CG8 >A2>1>645==K<8 >B 15A0, <>3CB C65 =5 ?>4G8=OBLAO B@51>20=8O< <>@0;8 8 F5@:>2=>9 48AF8?;8=K. * * * 7CG5=85 "CE>2=KE 15A54", ?@8?8AK205<KE A2. 0:0@8N 38?5BA:><C, >A=>20B5;N A:8B>2 2 !:8BA:>9 ?CABK=5, 40;> ><C >;;:C@C =5:>B>@K5 >A=>20=8O CB25@640BL (2 1920 3.), GB> MB> ?@>872545=85, AB>;L GB8<>5 E@8AB80=A:8<8 0A:5B0<8 2A5E 25:>2, 5ABL =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: <5AA0;80=A:89 "A:5B8:>=", >AC645==K9 2 383 3. 5;L7O >B@8F0BL, GB> <=>385 ?>;>65=8O <5AA0;80=, F8B8@C5<K5 0<0A:8=>< 8 "8<>D55<, 8<5NB <5AB> 2 "CE>2=KE 15A540E", ?@8?8AK205<KE A2. 0:0@8N. 4=0:> =5?@02>A;02=K5 :@09=>AB8 (7@8<>ABL >65AB25==>9 !CI=>AB8, 3@C1> GC2AB25==K9 E0@0:B5@ 1;03>40B8 8 ?@5=51@565=85 : B08=AB20<, 0<>@0;87< 8 B.4.) =5 <>3CB 1KBL 2<5=5=K 2 28=C "CE>2=K< 15A540<". >6=> ?@54?>;>68BL, GB> 52E8BK ?@54AB02;O;8 :@09=NN B5=45=F8N B>9 <8AB8:8 GC2AB20, :>B>@0O A2>9AB25==0 "5A540<", ?@8?8AK205<K< A2. 0:0@8N, 8 GB> ?@8=04;560 2 =0G0;5 B>9 65 4CE>2=>9 A@545 52E8BK >B45;8;8AL >B =55 2?>A;54AB288. .(B83;L<09@, :>B>@>3> =5;L7O C?@5:=CBL =8 2 =082=>9 4>25@G82>AB8, =8 2 >BACBAB288 :@8B8G5A:>3> 4CE0 (G0AB> C =53> A;8H:>< <=>3> B0:>2>3>), >B:07K205BAO 2845BL 2 "CE>2=KE 15A540E" <5AA0;80=A:>5 A>G8=5=85. = =0AB08205B: 1) =0 =5A>2<5AB8<>AB8 A>45@60=8O "CE>2=KE 15A54" A CG5=85< <5AA0;80=; 2) =0 B>< D0:B5, GB> loca parallela [?0@0;;5;L=K5 <5AB0] =5 O2;ONBAO 4>AB0B>G=K< 4>:070B5;LAB2>< 845=B8G=>AB8; 3) GB>, =5A<>B@O =0 =5:>B>@K5 B@048F88, >1I85 A <5AA0;80=A:8<8 :@C30<8, "5A54K" ?@02>A;02=K ?> ACB8 87;>65==>3> 2 =8E CG5=8O; 4) GB> @07@>7=5==K5 @07=>2@5<5==K5 >B@K2:8 "5A54" A>2A5< =5 ?>72>;ONB 845=B8D8F8@>20BL 8E A 0A:5B8G5A:>9 :=83>9 <5AA0;80=, >AC645==>9 2 3833. CE>2=>5 CG5=85 A2. 0:0@8O, 8;8, B>G=55, "5A54", :>B>@K5 =>AOB 53> 8<O, ?@>B82>AB>8B 8=B5;;5:BC0;8AB8G5A:>9 <8AB8:5 203@8O. ;O A2. 0:0@8O (8;8 ?A524>-0:0@8O) ?@8=F8?80;L=>5 @07;8G85 <564C 3@5G5A:8<8 D8;>A>D0<8 8 E@8AB80=0<8 A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> O7KG5A:85 <C4@5FK 872;5:0NB 7=0=8O 87 @0AAC645=89, 0 A;C68B5;8 >30 8<5NB 7=0=85 1>65AB25==>5. "K 2:CA8;8 >30, <K 8<5;8 >?KB" (   ). >3CB 3>2>@8BL > >35 B5, :B> 8<5; 3> 2 A2>5< >?KB5. ><5=B >?KB0 () O2;O5BAO F5=B@0;L=K< 2 MB>< 4CE>2=>< CG5=88, 8 >?KB 2 ?@>B82>?>;>6=>ABL <8AB8:5 203@8O 8<55B 745AL M<>F8>=0;L=K9 E0@0:B5@, >= >1@0I5= 1>;55 : GC2AB2C, =565;8 : C<C. -B> <8AB8:0 A>7=0==>9 1;03>40B8, ?>GC2AB2>20==>3> >65AB20. =>A8A ?@8>1@5B05B 745AL 7=0G5=85 A>7=0=8O, 157 :>B>@>3> ?CBL A>548=5=8O A >3>< >AB0;AO 1K A;5?K<, ":06CI59AO 0A:57>9" ( )179. 0: >A?>4L >1;5:AO 2> ?;>BL G5;>25G5A:CN, B0: 8 E@8AB80=5 4>;6=K >1;5GLAO CE>< !2OBK<. !2OB>9 CE 45;05BAO ?>:>5< () 4;O 4>AB>9=KE 4CH, 8E @04>ABLN, 8E 1;065=AB2><, 8E 25G=>9 687=LN. >3 AB0=>28BAO ?8B85< 8 ?8I59, "A;04>ABLN" 1;03>40B8, :>B>@CN <K 2:CH05< 2 A515. 4=0:> 8 B>B, :B> 8<55B >70@5=85 (), B>B 1>;LH5, ?>;CG8B 1>;55 B>3>, :B> B>;L:> 2:CH05B, ?>B><C GB> >= 8<55B 2 A515 C25@5=85 2845=89 (  ). > 5ABL =5GB> 5I5 1>;55 7=0G8B5;L=>5: MB> >B:@>25=85 (), 2 :>B>@>< 25;8:85 B09=K >65AB20 O2;ONBAO 4CH5. "5, :B> 4>AB830NB MB>9 ABC?5=8, 284OB >1@07 4CH8, B0: 65 :0: <K 2848< A>;=F5, => 8A?KB0;8 MB> >G5=L =5<=>385180. 45AL <>6=> 1K;> 1K C2845BL 0=0;>38N A 203@85<, B5< 1>;55 GB> 4;O 0:0@8O B0:65 @5GL 845B > 2A?KH:5 AC1AB0=F80;L=>3> A25B0 >65AB20 2 4CH5 (  ... )181.  2A5 65 MB>B >?KB 1;03>40B8 >G5=L >B;8G05BAO >B 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> A>75@F0=8O 1>65AB25==>3> A25B0 C 203@8O, 4;O :>B>@>3> >=> O2;O5BAO A>AB>O=85< 548=>>1@07=K< 8 ?>AB>O==K<, =5 ?@5B5@?520NI8< =8:0:8E 87<5=5=89. "CE>2=K5 15A54K" 3>2>@OB >1 >3=5 1;03>40B8, 70665==>< 2 A5@4F0E ;N459 !2OBK< CE><, 2>76830NI8< 8E :0: A25G8 ?5@54 !K=>< >688<. -B>B 1>65AB25==K9 >3>=L A;54C5B :>;510=8O< G5;>25G5A:>9 2>;8; B> >= @073>@05BAO, >E20BK205B 2A53> G5;>25:0, B> 70BCE05B 8 =5 2A?KE8205B 1>;55 2 A5@4F0E ?><@0G5==KE AB@0ABO<8. "5<0B5@80;L=K9 1>65AB25==K9 >3>=L >70@O5B 8 8A?KBK205B 4CH8. -B>B >3>=L A>H5; =0 0?>AB>;>2 2 2845 O7K:>2 ?;0<5=8. -B>B >3>=L O28;AO 0?. 02;C, >= 3>2>@8; A =8<, >= >70@8; 53> C<, 8 >4=>2@5<5==>, >= >A;5?8; 53> >G8, B0: :0: B>, GB> 5ABL ?;>BL, =5 <>65B 2K=5AB8 A8O=85 MB>3> >3=O. >8A59 2845; MB>B >3>=L 2 C?8=5 5>?0;8<>9. -B>B >3>=L 2 2845 >3=5==>9 :>;5A=8FK 2>7=5A =0 =515A0 ?@>@>:0 ;8N. =35;K 8 4CE8 A;C60I85 >3C, ?@8G0AB=K A25BC MB>3> >3=O. -B>B >3>=L 873>=O5B 45<>=>2, 8AB@51;O5B 3@5E8. = A8;0 2>A:@5A5=8O, @50;L=>ABL 25G=>9 687=8, >70@5=85 A2OBKE 4CH, B25@4>5 AB>O=85 =515A=KE A8;"182. "@>8F0 >18B05B 2 4CH5 =5 B0:>9, :0:0O =0 5ABL 2 !515 !0<>9  B0: :0: =8 >4=> A>740=85 =5 <>3;> 1K 55 B0:>2>9 ?@8=OBL  => ?> <5@5 A?>A>1=>AB8 G5;>25:0 5 ?@8=OBL183. CH0 AB0=>28BAO "?@5AB>;>< >30", >=0 2AO AB0=>28BAO A25B><, ;8:><, >:><; :0640O 55 G0ABL =0?>;=O5BAO A25B><, =5 >AB02;OO =8:0:>3> <5AB0 BL<5, :0: 5A;8 1K >=0 1K;0 =0?>;=5=0 4CE>2=K<8 >G0<8 (  ); A :064>9 AB>@>=K >=0 ";8:", >1@0I5==K9 : >3C, ?@8=8<0O A25B %@8AB0, 2 =55 2E>4OI89184. > 2 MB>< <8@5 F0@AB2> A25B0 >A25I05B 4CHC B09=>. => O28B A51O 2 B5;0E, ?@>A;02;5==KE A25B><, ?>A;5 >A:@5A5=8O185. -AE0B>;>38G5A:89 <><5=B >G5=L 2K@065= 2 "CE>2=KE 15A540E": 8AB8==K5 E@8AB80=5, 2A5340 >1@0I5==K5 2 <KA;OE : =51C, A>75@F0NB 2 !2OB>< CE5 1;030 =515A=K5 (  ), ?@54=07=0G5==K5 B5<, :B> ;N18B >A?>40186.  MB8E =515A=KE 1;030E >3 A>>1@07CO A51O A B20@O<8, AB0=>28BAO 5@CA0;8<><  68;8I5< A25B0, !8>=><  =515A=>9 3>@>9, 4;O @04>AB8 8 1;065=AB20 B20@=KE ACI5AB2"187. > ?@5645 2A53> =C6=>, GB>1K 3;070 4CH8 1K;8 CAB@5<;5=K : %@8ABC, :>B>@K9, :0: E>@>H89 EC4>6=8: ( ), 682>?8AC5B 2 B5E, :>B>@K5 25@CNB 2 53>, 8 =5?@5AB0==> =0 53> A<>B@OB, >1@07 G5;>25:0 =515A=>3>, ?> A2>5<C A>1AB25==><C >1@07C, ?>A@54AB2>< !2OB>3> CE0, 87 A0<>3> ACI5AB20 !2>53> =5A:070==>3> A25B0 (   ,       ,   )188. -B> >1@07, ?@5>1@07>20==K9 2 =0A ?> ?>4>18N, 2=>2L >1;0G5==K9 A25B>< CE0 !2OB>3>, :0: 40< 1K; >1;0G5= 4> 3@5E>?045=8O189. %@8AB>A  EC4>6=8: 8 >1@075F >4=>2@5<5==>, 2>B ?>G5<C A>75@F0NI89 3> ?@5>1@07C5BAO ?> 3> ?>4>18N. 8AB8G5A:89 O7K: "5A54" 40;5: >B 2AO:>9 701>BK > 4>3<0B8G5A:>9 B>G=>AB8. "0:, G8B05< 2 15A545 34-9, GB> 2 1C4CI5< 25:5 "2A5 ?@5>1@07CNBAO () 2 1>65AB25==CN ?@8@>4C". @0240, A@07C 65 MB> 2K@065=85 A<O3G05BAO: "2A5 ?>:>OBAO 2 548=>< A25B5", 0 2 4@C3>< <5AB5190 =0E>48< :0B53>@8G5A:>5 CB25@645=85 > @048:0;L=>< @07;8G88 <564C 1>65AB25==>9 ?@8@>4>9 8 B20@=K<8 ACI5AB20<8 4065 2 A>AB>O=88 A>548=5=8O.  :>=F5 2@5<5= (":@CH5=8O =515A=>9 B25@48") ?@0254=8:8 1C4CB 68BL 2 &0@AB25, 2 A25B5 8 A;025, 284O B>;L:> %@8AB0, 2A5340 A84OI53> 2> A;025 >45A=CN BF0191. !>?@8G0AB=K5 1>65AB25==>9 A;025 1C4CB 2=8<0BL 4@C3 4@C3C 8 G5@57 MB> 5I5 1>;55 2>AA8ONB, ?@>42830OAL 2 8AB8==>< 28'45=88 =5A:070==>3> A25B0192 "0:8< >1@07><, MB0 <8AB8:0 GC2AB20, 1;03>40B8, ?>GC2AB2>20==>9 2 MB>< <8@5, 8A?KB0==>9 :0: 1;065=AB2>, :0: @04>ABL, :0: 2=CB@5==89 A25B 4CH8, ?@82545B 2 1C4CI5< 25:5 : A>548=5=8N A %@8AB>< 2 3> 1>65AB25==>< A25B5. 8'45=85 ;8F>< : ;8FC, :>340 4CH0 AB0=>28BAO 2AO F5;8:>< "4CE>2=K< >:><" 5ABL 28'45=85 %@8AB0 ?@>A;02;5==>3>. * * * 564C 8=B5;;5:BC0;8AB8G5A:>9 <8AB8:>9 203@8O 8 <8AB8:>9 A>7=0B5;L=>9 687=8 2 >ICI5==>9 1;03>40B8 A2. 0:0@8O A@548==>5 ?>;>65=85 70=8<05B A2. 804>E, 5?8A:>? $>B8:89A:89, 2 -?8@5.  =5< 8725AB=> B>;L:> B>, GB> 2 A5@548=5 V 25:0 >= 1K; A@548 ?@>B82=8:>2 <>=>D878B>2. @8B8G5A:>5 8740=85 53> B2>@5=89 1K;> >ACI5AB2;5=> 2 >AA88 .>?>2K< 2 1903 3. (852) 8 4>?>;=5=> ;. 5=5H528G5< 2 1908 (!1). $@0=FC7A:89 ?5@52>4 2KH5; 2 A5@88 "%@8AB80=A:85 8AB>G=8:8". &5;L E@8AB80=8=0  A>548=5=85 A >3>< G5@57 ;N1>2L. "N1>2L, 3>2>@8B 804>E, A>548=O5B 4CHC A A0<8<8 A>25@H5=AB20<8 ( ) >688<8, 8AA;54CO 52848<>3> C<AB25==K< GC2AB2><193. -B0 ?5@20O <0:A8<0 87 AB0 3;02 > A>25@H5=AB25 A>45@68B 2 =5@0725@=CB>9 D>@<5 2A5 4CE>2=>5 CG5=85 804>E0 $>B8:89A:>3>: =52848<K9 >3 8 53> , :>B>@K5 >= B0:65 =07K205B M=5@38O<8, A>548=5=85, :>B>@>5 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO G5@57  8 >@30= , 8ICI89 >?KB=>3> ?>7=0=8O 1>65AB25==>3>, 2=CB@5==55 GC2AB2>, :>B>@>5 A2. 804>E =07K205B B0:65 C<AB25==K< GC2AB2><, GC2AB2>< A5@4F0, GC2AB2>< 4CE0, GC2AB2>< 4CH8, >?KB>< GC2AB20. C4CG8 42868<K ;N1>2LN, <K ?>7=05< A5@45G=K< GC2AB2>< B>3>, :>3> <K GB8< 25@>9, 8 2 <><5=B MB>3> >?KB0 <K ?@51K205< 2KH5 25@K194. 0: 8 2 "CE>2=KE 15A540E" A=0G0;0 !2OB>9 CE 405B 4CH5 2:CA8BL A;04>ABL >68N, => =8:B> 2 MB>< <8@5 =5 <>65B 4>AB83=CBL A>25@H5=AB20 2 >?KB5 1>65AB25==>3>, "@0725 GB> B>;L:> A<5@B=>5 1C45B ?>3;>I5=> 687=LN" (2>@.5:4)195. "=0O @04>ABL =0G0;L=0O, 8=0O B0, :>B>@0O 45;05B A>25@H5==K<; ?5@20O =5 A2>1>4=0 >B 2>>1@065=8O, 2B>@0O >1;0405B A8;>9 A<8@5=8O; <564C >158<8 @0A?>;0305BAO 1;03>A;>25==0O ?5G0;L 8 1571>;57=5==K5 A;57K"196. ?KB >30, GB>1K 4>AB8GL A>25@H5=AB20, 4>;65= 1KBL >G8I5=, 2>B ?>G5<C >3 >AB02;O5B 4CHC, 8 MB0 2>A?8B0B5;L=0O ?>:8=CB>ABL >3>< CG8B 55 8A:0BL >30 A> A<8@5=85<197. >65AB25==K9 A25B A>25@H5=AB2C5B G5;>25G5A:89 4CE, A>>1I0O 5<C ?>4>185 G5@57 ;N1>2L. ! <><5=B0 :@5I5=8O 1;03>40BL =0G8=05B 682>?8A0BL, ?>25@E >1@070, ?>4>185 >685, :0: 87>1@065=85 >30. "=CB@5==55 GC2AB2> OA=> ?>:07K205B, GB> <K =0E>48<AO 2 ?@>F5AA5 D>@<8@>20=8O ?> ?>4>18N; => A>25@H5=AB2> ?>4>18O <K ?>7=05< B>;L:> 2 >70@5=88"198. 45AL 804>E A;54C5B =5?>A@54AB25==> ?@5?. 0:0@8N. > MB>B B5>@5B8: <8AB8:8 GC2AB20 1;865 203@8N, :>340 >= @5H8B5;L=> 2>AAB05B ?@>B82 GC2AB25==>9 <8AB8:8 <5AA0;80=: "">, GB> C<, :>340 >= =0G8=05B 1KBL G0AB> ?>4 2>7459AB285< 1>65AB25==>3> A25B0, AB0=>28BAO 25AL OA=K<, B0: GB> A0< A?>A>15= 2845BL 1>30BAB2> A2>53> A25B0, =5 4>;6=> ?>425@30BL A><=5=8N. >2>@OB, GB> MB> ?@>8AE>48B, :>340 A8;0 4CH8 >2;045205B AB@0ABO<8. > GB> 2A5, GB> O2;O5BAO 5<C 2 >1@075, B> 2 2845 >3=O, B> 2 2845 A25B0, ?@>8AE>48B >B 7;>CE8I@5=89 2@030, 1>65AB25==K9 025; A>25@H5==> >?@545;5==> CG8; MB><C, 3>2>@O, GB> 2@03 >1>@0G8205BAO 0=35;>< A25B0199. "CABL =8:B>, A;KH0I89 :0: 3>2>@OB > GC2AB25 C<0, =5 =0455BAO, GB> A;020 >68O O28BAO 5<C 2>>G8N"200. A;8 ?@>@>:8 2845;8 >30 2 D878G5A:>< 28'45=88, "MB> =5 7=0G8B, GB> = O2;O;AO 8<, 87<5=82H8AL 2 =5:89 >1@07, => >=8 A0<8 2845;8 587>1@078<>3> :0: 1K 2 >1@075 A;02K, :>340 2>;O >68O, => =5 3> ?@8@>40 O2;O;0AL 8E 3;070<; 81> MB> 45OB5;L=0O 2>;O D878G5A:8 ?@>O2;O;0 A51O 2 28'45=8OE A;02K 1;03>40@O "><C, B> A>3;0A8;AO ?>;=>ABLN >B:@KBL !51O 2 >1@075 2>;8"201.  1C4CI5< 25:5 >3 1C45B 7@8< =5 2 !2>59 ?@8@>45, =5 2 :0:><-;81> >1@075, => 2 A8;5 !2>59 A;02K. ">B ?>G5<C B5, :>B>@K5 1C4CB C4>AB>5=K, 1C4CB ?>AB>O==> ?@51K20BL 2 A25B5, =5?@5AB0==> =0A;0640OAL 2> A;025 >6859 ;N1>2LN, => =5 1C4CG8 2 A>AB>O=88 C@07C<5BL ?@8@>4C >70@ONI53> 8E A25B0; B0: 65 :0: >3, >3@0=8G8205B A51O B0<, 345 = E>G5B, >AB020OAL 2A5340 15A?@545;L=K<, B0: 65 = O2;O5B A51O ?> A2>5<C 65;0=8N, >AB020OAL =52848<K<.  'B> =C6=> ?>=8<0BL ?>4 A>25@H5=AB2>< >688<? 57284=CN :@0A>BC, :>B>@0O ?>7=05BAO B>;L:> 2> A;025"202. @0A>B0 8;8 A>25@H5=AB2> 1>65AB25==>9 ?@8@>4K (:>B>@CN ?>74=55 1>3>A;>2K 870=B88 >1>7=0G0B =0 4>3<0B8G5A:>< O7K:5 B5@<8=>< M=5@388  ), 157284=>, ?>B><C GB> >=> 5ABL A;020 1>65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8. 4=0:> MB0 :@0A>B0 1>65AB25==>9 ?@8@>4K, 55 25G=K9 A25B, O28BAO 2848<> 2 1C4CI5< 25:5, "... ?>B><C GB> 2 >1@075 8 A;025 !K=0, B5F, >B>@K9 >1@070 =5 8<55B, ?>:065B =0< !51O; ?> MB>9 ?@8G8=5 >3C 1K;> C3>4=>, GB>1K !;>2> 3> O28;>AL G5@57 >?;>I5=85 2 G5;>25G5A:>< 2845, >AB020OAL, :>=5G=>, 2> A;025 A2>53> 2A5<>3CI5AB20, GB>1K A<>B@O =0 4515;>ABL >1;8:0 MB>9 A;02=>9 ?;>B8 (81> 7@8<>5 2848B B>;L:> 7@8<>5), G5;>25: <>3, ?>A;5 B>3> :0: >= >G8I5=, 7@5BL :@0A>BC >A:@5A5=8O, A>>B=5AO 55 A >3><"203. "C 65 :>=F5?F8N <K 2AB@5B8;8 8 C A2. @8=5O: B5F 2>AA8O205B A25B !2>59 ?@8@>4K 2 2>?;>B82H5<AO !K=5. -B> 28'45=85 >30 =5 2 3> ?@8@>45, => 2 3> A;025 (:@0A>B5 ?@8@>4K), 28'45=85 ;8F>< : ;8FC ;8G=>AB8 %@8AB0, 2>?;>B82H53>AO !K=0, ?@5>1@0782H53>AO >65AB25==K< A25B><. 804>E G0AB> 3>2>@8B > 3=>A8A5, :>B>@K9 >= >B;8G05B >B B5>;>388. "5>;>38O 8;8 <C4@>ABL () 4;O =53> B>;L:> ;8HL 40@ =0CG5=8O, B>340 :0: 3=>A8A >1>7=0G05B >?KB 548=5=8O A >3><, >?KB, :>B>@K9 4>AB8305BAO <>;8B2>9, =5?@5AB0==K< ?0<OB>20=85< > >35, =5?@5:@0I0NI8<AO ?@87K20=85< 8<5=8 8ACA0, :>B>@K9 70?5G0B;5205B 53> "?0<OBLN C<0 2 ?K;0NI5< A5@4F5"204. "0:8< >1@07><, <8AB8:0 C<0 8 <8AB8:0 A5@4F0 >1J548=ONBAO, >B:@K20O ?CBL B>9 4CE>2=>AB8, :>B>@0O >B=>A8BAO : F5;>:C?=>9 G5;>25G5A:>9 ?@8@>45. !2. 804>E0 $>B8:89A:>3> <>6=> AG8B0BL >4=8< 87 >A=>20B5;59 8;8 ?> :@09=59 <5@5 >4=8< 87 ?@54H5AB25==8:>2 2870=B89A:>3> 8A8E07<0. VI 25: =5 1C45B 1;03>?@8OB5= 4;O A>75@F0B5;L=>9 4CE>2=>AB8: 0=B8>@835=8ABA:0O @50:F8O 8 >AC645=85 203@8O ?>4>@2CB 4>25@85 : <8AB8:5 2 F5;><, ?>1548B 4CE>2=>ABL, >@85=B8@CNI0O =0 2>;52>9 <><5=B, 8;8, A:>@55, =0 >B@5G5=85 >B A>1AB25==>9 2>;8,  >1I568B5;L=0O 4CE>2=>ABL A2. 0A8;8O, A2. 0@A0=CD8O 8 53> CG5=8:0 A2. >@>D5O. > 2 VII 25:5 A2. 0:A8< A?>254=8: ?>?KB05BAO >ACI5AB28BL =>2K9 A8=B57 8 2>72@0B8B 4CE>2=>9 687=8 2AN 55 H8@>BC, ?@8=8<0O =5:>B>@K5 F5==K5 M;5<5=BK <KA;8 203@8O  >@835=>2A:>9 B@048F88, 2:;NG0O 8E 2 A2>5 B2>@G5AB2>, ?8B05<>5 B@048F859 A>25@H5==> 8=>9  8>=8A8O @5>?038B0. ;020 7 !/" !  "  !/" ! ! ...>;55 G5< =B8>E88 8 ;5:A0=4@88, 2870=B89A:>5 1>3>A;>285 1>3>28'45=8O 1C45B >1O70=> B2>@5=8O< B08=AB25==>3> 02B>@0, 8725AB=>3> ?>4 8<5=5< A2. 8>=8A8O @5>?038B0. # =0A =5B =5>1E>48<>AB8 70=8<0BLAO 745AL ?@>8AE>645=85< 0@5>?038BA:8E B2>@5=89. A5, GB> 8725AB=> =0< >1 MB>< :>@?CA5 87 G5BK@5E B@0:B0B>2 8 45AOB8 ?>A;0=89,  MB> 40B0, :>340 >=8 1K;8 ?@>F8B8@>20=K 2?5@2K5. >=>D878BK  A !525@>< =B8>E89A:8<  ?5@2K<8 2 =0G0;5 VI 25:0 ?>?KB0;8AL >?5@5BLAO =0 02B>@8B5B A2. 8>=8A8O @5>?038B0, CG5=8:0 A2. 0?>AB>;0 02;0. 4=0:> ?@02>A;02=K5 2A:>@5 2K@2CB MB> >@C685 87 8E @C:, B>;:CO B@C4K 8>=8A8O B0:8< >1@07><, GB>1K ?@8A?>A>18BL 8E : 70I8B5 A>1AB25==KE F5;59. >0== !:8D>?>;LA:89 2 VI 25:5 8, 2 >A=>2=><, A2. 0:A8< 2 VI 25:5 ?@54AB02OB @5>?038B8:8 :0: A2845B5;LAB2> E@8AB80=A:>3> ?@540=8O. 5A<>B@O =0 =5:>B>@K5 A><=5=8O 2 ?@8=04;56=>AB8 ">@?CA0 @5>?038B8:" 8>=8A8N, CG5=8:C A2. 02;0 (A2. $>B89, =0?@8<5@, >B=>A8BAO A:5?B8G5A:8 : B0:><C CB25@645=8N), ?@02>A;02=>ABL 0@5>?038BA:8E B2>@5=89 =8:>340 =5 1C45B :070BLAO ?>4>7@8B5;L=>9.  1900 3>4C C3> >E CAB0=>28; B5A=CN A2O7L ">@?CA0" 8>=8A8O A =5>?;0B>=8G5A:>9 <KA;LN, 0 8<5==> A @>:;><, ?>A;54=8< 25;8:8< ?;0B>=8:>< ;5:A0=4@88 (+486). -B0 A2O7L 1K;0 >B<5G5=0 C65 A2. 0:A8<><, A>3;0A=> :>B>@><C @>:; "A:>?8@>20;" 8>=8A8O. >E =5 A><=5205BAO 2 B><, GB> <KA;L 02B>@0 ">@?CA0" 7028A8B >B ?>A;54=53> 25;8:>3> O7KG5A:>3> D8;>A>D0 ;5:A0=4@88. 1I5?@8=OB>5 <=5=85 65;05B 2845BL 2 8>=8A88 (8;8 ?A524>-8>=8A88) =5:>53> >:@0H5==>3> E@8AB80=AB2>< ?;0B>=8:0, 0 2 53> B2>@G5AB25 CA<0B@820BL A2>53> @>40 :0=0;, ?> :>B>@><C =5>?;0B>=8G5A:0O <KA;L 2=>2L (?>A;5 ;8<5=B0 8 @835=0) >:07K205BAO ?@>=8:0NI59 2 E@8AB80=A:CN B@048F8N. =5 65, :0: 87CG02H5<C 8>=8A8O, ?@54AB02;O5BAO 8AB8==K< :0: @07 >1@0B=>5: MB> E@8AB80=A:89 <KA;8B5;L, >1;0G82H89AO 2 >4564K =5>?;0B>=8:0, 1>3>A;>2, 25AL<0 ?>=8<0NI89 A2>N 7040GC,  70E20B8BL A>1AB25==CN B5@@8B>@8N =5>?;0B>=87<0, 2>A?>;L7>202H8AL 53> D8;>A>DA:>9 "B5E=8:>9". B5F !.5@0 ?@02, :>340 3>2>@8B: ">78F8O 8>=8A8O  ;8F>< : ;8FC A <KA;8B5;O<8 @5F88  MB> >B=>H5=85 =5 35=5B8G5A:>9 7028A8<>AB8, => ?>154=>3> ?@>B82>AB>O=8O: =540@>< >= 3>2>@8B,  8 =5B =8 <0;59H53> >A=>20=8O A><=520BLAO 2 53> 8A:@5==>AB8,  GB> >= 1K; >128=5= ":0: >BF5C189F0" 70 B>, GB> =51;03>3>259=> 8A?>;L7>20; M;;8=>2 ?@>B82 M;;8=>2"205.  MB>< A<KA;5 8>=8A89 2AB05B 2 >48= @O4 A 25;8:8<8 :0??04>:89F0<8: A2. 0A8;85<, 2 >A>15==>AB8 65 c2. @83>@85< 8AA:8<, A :>B>@K< >= A2O70= >1I=>ABLN B5<. 'B> 2 3>@074> 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8 A2O7K205B 8>=8A8O A @83>@85< 8AA:8<, G5< A 1>3><KA;85< 0;5:A0=4@89F52, B0: MB> ?>=OB85 "1>65AB25==>3> <@0:0" (GB> ?@5:@0A=> ?>:07K205B .NG 2 AB0BL5, >?C1;8:>20==>9 2 "Etudes carmelitaines"206. >3>?>7=0=85 =5 <>65B 1KBL 4>AB83=CB> 8=0G5, :0: B>;L:> ?@5>4>;5=85< 2A53> 2848<>3> 8 C<>?>AB8305<>3>, B>;L:> =5254=85< (), :>B>@K< ?>7=05BAO ">B, B> ?@52KH5 2A53> B>3>, GB> <>65B 1KBL >1J5:B>< ?>7=0=8O. >=5G=0O F5;L 745AL  =5 1>65AB25==K9 3=>A8A, => ?@52>AE>4OI55 2AO:>5 ?>7=0=85 A>548=5=85 (). 0: 8 4;O A2. @83>@8O 8AA:>3>,  (A>75@F0=85) 4;O 8>=8A8O =5 5ABL 25@H8=0 2>AE>645=8O : >3C: =58<5=C5<>9 ?@8@>4K >6859 4>AB830NB 2 =52545=88, 2 C40;5=88 A51O >B 2A5E 55 ?@>O2;5=89, 8;8 B5>D0=89  1>3>O2;5=89. <5;8 <5AB> ?>?KB:8 A1;878BL ?>4>1=>5 A>548=5=85 A >3>< 2 =52545=88 A ?;>B8=>2A:8< "M:AB07><". > ?>4>1=> 8 4@C38< 2KA:07K20=8O< 8>=8A8O, @>4AB2> B5@<8=>;>388, 8725AB=K9 B5<0B8G5A:89 ?0@0;;5;87< 5I5 @57G5 ?>4G5@:820NB 2=CB@5==NN =0?@02;5==>ABL E@8AB80=A:>3> 02B>@0, 65;0NI53> "8A?@028BL" ;>B8=0. '5;>25G5A:85 ACI5AB20, A>548=5==K5 A >3><, >B=N4L =5 >B>645AB2;ONBAO A 8<; >=8 ;8HL AB0=>2OBAO "2A5F5;> >6L8<8" (  )207.  B0:>< A>AB>O=88 A>548=5=8O >3 ?>7=05BAO A25@E@07C<=>, ?@52KH5 C<0   8<5==> G5@57 B>, GB> 3> 2>2A5 =5 ?>7=0NB208. -B> 2E>645=85 2> <@0: (), A>:@KBK9 ?@587>18;85< A25B0, 2 :>B>@>< >3 AB0=>28BAO ?>7=0205< 2 A>B2>@5==>< <. >7=0=85 >3@0=8G8205BAO 2A5< B5<, GB> ACI5AB2C5B, GB> 5ABL, 81> :0: ?@8G8=0 2A53> ACI53> >3  =5 5ABL209, 8;8, B>G=55, = ?@52KH05B 2AO:>5 ?@>B82>?>AB02;5=85 "ACI53>"  "=5-ACI5<C". ;O B>3>, GB>1K A>548=8BLAO A >3><, A>3;0A=> 8>=8A8N (:0: 8 ?> ;>B8=C), =5>1E>48<> 2K9B8 87 AD5@K B20@=>3> ("ACI8E"). 4=0:> >3 8>=8A8O  =5 (, =5 48=>5 (548=AB2>), 8;8 5@2>B>645AB2>, ;>B8=0210, :>B>@>5 ?@>B82>?>AB02;O5BAO <=>65AB25==>AB8 "ACI8E". >3  =5 48=AB2>, => ?@8G8=0 48=AB20, B>G=> B0: 65, :0: = 5ABL 8 ?@8G8=0 <=>65AB25==>AB8. >B ?>G5<C 8>=8A89 2KH5 8<5=8 "48=>5" ?@52>7=>A8B 8<O ""@>8F0"  "A0<>5 2>72KH5==>5 87 8<5="211. -B> 5I5 >4=0 ?>78F8O, 345 8>=8A89 ?>;=>ABLN ?@5>1@07C5B ?;>B8=>2A:CN :>=F5?F8N. 48=AB2> 8 @07;8G85, A>548=5=85 8 @07;8G5=85 ?@8ACI8 !0<><C >3C, 81> = 5ABL "@>8F0  "548=AB20 8 @07;8G8O 2 8E =587@5G5==>< 548=5=88 8 ACI5AB2>20=88"212, ?>A:>;L:C B@8 8F0 548=K 8 @07;8G=K 2 >4=> 8 B> 65 2@5<O. > >3 AB0=>28BAO ?>7=0205< G5@57 "@07;8G8O" (8;8 "@07;8G5=8O") () 70 ?@545;0<8, 2> 2=5 !2>59 ?@8@>4K  MB>3> "B09=>3>" 3> "<5AB>?@51K20=8O", A>:@KB>3> <@0:>< 8 =52545=85<",  459AB2CO 2> 2=5 !0<>3> !51O ?>A@54AB2>< "2KABC?;5=89" () 8;8 A8; (), :>B>@K<8 8 ?@>O2;ONBAO MB8 @07;8G5=8O 8 :>B>@K< A>?@8G0AB=K B20@=K5 ACI5AB20. <5=CO 3> >3><, 87=LN, !CI=>ABLN, <K 8<55< 2 284C A8;K  >16820NI85, 682>B2>@OI85, AC1AB0=F88@CNI85 (">ACI5AB2;ONI85"), 2 :>B>@KE >3 A>>1I05B !51O 2A5<C, >AB020OAL =5A>>1I8<K< ?> !2>59 ?@8@>45, 405B ?>7=0BL !51O 2A5<, >AB020OAL =5?>7=0205<K< 2 B><, GB> = 5ABL. B;8G0OAL >B >65AB25==>9 !CI=>AB8 (), MB8 A8;K, 8;8 459AB2>20=8O, >B=N4L =5 >B45;ONBAO >B =55, ?>B><C GB> 2 >35 "548=AB20 (A>548=5=8O) ?@5>1;040NB =04 @07;8G8O<8"213. !8;K ()  2A5340 !0< >3, E>BO 8 2> 2=5 !2>59 !CI=>AB8, 8;8 "548=AB20". 1> "= @07;8G05BAO, >AB020OAL 2> 2A5< ?@>ABK<, 8 C<=>605BAO, =5 CB@0G820O !2>53> 548=AB20"214. 45AL <K C7=05< B> 65 A0<>5 @07;8G5=85, GB> C65 @0=55 =01;N40;8 C A2. 0A8;8O 5;8:>3> 8 C A2. @83>@8O 8AA:>3>,  @07;8G5=85 <564C =5?>7=0205<>9  (ACI=>ABLN) 8 B5<8 ?@>O2;ONI8<8AO M=5@38O<8, :>B>@K< 8 A>>B25BAB2CNB 1>65AB25==K5 8<5=0. # 8>=8A8O MB> @07;8G5=85 5ABL >A=>20 2A53> 53> 1>3><KA;8O. A;8 (:0: A;8H:>< G0AB> A;CG0;>AL) ?@5=51@530BL MB8< CG5=85<, ?@58<CI5AB25==> @07@01>B0==K< 2> 2B>@>9 3;025 B@0:B0B0 " 1>65AB25==KE 8<5=0E", B> <K =8:>340 =5 A<>65< C;>28BL >A=>2=>3> "=5@20" 48>=8A852A:>3> >1@070 <KA;8; =587156=> MB> CG5=85 B>340 AB0=CB 8=B5@?@5B8@>20BL 2 =5>?;0B>=8G5A:>< A<KA;5, :>B>@K9 5<C GC64 8;8, 25@=55, :>B>@><C >=> :0: @07 8 ?@>B82>AB>8B. 8>=8A852A:85  (8;8 M=5@388)  =5 C<0;5==K5 M<0=0F88 >65AB25==>9 ?@8@>4K, :>B>@K5 =8AE>4OB "2 8AB>I520=88", 8<5O A2>8< =0G0;>< 548=AB2> MB>9 ?@8@>4K, 2?;>BL 4> A0<KE ?>A;54=8E AB5?5=59 B20@=>3>. 8>=8A89 =0AB08205B =0 F5;>AB=>9 ?>;=>B5 1>65AB25==KE 8AE>645=89, =0 :064>< C@>2=5 A>?@8G0AB=>AB8 8<; ?>MB><C >= G0I5 2A53> 8 =07K205B 8E  2 548=AB25==>< G8A;5  A25@EACI=>AB=K< ;CG>< 1>65AB25==>3> <@0:0. >65AB2> (B> 5ABL >65AB25==0O !CI=>ABL.  5@52.) ?>;=>ABLN O2;O5B !51O, 2A5F5;> ?@8ACBAB2C5B 2  (A8;0E), => B20@=K5 ACI5AB20 ?@8G0AB=K <C 2 A8;C ?@>?>@F8>=0;L=>3> A>>B=>H5=8O, 8;8 "0=0;>388", A2>9AB25==>9 :064><C 87 =8E; >BAN40 85@0@E8G5A:>5 CAB@>5=85 2A5;5==>9, @0A:@K20NI55AO 2 A>>B25BAB288 A ?>A;54>20B5;L=> C1K20NI8<8 "A>?@8G0AB=>ABO<8", 8;8 "0=0;>38O<8" B20@=KE ACI5AB2. 5@0@E8O 8>=8A8O =8 2 :>5< A;CG05 =5 >3@0=8G8205B ?>;=>BK 548=AB20; =0 :064>9 ABC?5=8 MB>9 ;5AB=8FK 548=5=85 A >3>< >ACI5AB2;O5BAO 2> 2A59 A2>59 ?>;=>B5; ?@8G5< MB0 ?>;=>B0 A>548=5=8O =5 @02=><5@=>-548=>>1@07=0, => ?5@A>=0;8AB8G=0, ;8G=>AB=0.  "0=0;>388" :064>9 A>B2>@5==>9 ?@8@>4K ?@8ACBAB2C5B =5:0O 2AB@5G0, =5:0O A8=5@38O 42CE 2>;5=89: A2>1>40 B20@8  8 ?@54>?@545;5=85 (), 845O (), 8;8 >65AB25==0O 2>;O, >1@0I5==0O : :064><C ACI5AB2C. 45AL ?@8ACBAB2C5B =5:>5 42>9=>5 42865=85, >E20BK20NI55 MBC 85@0@E8G5A:CN 2A5;5==CN: >3 O2;O5B !51O !2>8<8  2> 2A5< ACI5<, "C<=>60OAL 157 CB@0BK 548=AB20", 0 B20@=>5 2>72>48BAO : >165=8N, ?@52>AE>4O ?@>O2;5=8O >689 2 3> B2>@5=88  MB8 85@0@E8G5A:85 >70@5=8O,  4;O B>3> GB>1K 2>9B8 2> <@0:, GB>1K 4>AB8GL A>548=5=8O A >3><, ?@52>AE>4OI53>  (@07C<),  70 3@0=LN 2AO:>3> 2545=8O, :0: 8 2AO:>3> GC2AB25==>3> 8;8 C<>?>AB8305<>3> ?@>O2;5=8O >68O. 20 ?CB8 ?>7=0=8O C 8>=8A8O  1>3>A;>285 "?>;>68B5;L=>5", 8;8 A>75@F0B5;L=>5 (C<>7@8B5;L=>5), 8 1>3>A;>285 ">B@8F0B5;L=>5", 8;8 0?>D0B8G5A:>5, A>>B25BAB2CNB MB><C ?@>=87K20NI5<C B2>@5=85 42>9=><C ?>B>:C. =8 (MB8 ?CB8) 8<5NB A2>8< >A=>20=85< B08=AB25==>5 @07;8G5=85 2 !0<>< >35  <564C ?@>O2;ONI8<8 3> !0<>3>  (A8;0<8) 8 , 8;8 =5?>AB868<>9 "A25@EACI=>ABLN" (), 8=0G5 3>2>@O, 42865=85 : <=>3>@07;8G8N 8 >4=>2@5<5==> : 548=AB2C. > B>, GB> O2;O5BAO 48=0<8G=K< 42865=85< 2 ACI5AB20E B20@=KE, B> >AB05BAO AB018;L=K<, CAB>9G82K< 2 >35, 2 >B>@>< 42865=85 2 B> 65 2@5<O 5ABL ?>:>9 (), 81> 2 8F0E !2OB>9 "@>8FK 548=AB20 8 @07;8G8O B>645AB25==K215. ;O 1>3>?>7=0=8O =5>1E>48<K >10 1>3>A;>2A:8E ?CB8. > ?CBL >B@8F0B5;L=K9  A>25@H5==59.  A8<2>;8G5A:>< ?>7=0=88 :0: ?CB8 CB25@48B5;L=>< (?>;>68B5;L=><) 8>=8A89 >B405B ?@54?>GB5=85 8<5=0<, 15@CI8< A2>5 =0G0;> >B <0B5@80;L=KE >1J5:B>2, :0: <5=55 A?>A>1=KE 22>48BL 2 701;C645=85 B5E, :B> CAB@5<;O5BAO 22KAL, : A>75@F0=8N >30. 54L 7=0G8B5;L=> B@C4=55 A@02=820BL >30 A :0<=5< 8;8 >3=5<, =565;8 CAB@5<;OBLAO : >B>645AB2;5=8N =58<5=C5<>9 ?@8@>4K A #<><, ;03>< 8;8 KB85<. 065 ?> >B=>H5=8N : 2>?;>I5=8N !;>20 ?CBL >B@8F0B5;L=K9 ?>;=>ABLN >AB05BAO 2 A8;5, ?>A:>;L:C "2 G5;>25G5AB25 %@8AB0,  3>2>@8B 8>=8A89,  !25@EACI89 O2;O5BAO 2 ACI=>AB8 G5;>25G5A:>9, =587<5==> ?@51K20O A>:@KBK< ?>A;5 MB>3> O2;5=8O 8;8, 2K@060OAL 1>;55 "1>65AB25==K<" >1@07><,  2 A0<>< MB>< O2;5=88"216. 065 2 28'45=88 >30 1;065==K<8 A>25@H5==0O B5>D0=8O =5 8A:;NG05B ">B@8F0B5;L=>3> ?CB8"  MB>3> A>548=5=8O 2 =52545=88: "">340,  3>2>@8B 8>=8A89,  :>340 <K AB0=5< =5B;5==K<8 8 15AA<5@B=K<8, 4>AB83H8<8 A>AB>O=8O 1;065=AB20, 8 C?>4>182H8AL %@8ABC (), <K, A>3;0A=> A;>20< 8A0=8O, 2A5340 A >A?>4>< 1C45<, =0A;0640OAL 3> 2848<K< >3>O2;5=85<,  2 G8AB59H5< A>75@F0=88 (        ), >70@5==K5 3> >A;5?8B5;L=K<8 ;CG0<8, ?>4>1=> CG5=8:0< 3> 2> 2@5<O 1>65AB25==>3> @5>1@065=8O. @8 MB>< =0H8< 15AAB@0AB=K< 8 =525I5AB25==K< C<>< <K 1C45< ?@8G0I0BLAO 3> C<>?>AB8305<>3> >70@5=8O (  ), 0 B0:65 ?@52>AE>4OI53> C< 548=5=8O  2 A8O=88 3> ?@5A25B;KE ;CG59, 2 A>AB>O=88, AE>4=>< A A>AB>O=85< =515A=KE 4CE>2. 1>, :0: 3>2>@8B A;>2> AB8=K, <K 1C45< ?>4>1=K 0=35;0< 8 AK=0<8 >688<8, 1C4CG8 AK=0<8 >A:@5A5=8O"217. -B>B B5:AB A>45@68B A8=B57 2A53> B>3>, GB> <K 4> A8E ?>@ =0E>48;8 C !2. BF>2 ?5@2KE ?OB8 25:>2 =0 B5<C 1>3>28'45=8O. 8:0:>3> A;540 >@835=>2A:>3> A?8@8BC0;87<0: 25AL G5;>25: F5;8:><, 0 =5 B>;L:> 53> 4CE, C< (), 2E>48B 2 >1I5=85 A >3><. 45AL :0: 8 C A2. >0==0 ;0B>CAB0 8 >BF>2-0=B8>E89F52,  MB> 5ABL 28'45=85 2>?;>B82H53>AO !K=0. > C 8>=8A8O CG5=85 > 4CE>2=KE GC2AB2>20=8OE (:>B>@>3> =54>AB05B 0=B8>E89F0<) >1@5B05B 2AN A2>N 7=0G8<>ABL 2 "2848<>< >3>O2;5=88"  C7@5=88 A25B0 %@8AB0 ?@5>1@0782H53>AO.  MB> A0<>5 2@5<O C< () >1@5B05B C<>?>AB868<>5 >70@5=85, 8 2 MB>< A0<>< A25B5 G5;>25: C7=05B >30  8 745AL 8>=8A89 ?@8A>548=O5BAO : A2. @83>@8N >3>A;>2C 8 : A2. 8@8;;C ;5:A0=4@89A:><C. > G5;>25G5A:0O ;8G=>ABL ?>4=8<05BAO =04 2AO:8< ?>7=0=85<, >=0 B@0=AF5=48@C5B, ?@52>AE>48B  2 548=5=88, :>B>@>5 5ABL ?>@K2 : =5?>7=0205<>9 ?@8@>45 (>6859), : <@0:C 1>65AB25==>3> ?>:>O ()  8 745AL <K 2=>2L 2848< "15A:>=5G=>5 2>AE>645=85" 87 CG5=8O A2. @83>@8O 8AA:>3>. B0:, >4=>2@5<5==>  %@8AB>A 2845= ;8F>< : ;8FC, >3 ?>;=>ABLN O2;O5B !51O 8 ?>7=05BAO 2 @0A:@K20NI5< 3>  (@07;8G5=88); >4=0:> 8 2 A>548=5=88 (A G5;>25:><) = ?@52KH5 2AO:>3> 28'45=8O, 2AO:>3> ?>7=0=8O, 81> 3> A25@EACI=>AB=0O ?@8@>40 >AB05BAO 2A5340 =54>ABC?=>9. ! 8>=8A85< <K 2ABC?05< 2 <8@ G8AB> 2870=B89A:>3> 1>3>A;>28O. 3> CG5=85 > 48=0<8G5A:>< ?@>O2;5=88 (>685<), A>45@60I55 2 A515 @07;8G5=85 <564C =58<5=C5<>9 !CI=>ABLN 8 55 ?@8@>4=K<8 8AE>645=8O<8, 8;8 M=5@38O<8 (:0: 8E 1C4CB =07K20BL 2 ?@>F5AA 040?B0F88 MB>3> B5@<8=0, C?>B@51;O2H53>AO :0??04>:89F0<8 ?@54?>GBO B><C , GB> E0@0:B5@=> 4;O 8>=8A8O), MB> 48>=8A852A:>5 @07;8G5=85 8 A;C68B 4>3<0B8G5A:>9 >A=>2>9 CG5=8O > >3>28'45=88 2 A8AB5<5 ?>A;54CNI53> 1>3>A;>28O, 3;02=K< >1@07>< XIV 25:0. "0:65 8 CG5=85 8>=8A8O >1 845OE >688E, C?>4>1;5==KE ?@54>?@545;5=8O< 3> 2>;8 8 2 MB>< A<KA;5 >B;8G0NI8EAO >B A>1AB25==>9 ?@8@>4K >30, =54>ABC?=>9 2AO:>9 2=5H=59 A2O78, AB0=5B >1I8< =0A;5485< 1>3>A;>2>2 870=B88. >@>9 CB25@640NB, GB> 0@5>?038BA:85 B2>@5=8O ?>;L7>20;8AL 3>@074> 1>;LH8< 2;8O=85< =0 0?045, G5< =0 >AB>:5. > MB> B>;L:> 2848<>ABL: 459AB28B5;L=>, =0 D>=5 >1I59 4>:B@8=0;L=>9 :0@B8=K ;0B8=A:>9 AE>;0AB8:8, AB>;L >B;8G=>9 >B :0@B8=K 2870=B89A:>9 B@048F88, 2;8O=85 8>=8A8O 2KABC?05B 1>;55 O@:> 8 AB0=>28BAO 1>;55 70<5B=K<. > 2;8O=85 MB>, A:>;L 1K 7=0G8B5;L=K< >=> =8 ?@54AB02;O;>AL, 1K;> B>;L:> G0AB8G=K<. "8=0<8G5A:>5" CG5=85, >?@545;82H55 =0?@02;5=85 2870=B89A:>9 <KA;8, =8:>340 =5 1K;> =8 2>A?@8=OB>, =8 8A?>;L7>20=> =0 0?045. 065 >0== !:>B -@8C35=0, 1C:20;L=> ?@>?8B0==K9 CG5=8O<8 8>=8A8O 8 0:A8<0, =5 A<>3 C;>28BL @07;8G8O <564C <>4CA0<8 1KB8O >68O  2 3> !CI=>AB8 8 2 3> 8AE>645=8OE 2> 2=5; ?>MB><C -@8C35=0, ?>AB83=C2 >4=064K >B;8G85 "8459" >30 >B 3> !CI=>AB8, B5< =5 <5=55 >B=5A 8E : :0B53>@88 B20@=>3>. A;8 =0 >AB>:5 B@048F8O 8>=8A8O 7=0<5=C5B A>1>9 >:>=G0B5;L=CN ?>154C =04 ?;0B>=878@CNI8< M;;8=87<><, B> =0 0?045 B2>@5=8O 8>=8A8O, ?;>E> CA2>5==K5, =0>1>@>B, G0AB> AB0=>2OBAO ?@>2>4=8:0<8 2;8O=8O =5>?;0B>=87<0. * * * 8>=8A852A:89 ">@?CA" 1K; 2:;NG5= 2 ?>B>: 1>3>A;>2A:>9 <KA;8  :0: A2845B5;LAB2> E@8AB80=A:>9 B@048F88 1;03>40@O A2. 0:A8<C A?>254=8:C (580-662). KA;L A2. 0:A8<0 CAB@5<;5=0 : A8=B57C, : A>18@0=8N @07@>7=5==KE M;5<5=B>2 4@03>F5==>3> 1>3>A;>2A:>3> =0A;548O 2>:@C3 >4=>9 >A=>2=>9 8458  B>3> 0A?5:B0 E@8AB>;>388, @0A:@KB8N :>B>@>3> >= 8 ?>A2OB8; 2AN A2>N 687=L: MB> 4>3<0B > 42CE ?@8@>4=KE 2>;OE 8 42CE ?@8@>4=KE M=5@38OE, A>548=5==KE 2> %@8AB5, 4>3<0B, 70 :>B>@K9 >= >B40; A2>N 687=L. ""09=0 >?;>I5=8O !;>20,  3>2>@8B A2. 0:A8<,  A>45@68B (2 A515) 7=0G5=85 2A5E A8<2>;>2 8 70304>: !2OI5==>3> 8A0=8O B0: 65, :0: 8 A>:@KBK9 A<KA; 2A53> GC2AB25==>3> 8 C<>?>AB8305<>3> B2>@5=8O. > B>B, :B> 7=05B B09=C @5AB0 8 @>10, 7=05B B0:65 ACI=>AB=K5 ?@8G8=K 2AO:>9 25I8. 0:>=5F, B>B, :B> ?@>=8:05B 5I5 3;C165 8 >:07K205BAO ?>A2OI5==K< 2 B09=C >A:@5A5=8O, ?>7=05B F5;L, @048 :>B>@>9 >3 A>B2>@8; 2A5 "2 =0G0;5"218. "0:8< >1@07><, 8:>=><8O ("4><>AB@>8B5;LAB2> A?0A5=8O") 2>?;>B82H53>AO !K=0 @0A:@K205B =0<, >48= 70 4@C38<, B@8 A;54CNI8E C@>2=O: 2 0:B5 >?;>I5=8O 8:>=><859 >E20BK205BAO 2A5 1KB85 (), 70B5< 5N (G5@57 1573@5H=>ABL !K=>2=59 2>;8, 254CI59 3> =0 @5AB) 4>AB8305BAO A>>B=5A5==>ABL 1KB8O A ;03><  2 O2;5=88 1;03>1KB8O ( ), A>>B25BAB2CNI53> "845O<", 8;8 "872>;5=8O<" >688< 2 >B=>H5=88 B20@=KE ACI5AB2; 8, =0:>=5F, 8:>=><859 !K=0 4>AB8305BAO 1KB85 25G=>5, 8;8 ?@8A=>1KB85 ( ), =5B;5==>ABL ?@8@>4K, GB> >B:@K205BAO ?>A;5 @5AB0 8 @>10,  2 >A:@5A5=88219. "@8 MB0?0 4CE>2=>3> A>25@H5=AB2>20=8O, CAB0=>2;5==K5 @835=>< 8 @0728BK5 203@85< >=B89A:8<, >:06CBAO ?@5>1@07>20==K<8 8 2>AA>740==K<8 =0 >A=>25 MB>9 E@8AB>;>38G5A:>9 A8AB5<K. "0:, MB0? 220 A>>B=5A5= 2 =59 A 1KB85<  2 @50;L=>AB8 "5;0 %@8AB>20. -B0? ?>7=0=8O ?@8@>4 "ACI8E" (B20@=KE ACI5AB2), B> 5ABL 8E 8459, 8;8 1>65AB25==KE "?@54>?@545;5=89" ("872>;5=89") > =8E, A>>B25BAB2C5B 1;03>1KB8N, 4CH5 %@8AB>2>9, 3> 1573@5H=>9 2>;5 (MB> 8A:;NG05B >4=>7=0G=> 8=B5;;5:BC0;878@>20==K9 E0@0:B5@ 3=>A8A0). 0:>=5F, MB0?  A>>B=>A8BAO A ?@8A=>1KB85<, 2 A2>N >G5@54L 70:;NG0O 2 A515 420 MB0?0: ?5@2K9  "?@>AB0O <8AB03>38O (  ?>A2OI5=85 2 B09=K, 2 B08=AB20.  54.) 1>3>A;>2A:>3> 2545=8O", ABC?5=L, =0 :>B>@>9 8 >1@5B05B A2>5 <5AB> <8AB8:0 203@8O; MB> 5ABL A>75@F0=85  >165==K< C<><, ?@58A?>;=5==K< A25B0 @5A2OB>9 "@>8FK; 8 2B>@>9 MB0?  2KAH0O ABC?5=L, 345 ?@>=8:0NB, 2 ?@52>AE>645=88 A51O, 2 A>2;5G5=88 A2>53>  (C<0), 2 >65AB2> %@8AB0, "G5@57 A>25@H5==>5 >B@8F0=85  : A>25@H5==>9 =5>?@545;8<>AB8". -B>  M:AB0B8GA:89 ?CBL 8>=8A8O: A>548=5=85 2 B>< =52545=88, GB> ?@52>AE>48B 2AO:>5 2545=85. !2OB>9 0:A8< H8@>:> 8A?>;L7>20; B@C4K, 8458 203@8O, >A>15==> 2 A2>8E "!>B=8F0E (3;020E) > ;N128". B5F .8;;5@221 @5H8;AO 4065 CB25@640BL, GB> A2. 0:A8< =0E>48BAO 2 B5A=59H59 7028A8<>AB8 >B >1@070 <KA;8 203@8O: A2. 0:A8<  2A53> ;8HL :><?8;OB>@, :>5-:0: A>548=82H89 25AL<0 @07=>@>4=K5 M;5<5=BK, A>G5B02 0?>D0B87< 8>=8A8O A 5203@852K< "C<=K<" (2 ) A>75@F0=85< 1>65AB25==>3> A25B0. -B> 2A5340 :070;>AL =0< =5A?@0254;82K<. "5?5@L 65, ?>A;5 87CG5=8O <KA;8 A2. 0:A8<0 >BF>< .#. D>= 0;LB070@><, =8:><C C65 =5 ?>72>;8B5;L=> A><=520BLAO 2 >@838=0;L=>AB8 B0:>3> <>I=>3> A8=B570. "#< A>25@H5=5= B>340,  3>2>@8B 0:A8<,  :>340 >=, 1;03>40@O 8AB8==>9 25@5, >1;0405B 2 A25@E=52545=88 A25@E?>7=0=85< A25@E=5?>AB868<>3>" (   ), 8 MB> ?> 8>=8A8N; B> 65, GB> A;54C5B 40;55, >B=>A8BAO : ?>7=0=8N >30 2 "ACI8E"  : : [C< A>25@H5=5=], ":>340 >= C;02;8205B 2 B20@OE 8E 2A5>1I85 ?@8G8=K (4;O 0:A8<0 8 8>=8A8O MB> 8458, 8;8 "872>;5=8O" >689.  ..), :>340 4;O 459AB2>20=8O 2 =8E (B20@OE) 1>65AB25==>3> @><KA;0 8 1>65AB25==>3> !C40 C< ?>;CG8; >B >30 ?>7=0=85, :>B>@>5 A>45@68B 2 A515 2A5. !:070==>5, @07C<55BAO, 2>7<>6=> ?>AB>;L:C, ?>A:>;L:C 4>ABC?=> 4;O G5;>25:0"222. A;8 MB> 8 >B 203@8O, B> <KA;L 53> ?@5>1@07>20=0 =0 >A=>25 48>=8A852A:>3> M=5@35B87<0. B "D878G5A:>3> 3=>A8A0", 3=>A8A0-245=8O ACI5AB2 B20@=KE ?5@5E>4OB : 1>3>A;>28N, 8;8 1>65AB25==><C 2545=8N  2 >1@5B5=88 "1;03>40B8 1>65AB25==>3> ?>7=0=8O" ( ), ?@5>4>;520O "=0 :@K;LOE ;N128" ?>7=0=85 B20@=>5,  401K "?@51K20BL 2 >35". "">340, 2 B>9 <5@5, =0A:>;L:> MB> 2>7<>6=> 4;O G5;>25G5A:>3> C<0, ?@>=8:05<AO CE>< !2OBK< 4> ?@8@>4=KE 3;C18= 3> 1>65AB25==KE A2>9AB2"223. -B> C@>25=L A>75@F0=8O, A>>B25BAB2CNI89 C@>2=N "@07C<0 %@8AB>20", B0 4>AB868<0O 4;O B20@=KE ACI5AB2 25@H8=0 ?>7=0=8O, 345 >B:@K20NBAO A2>9AB20, 8;8 M=5@388 (C 8>=8A8O  ), 2 :>B>@KE AB0=>28BAO ?>7=0205< >3  B>, GB> ?>7=05BAO A2KH5 2 =52545=88, ?@52KH5=85< . "0 ?>@>35 ?>7=0=8O >30 =5 8I8 ?>7=0=8O 3> !CI=>AB8  C< G5;>25G5A:89 =5 A?>A>15= 55 ?>AB8GL; =8:><C =5 254><0 >=0  :@><5 >30. > ?> 2>7<>6=>AB8 3;C165 @0AA<0B@8209 55 A2>9AB20, =0?@8<5@, 3> 5G=>ABL, 3> 5A:>=5G=>ABL, 3> 57@8<>ABL, 3> ;03>ABL, 3> @5<C4@>ABL, 3> >3CI5AB2>, GB> A>78405B B20@L, C?@02;O5B 5N 8 AC48B 55. 1> 4>AB>8= <564C 2A5<8 8<5=8 1>3>A;>20 B>B, :B> AB@5<8BAO @0A:@KBL, =0A:>;L:> MB> 2>7<>6=>, 8AB8==>ABL 3> A2>9AB2"224. ">7=0205<K9 A >4=>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O, =5?>7=0205<K9  A 4@C38E: B0:>2 >3, :0: 8 (2A5) 1>65AB25==>5. >7=0205<K9  2 A>75@F0=88 3> A2>9AB2, =5?>7=0205<K9  2 A>75@F0=88 3> !CI=>AB8"225. "K ?>7=05< >30 =5 2 3> !CI=>AB8, => G5@57 25;8:>;5?85 3> B2>@5=8O 8 459AB285 3> @><KA;0, :>B>@K5, :0: 2 75@:0;5, O2;ONB =0< >B@065=85 15A:>=5G=KE 3> ;03>AB8, C4@>AB8 8 >3CI5AB20"226 (B> 5ABL A2>9AB2 M=5@389, 8725AB=KE =0< 8AE>4O 87 B20@=KE ACI5AB2). "G8I5==K9 C<  8;8 87>1@0605B ?@>ABK<8 8 G8ABK<8 25I8 G5;>25G5A:85, 8;8 5AB5AB25==K< >1@07>< A>75@F05B ACI5AB20 2848<K5 8 =52848<K5, 8;8 2>A?@8=8<05B A25B @5A2OB>9 "@>8FK"227 (MB> 2KAH0O ABC?5=L   A>75@F0=8O). ">, 4>AB83=C2 >30, C<  A2>8< ?;0<5==K< 65;0=85<  ?>1C6405BAO : ?>8A:C B>3>, GB> 5ABL >65AB25==0O !CI=>ABL, 81> =5 =0E>48B >= CB5H5=8O =8 2 G5<, ;8HL ?>4>1=>< 9. 4=0:> ?@54?@8OB85 MB> =52>7<>6=>5, 8 ?>7=0=85 >65AB25==>9 !CI=>AB8 @02=> =54>ABC?=> 2AO:>9 B20@=>9 ?@8@>45. #<, A;54>20B5;L=>, 4>2>;LAB2C5BAO (B>;L:>) A2>9AB20<8 (>688<8), B> 5ABL 5G=>ABLN, 5A:>=5G=>ABLN, 57@8<>ABLN, ;03>ABLN, C4@>ABLN, >3CI5AB2><, :>B>@>5 A>78405B "ACI8E", C?@02;O5B 8<8 8 B2>@8B =04 =8<8 AC4. "> 548=AB25==> 2 5< A>25@H5==> ?>=OB=>: GB> = 15A:>=5G5=; 8 A0<> >BACBAB285 :0:>3>-;81> 7=0=8O (> 5<) 5ABL C65 =5:>5 2A5?@52>AE>4OI55 ?>7=0=85 4;O C<0  :0: MB> ?>:070=> 1>3>A;>20<8 @83>@85< 8 8>=8A85<"228. 07;8G5=85 <564C ?@8@>4>9 8 A2>9AB20<8, <564C =5?>7=0205<>9 !CI=>ABLN 8 A8;0<8, 8;8 ?@>O2;ONI8<8 >30 M=5@38O<8, CB25@6405BAO 745AL 2A;54 70 8>=8A85< 8 :0??04>:89F0<8 A>25@H5==> G5B:>.  ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8 >1>3>>1I5=8O @07;8G5=85 MB> ?@>B82>?>AB02;O5B A>75@F0=8N >30 2 "ACI8E" 8;8 2 75@:0;5 4CH8  A>548=5=85 A 8< 2 =52545=88, ?@52>AE>4OI5< 2AO:>5 ?>7=0=85. 59AB28B5;L=>, ?>7=0NB B>, G5<C A>?@8G0AB=K; ACI=>ABL 65 (>68O) =5A>>1I8<0, ?> >?@545;5=8N (<K =5 "ACBL", 8 =8:>340 =5 AB0=5< 1>65AB25==K<8 ?> ACI=>AB8); A>548=OOAL A >3><, =5>1E>48<> 2K9B8 =0 >1;0AB8 A>?@8G0AB=>AB8, A;54>20B5;L=>, >B:070BLAO >B 2AO:>3> ?>7=0=8O. A;8 65 >B ?>7=0=8O =0<8 B20@=>3> <K 2>AE>48< : ?>7=0=8N A2>9AB2 >688E, B> MB> >7=0G05B, GB> B20@L A>?@8G0AB=0 ?@>O2;ONI8< 3> A8;0<, 3> M=5@38O<. " 07C<=0O 8 4CE>2=0O ?@8@>40 A>?@8G0AB2C5B >3C !2OB><C A0<8< A2>8< 1KB85<, A2>59 ?@54@0A?>;>65==>ABLN : 1;03>1KB8N (O E>GC A:070BL  A2>59 A:;>==>ABLN : 1;03>AB8 8 <C4@>AB8) 8 ?> 1;03>40B=><C 40@C ?@8A=>1KB8O. '5@57 MBC A>?@8G0AB=>ABL ?@8@>40 8 25405B >30"229. KB85 8 ?@8A=>1KB85  ACBL A>?@8G0AB=>AB8 =587<5==K5, 40@>20==K5 A0<8< ACI=>ABO< @07C<=KE B20@59. ;03>1KB85 65 ( ), B> 5ABL 1;03>ABL 8 <C4@>ABL, 40@>20=K 8E A2>1>4=>9 2>;5, 401K "B5<, G5< !0< >3 O2;O5BAO ?> ACI=>AB8, 3> A>740=85 AB0;> 1K ?> A>?@8G0AB=>AB8"230. -B> >1@07 (A>?@8G0AB=>ABL, 40@>20==0O ACI=>ABO<) 8 ?>4>185 (A>?@8G0AB=>ABL, ?@54;>65==0O 8E 2>;O<), A>B2>@5=85 8 >165=85. "5 :0: =C640NI89AO 2 G5<-;81>  ?@825; >3, 01A>;NB=0O >;=>B0, : 1KB8N !2>5 B2>@5=85, => 4;O B>3>, GB>1K B20@8 @04>20;8AL A>CG0AB8N 2 ?>4>188 3> 8 GB>1K !0<><C 25A5;8BLAO > @04>AB8 A>740==KE <  2 B> 2@5<O, :0: >=8 =58AG5@?05<> G5@?0NB 58AG5@?05<>3>"231. 165=85  :;NG520O B5<0 4CE>2=>3> CG5=8O A2. 0:A8<0. # 203@8O >165=85 A>?CBAB2>20;> A>75@F0=8N, 8;8 25@=55, ?@>O2;O;>AL =0 2KAH5< C@>2=5 ?>A;54=53>  =0 C@>2=5 G8AB>9 <>;8B2K, :0: 5AB5AB25==>3> A>AB>O=8O , MB>3> ?@8OB5;8I0 1>65AB25==>3> A25B0. # A2. 0:A8<0 >165=85  2KAH0O F5;L, : :>B>@>9 CAB@5<;O5BAO G5;>25G5A:0O 2>;O,  >?@545;O5B A>1>9 2A5 >AB0;L=>5. <5AB> B>3> GB>1K A;C68BL ;8HL 4>?>;=5=85< : A8AB5<5 203@8O, :0: CB25@6405B >. 8;;5@, 48>=8A852A:89 "M:AB07", 2KE>4 70 3@0=8 1KB8O (A>548=5=85 2 =52545=88), ?>;=>ABLN ?@5>1@07C5B MBC A8AB5<C. = ?@8405B 2A5<C ?CB8 2>AE>645=8O : >3C B>B 48=0<87<, :>B>@K9 <K <>65< =01;N40BL C 8>=8A8O, B>B ?>@K2 ?>4=OBLAO =04 A>1>9, 2K9B8 87 A2>59 >3@0=8G5==>9 ?@8@>4K  2 60645 548=5=8O A >3><. -B> C65 =5 3=>A8A  :0: C 203@8O, => 459AB28B5;L=> B0  (1;03>40B=0O ;N1>2L.  5@52.), GB> ?5@25=AB2C5B C A2. 0:A8<0. B5F 53>=, ?5@52>4G8: "!>B=8F > ;N128", 25@=> >B<5B8;, GB> ">3>?>7=0=85 =5 5ABL F5;L ;N128, 2 B>< A<KA;5, GB> >=> ?@52@0B8;> MBC ;N1>2L 2 =5:>5 A@54AB2> 4;O 4>AB865=8O 8725AB=>3> @57C;LB0B0. >2>@O 1>;55 B>G=>, ?>7=0=85 5ABL A;54AB285, 7=0: A>548=5=8O A >3><, >ACI5AB2;O5<>3> ;N1>2LN, >4=0:> B0:>5 A;54AB285, :>B>@>5 2 A2>N >G5@54L 2>7459AB2C5B =0 ?@8G8=C, CAC3C1;OO ;N1>2L"232. 45AL A2. 0:A8< 1>;55 1;87>: A2. @83>@8N 8AA:><C 8 8>=8A8N, G5< 203@8N. "'B>1K ;N18BL >30, >B>@K9 ?@52>AE>48B 2AO:>5 @07C<5=85 8 ?>7=0=85, >B>@K9 A2>1>45= >B 2AO:>9 A2O70==>AB8 >B=>H5=8O<8 () 8 >B ?@8@>4K (), =04;568B 2 =5C45@68<>< ?>@K25 ?>4=OBLAO =04 GC2AB25==K< C<>?>AB8305<K<, =04 2@5<5=5< 8 25G=>ABLN, =04 ?@>AB@0=AB2>< (), ?>;=>ABLN A>2;5GLAO 2AO:>9 M=5@388 GC2AB2, <KA;8 8  (@07C<0)  @048 B>3>, GB>1K =587@5G5==> 8 2 =52545=88 (   ) 2AB@5B8BL 1>65AB25==K5 @04>AB8,  ?@52KH5 <KA;8 8 @07C<5=8O" ("<18320". PG91, col.1153BC). "5, :B> A;54>20;8 70 %@8AB>< 2 45;0=88 8 A>75@F0=88, 1C4CB ?5@5E>48BL 2 A>AB>O=85 2A5 ;CGH55, 8 =8:0:>3> 2@5<5=8 =5 E20B8;> 1K, GB>1K ?>2540BL > 2A5E 2>AE>645=8OE 8 >B:@>25=8OE !2OBKE, ?@5>1@060NI8EAO  >B A;02K : A;025, ?>:0 :064K9 2 A2>9 G5@54 (   ) =5 ?>;CG8B >165=8O233.  ?>4>1=>< >:>=G0B5;L=>< A>AB>O=88, 2 A>AB>O=88 "1C4CI53> 25:0", G5;>25G5A:85 ;8G=>AB8 ?@87K20NBAO A>548=8BL 2 A515 ";N1>2LN ?@8@>4C B20@=CN A ?@8@>4>9 =5B20@=>9  2 O2;5=88 8E 548=AB20 8 B>645AB25==>AB8 G5@57 ABO60=85 1;03>40B8"234. ;O A2. 0:A8<0 B0:>5 A>548=5=85 1;03>40BLN, A>25@H0NI55AO 2 B20@=KE ;8G=>ABOE,  ACBL 0=0;>38O 8?>AB0A=><C A>548=5=8N 42CE ?@8@>4 2> %@8AB5. 0:A8< =8:>340 =5 B5@O5B 87 284C E@8AB>;>388  F5=B@0;L=>9 8458 2 >1@075 53> <KA;8. 4=0:> 5A;8 2>AE>645=85 C<0 %@8AB>20 : 3> >65AB2C A>25@H05BAO 4;O =0A "?CB5< >B@8F0B5;L=K<", ?CB5< M:AB0B8G5A:>3> =52545=8O, >65AB25==0O ?@8@>40, B5< =5 <5=55, ?@>=87K205B A2>8<8 M=5@38O<8 3> '5;>25G5AB2>  B>G=> B0: 65 3> C<, :0: 8 3> 4CHC 8 3> B5;>. -B0 "?5@8E>@570", M=5@35B8G5A:>5 2708<>?@>=8:=>25=85 B20@=>3> 8 =5B20@=>3> 2> %@8AB5, =0E>48B A2>N 0=0;>38N 2 B20@=KE ACI5AB20E, AB@5<OI8EAO AB0BL "1>30<8 ?> 1;03>40B8". 59AB28B5;L=>, >=8 =0G8=0NB AB0=>28BLAO ?@52KH5 <0B5@88, 2 A>3;0A88 A B5;><, G5@57 65;0=85, 8 ?@52KH5 D>@<K, 2 A>3;0A88 A @07C<5=85<, G5@57 A>75@F0=85; 8=K<8 A;>20<8, >=8 >:07K20NBAO ?@52KH5 548=AB20 <0B5@88 8 D>@<K, :>B>@K< >1CA;>2;5=K 25I8 4>;L=85235. "0:8< >1@07><, A =0G0;L=KE MB0?>2, ?CBL E@8AB80=A:>3> A>25@H5=AB2>20=8O  :0: 2 , B0: 8 2   5ABL ?CBL >165=8O, ?@52>AE>4OI53> ?>A@54AB2>< 1;03>40B8 >3@0=8G5==>ABL =0H59 ?@8@>4K, 0 MB> ?>;=>ABLN <5=O5B 4CE>2=CN ?5@A?5:B82C 1KB8O  B0:, :0: >=0 <KA;8;0AL 203@85<. 165=85 >B=>A8BAO :> 2A59 ?>;=>B5 G5;>25G5A:>9 ACI=>AB8. > 2A5< 8 2A5F5;>  8 ?> 4CH5 8 ?> B5;C  A>E@0=OO A2>N G5;>25G5A:CN ?@8@>4C, G5;>25: AB>;L 65 2A5F5;>  B0: 65 8 ?> A2>59 4CH5 8 ?> A2>5<C B5;C  AB0=>28BAO 1>3>< ?> 1;03>40B8 8 ?> B><C 1>65AB25==><C 25;8:>;5?8N >16820NI59 A;02K, GB> 5<C 2A5F5;> 8 ?>4>105B 236. 8'45=85 >30  :0:8< 65 ?@54AB02;O5BAO >=> A2. 0:A8<C  2 >165==>< A>AB>O=88 "1C4CI53> 25:0"? => =5 <>65B 1KBL 28'45=85< >65AB25==>9 !CI=>AB8  :0: MB> A;54C5B 87 2A53> 745AL A:070==>3>. "8>=8A89 CB25@6405B,  3>2>@8B A2. 0:A8<,  GB> A>:@>25==CN @50;L=>ABL ("A>:@KB>5" >30, >3 "2 !515"), B> 5ABL 3> !CI=>ABL (  ), =8:B> =5 2845; 8 =5 C2848B. ;8, 3>2>@O 5I5 1>;55 2>72KH5==>, GB> =8:B> =5 <>65B 8 =5 A<>65B =8 4>AB83=CBL <KA;5==>, =8 2K@078BL A;>25A=> (  ) B>3>, GB> 5ABL >3 !0< 2 !515 (   )"237. 0: 8 C 8>=8A8O, 28'45=85 >30 871@0==K<8 3> ?@54AB02;O5BAO :0: =5:>5 M=5@389=>5 >B:@>25=85 >65AB20 2 8G=>AB8 %@8AB0 >3>-'5;>25:0: 3> 1>65AB25==>5 B5;> AB0=5B 2848<K< >3>O2;5=85<" (      ), 8 2 MB> 65 A0<>5 2@5<O C<>< 1C4CB ?@8G0I0BLAO >3>O2;5=8O C<>?>AB8305<>3>, =>MB8G5A:>3> (), 8 MB>  "A>25@H5==55"238. 4=0:> =0< ?@54AB02;O5BAO, GB> GC2AB25==>5 8 C<>?>AB8305<>5 1>;55 =5 >:06CBAO ?@>B82>?>AB02;O5<K<8 4@C3 4@C3C  2 :0G5AB25 @07;8G=KE C@>2=59 ?>7=0=8O, ?>B><C GB>, :0: 3>2>@8B A2. 0:A8<, 1C4CG8 >165==K<8, "<K A>45;05<AO 548=>284=> 548=K<" ( ) A2>1>4=K<8 >B ?@>B82>?>;>6=>AB59, =5>1E>48<> ?@8ACI8E A;>6=><C" (    )239. -B>  >3>28'45=85, :>B>@>5 ?@52>AE>48B @07C<  B>G=> B0: 65, :0: 8 GC2AB20; 8 ?>B><C >=> >B=>A8BAO :> 2A5<C G5;>25:C 2 F5;><: ?@8>1I5=85 G5;>25G5A:>9 ;8G=>AB8 : ;8G=>AB=><C >3C. ! 8>=8A85< 8 0:A8<>< <K ?@>=8:05< 2 1>3>A;>285 A>1AB25==> 2870=B89A:>5. -B> 1>3><KA;85 ?@54?>;0305B @07;8G5=85 <564C =5?>7=0205<>9 "CA859" () 8 55 ?@>O2;5=8O<8 (48=0<8G5A:8<8 A2>9AB20<8   8;8 M=5@38O<8), @07;8G5=85, :>B>@>5, 2<5AB> B>3> GB>1K >3@0=8G820BL <8AB8G5A:89 27;5B, AB02O G5;>25G5A:CN ;8G=>ABL ?5@54 =0:@5?:> 70?5@BK<8 2@0B0<8, =0?@>B82, @0A?0E8205B ?5@54 =59 15A:>=5G=K9 ?CBL  70 3@0=LN ?>7=0=8O. ;020 8 " "  "! !240 @5645 G5< 8AA;54>20BL =0?@02;5=85, 2 :>B>@>< 4CE>2=>5 CG5=85 8>=8A8O 8 0:A8<0 @072820;>AL 2870=B89A:8<8 A>75@F0B5;O<8, <K 4>;6=K >AB0=>28BLAO =0 =5:>B>@KE 0A?5:B0E 28'45=8O >30, :>A25==> 70B@>=CBKE 2 4>3<0B8G5A:8E A?>@0E. / >3@0=8GCAL B>;L:> C:070=85< =0 >4=> 25AL<0 8=B5@5A=>5 <5AB> C A2. =0AB0A8O !8=08B0, =0AB>OB5;O >4=>3> <>=0ABK@O !8=09A:>9 3>@K, "=>2>3> >8A5O", :0: 53> =07K20;8, C<5@H53> 2 =0G0;5 VIII 25:0.  A2>5< ?>;5<8G5A:>< B@C45 ?@>B82 <>=>D878B>2 ?>4 703;0285< ' ( C:>2>48B5;L)241, A2. =0AB0A89 >128=O5B A2>8E ?@>B82=8:>2 2 B><, GB> >=8 A<5H820NB 2 >35 ?@8@>4C () 8   B5@<8=, >1KG=> >1>7=0G0NI89 ;8G=>ABL, => 1C:20;L=> >7=0G0NI89 ";8F>". ;O ?>4B25@645=8O MB>3> @07;8G8O <564C  8  A2. =0AB0A89 AAK;05BAO =0 B5:AB 20=35;8O >1 0=35;0E <0;KE A8E, :>B>@K5 2A5340 284OB ;8F> () BF0 515A=>3>. 52>7<>6=>ABL 2845BL ?@8@>4C () >30 ?@54AB02;O5BAO =0AB>;L:> >G5284=>9 8AB8=>9, GB> A2. =0AB0A89 >3@0=8G8205BAO ?@82545=85< B5:AB0 > 28'45=88 ;8F0 4;O 4>:070B5;LAB20 @07;8G8O <564C  8 . 0;55 >= AAK;05BAO =0 A;>20 0?>AB>;0 02;0 2 1 >A;0=88 : :>@8=DO=0< > 28'45=88 ;8F>< : ;8FC, 70<5G0O, GB> 745AL A:070=>   , 0 =5   . 5 ?@8@>40 2848B ?@8@>4C, 0 ;8G=>ABL 2848B ;8G=>ABL. "C 65 845N <K =0E>48< C 70I8B=8:>2 8:>= 2 ?5@8>4 1>@L1K A 8:>=>1>@F0<8. :>=>1>@G5A:89 A>1>@ 754 3>40 ?@825; ?@>B82 8:>=>?>G8B0=8O 0@3C<5=B, AD>@<C;8@>20==K9 8<?5@0B>@>< >=AB0=B8=>< V: GB> ?@54AB02;ONB 8:>=K %@8AB0? A;8 =0 MB>B 2>?@>A >B25BOB: 425 A>548=5==K5 ?@8@>4K, MB> 1C45B <>=>D878BA:>9 5@5ALN, A<5H5=85< >65AB20 8 G5;>25G5AB20, ?@8G5< MB> 701;C645=85 1C45B 5I5 >BO3G5=> 65;0=85< >3@0=8G8BL >65AB2> >1@07><. A;8 65 >B25BOB, GB> 8:>=0 ?@54AB02;O5B >4=> ;8HL G5;>25G5AB2> %@8AB0, MB> 1C45B 2?045=85< 2 =5AB>@80=AB2>, @0745;5=85< 42CE =5@0745;L=KE ?@8@>4. !2. $5>4>@ !BC48B 405B ?@02>A;02=K9 >B25B =0 0@3C<5=B 8:>=>1>@F52, AD>@<C;8@>202, 2 G5< A>AB>8B AE>4AB2> 8 @07;8G85 <564C >1@07>< 8 ?5@2>>1@07><. 1@07 2A5340 =5?>E>6 =0 ?5@2>>1@07 ?> A2>59 ACI=>AB8 (' ), => ?>E>6 =0 =53> ?> A2>59 8?>AB0A8 (' ) 8 ?> 8<5=8 (' ). <5==> ?>AB0AL >?;>I5==>3> !;>20, 0 =5 3> >65AB25==0O 8;8 G5;>25G5A:0O ?@8@>40 87>1@0605BAO =0 8:>=0E %@8AB0242. -B> 4>3<0B8G5A:>5 >1>A=>20=85 8:>=>?>G8B0=8O 8<55B 1>;LH>5 7=0G5=85 4;O CG5=8O > 28'45=88 >30: @5GL 845B >1 >1I5=88 A 8G=>ABLN %@8AB0, 2 :>B>@>9 M=5@388 42CE ?@8@>4  B20@=>9 8 =5A>740==>9  2708<=> ?@>=8:0NB 4@C3 4@C30. -B0 ?>A;54=OO 845O 1K;0 @0728B0 ?>A;5 A2. 0:A8<0 A2. >0==>< 0<0A:8=>< (+749). * * * !2. >0== 0<0A:8= =0G8=05B A2>5 "">G=>5 87;>65=85 ?@02>A;02=>9 25@K" A :0B53>@8G5A:>3> CB25@645=8O > =5?>7=0205<>AB8 ?@8@>4K >30. "8 ;N48, =8 A8;K =515A=K5  E5@C28<K 8 A5@0D8<K =5 <>3CB ?>7=020BL >30 8=0G5, :0: 2 3> B:@>25=88. > !2>59 ?@8@>45 =  ?@52KH5 1KB8O, 0 A;54>20B5;L=>, ?@52KH5 ?>7=0=8O. 3> ACI=>ABL <>6=> >?@545;8BL B>;L:> 0?>D0B8G5A:8, ?>A@54AB2>< >B@8F0=89. ">, GB> <K 3>2>@8< > >35 CB25@48B5;L=> (), >1>7=0G05B =5 3> ?@8@>4C, 0 3> 0B@81CBK  B>, GB> "@O4><" A ?@8@>4>9 (    )243. -B> B> 65 A0<>5, GB> ?@>O2;5=8O 2>2=5, A8;K () 8>=8A8O 8;8 M=5@388 :0??04>:89F52. 0<0A:8= 3>2>@8B >1 M=5@38OE ?@58<CI5AB25==> 2 E@8AB>;>38G5A:>< :>=B5:AB5, @07;8G0O 2<5AB5 A> A2. 0:A8<>< >65AB25==K5 8 G5;>25G5A:85 M=5@388 2 >3>G5;>25:5. 081>;55 8=B5@5A=> 4;O =0A ?@8<5=5=85 CG5=8O >1 M=5@38OE : @5>1@065=8N  MB><C ?@>O2;5=8N >65AB20 2 >?;>I5==>< !;>25. !2. >0== 0<0A:8= 3>2>@8B >1 MB>< 42064K  2 A2>5< "">G=>< 87;>65=88 ?@02>A;02=>9 25@K"244 8 2 A;>25 =0 @5>1@065=85245. ""5;> (%@8AB0) 1K;> ?@>A;02;5=> 2 B>B 65 <><5=B, :0: >=> 1K;> ?@82545=> 87 =51KB8O : 1KB8N, B0: GB> A;02C >65AB20 A;54C5B =07K20BL B0:65 A;02>9 B5;0 (       )... =8:>340 MB> A2OB>5 "5;> =5 1K;> GC64> >65AB25==>9 A;025"246. " @5>1@065=88 %@8AB>A =5 AB0; B5<, G5< = =5 1K; @0=55, => = O28;AO !2>8< CG5=8:0< B0:8<, :0:8< = 1K;, >B:@K2 8< 3;070, 40@>202 7@5=85 A;5?K<"247. 0 $02>@A:>9 3>@5 CG5=8:8 2845;8 2A5 BC 65 8G=>ABL >?;>I5==>3> !;>20, => >=8 ?>;CG8;8 A?>A>1=>ABL A>75@F0BL 3> 2 3> 25G=>9 A;025, 2>A?@8=8<0BL M=5@38N >65AB25==>9 ?@8@>4K: "1> 2A5 >168205BAO 2 >?;>I5==>< !;>25: B>, GB> ?@8=04;568B ?;>B8, :0: 8 B>, GB> >B=>A8BAO : 15A:>=5G=><C >65AB2C (  ); => <K ?>=8<05<, GB> MB0 >1I0O A;020 >65AB20 8 B5;0 8<55B 8=>9 8AB>G=8:, G5< >1I0O A?>A>1=>ABL 8A?KBK20BL AB@040=85. > >65AB2> 15@5B 25@E (=04 B20@=K<) 8 A>>1I05B B5;C 1;8AB0=85 !2>59 A;02K A0<> ?> A515 (:0: >65AB25==0O ?@8@>40), >AB020OAL =5?@8G0AB=K< AB@040=8N 2 B><, GB> ?>425@65=> AB@040=8N"248. -B> O2;O5BAO ?@8<5=5=85< CG5=8O >1 M=5@38OE : E@8AB>;>388: E>BO >65AB25==0O ?@8@>40 A0<0 ?> A515 >AB05BAO =5?@8ABC?=>9, 55 M=5@38O, 55 25G=0O A;020 ?@>=87K205B B20@=CN ?@8@>4C, A>>1I05BAO 59.  8?>AB0A=>< 548=AB25 G5;>25G5AB2> %@8AB0 CG0AB2C5B 2 >65AB25==>9 A;025, ?>72>;OO =0< 2845BL >30. !2. >0== 0<0A:8= 70405B A515 2>?@>A  ?>G5<C A2. 0A8;89 =07K205B 2E0@8AB8N ">1@07><" () "5;0 8 @>28 %@8AB>2KE? = =07K205B 8E >1@07><,  3>2>@8B A2. >0== 0<0A:8=,  ?> >B=>H5=8N : @50;L=>ABO< 1C4CI53> 25:0. -B> >7=0G05B =5 B>, GB> 2E0@8AB8O =5 O2;O5BAO 8AB8==K<8 "5;>< 8 @>2LN %@8AB0, => B>, GB> A59G0A <K ?@8>1I05<AO >65AB2C ?>4 284>< 52E0@8AB8G5A:8E 0@>2, 0 B>340 1C45< ?@8>1I0BLAO <C 4CE>2=>, >4=8< A>75@F0=85< (   ). @8>1I0OAL : >65AB25==>9 A;025, "?@0254=8:8 8 0=35;K ?@>A8ONB, :0: A>;=F5, 2 25G=>9 687=8, A >A?>4>< =0H8< 8ACA>< %@8AB><, 2A5340 A>75@F0O 3> 8 A>75@F05<K5 <, G5@?0O 2 5< =5?@5AB0==CN @04>ABL, A;02O 3> A> BF5< 8 !2OBK< CE>< 2> 25:8 25:>2"249. 8'45=85 ;8F>< : ;8FC 5ABL >1I5=85 A 8G=>ABLN %@8AB0, >B=>H5=85 2708<=>5  <K 2848< 8 <K 2848<K, 28'45=85-?@8>1I5=85 : >65AB2C 2 >65AB25==>9 A;025, >70@ONI59 ?@0254=8:>2 B0:, GB> >=8 ?@>A8O20NB, :0: 72574K. !2. >0== 0<0A:8=, MB>B 2870=B89A:89 AE>;0AB, ?>4KB>682H89 CG5=85 >BF>2 &5@:28 E@8AB>;>38G5A:>9 M?>E8, B.5. A5<8 ?5@2KE 25:>2, D8:A8@>20; 4;O 2A53> ?>74=59H53> 2870=B89A:>3> 1>3>A;>28O MB> CG5=85 > 28'45=88 >30 2 0A?5:B5 E@8AB>;>38G5A:>9 4>3<0B8:8. > ?@>1;5<0 28'45=8O >30 8<55B 8 4@C3>9 0A?5:B, :>B>@K9 =5 1K; @0728B A2. >0==><; MB> 53> AC1J5:B82=0O AB>@>=0, A2O70==0O A G5;>25G5A:>9 ;8G=>ABLN, 2ABC?0NI59 2 >1I5=85 A >3><, B.5. ?>AB0=>2:0 2>?@>A0 2 ?;0=5 4>3<0B8G5A:>3> CG5=8O > !2. CE5. 0: <K 2845;8, A2. 8@8;; ;5:A0=4@89A:89 OA=> 3>2>@8B > 459AB288 !2OB>3> CE0 2 1>3>>1I5=88. <5==> 2> !2OB>< CE5 ?@8>1I05<AO <K : :@0A>B5 () >65AB25==>9 ?@8@>4K; 8<5==> 2 =5< O2;O5BAO =0< >65AB2> !;>20, B0: GB>, A>75@F0O >?;>I5==>3> !K=0 >68O, "<K C65 1>;LH5 =5 7=05< 3> ?> ?;>B8", => 7=05< 3> 2 A;025, ?@8ACI59 3> >65AB2C.  2A5 65 ?;>BL =5 >AB05BAO GC64>9 MB><C ?5@56820=8N, ?>B><C GB> "5;> %@8AB0 ?@5>1@065=> >65AB25==K< A25B><. * * * -B>B ?=52<0B>;>38G5A:89 0A?5:B 28'45=8O >30 2K@0605BAO ?@5645 2A53> 2 4CE>2=>9 687=8 :0: >?KB=>< ?5@56820=88 1;03>40B8. 0AA<0B@820O @07;8G=K5 0A:5B8G5A:85 CG5=8O > A>75@F0=88, <K A<>3;8 :>=AB0B8@>20BL =0;8G85 42CE >A=>2=KE >B:;>=5=89: 8=B5;;5:BC0;87<0 203@8O, 84CI53> >B @835=0 A 53> ?;0B>=8G5A:8< A?8@8BC0;87<><, 8 GC2AB25==>3> >?KB0 <5AA0;89F52, ?> ?@54AB02;5=8N :>B>@KE >3 <0B5@80;87C5BAO, ?@8=8<05B GC2AB25==K5 D>@<K, 2ABC?0O 2 >1I5=85 A ;N4L<8. 564C MB8<8 42C<O :@09=8<8 =0?@02;5=8O<8 AB>8B <8AB8:0 GC2AB20, 1;03>40B8 >ICI05<>9, ?5@568205<>9,  CG5=85, 2K@065==>5 2 "CE>2=KE A;>20E", ?@8?8AK205<KE A2. 0:0@8N, 8 2 CG5=88 > A>75@F0=88 A2. 804>E0 $>B8:89A:>3>, 1>;55 B@5725==><, G5< CG5=85 A2. 0:0@8O, >AB5@530NI5<AO :0:8E 1K B> =8 1K;> GC2AB25==KE >1@07>2, => GC64>< 8 8=B5;;5:BC0;87<C 203@8O. # 8>=8A8O 8 0:A8<0 8=B5;;5:BC0;87< 203@8O @048:0;L=> ?@5>4>;5205BAO 2 M:AB0B8G5A:>< ?>@K25, 2 2KE>45 70 ?@545;K B20@=>9 ?@8@>4K, : 548=5=8N A >3><, ?@52>AE>4OI5<C 2AO:>5 7=0=85, 2AO:CN 3=>7C :0: 2 >1;0AB8 GC2AB20, B0: 8 2 >1;0AB8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> A>75@F0=8O. >A@54AB2>< 459AB28O 8 A>75@F0=8O G5;>25:, ?> CG5=8N A2. 0:A8<0, "?5@5=5A5==K9 =0 :@K;0E ;N128", AB0=>28BAO 2KH5 A>548=5=8O <0B5@88 8 D>@<K. >72KH0OAL : A>AB>O=8N >165=8O, >= ?@5>4>;5205B ?@>B82>?>;>6=>ABL <564C GC2AB25==K< 8 C<>?>AB8305<K<, :>B>@0O B0:65 >B=>A8BAO : >1;0AB8 B20@=KE ACI5AB2. >B><C-B> @50;L=>ABL, >B:@K20NI0OAO A>75@F0=8N, =5 ?@8=04;560 : B20@=><C <8@C, =5 <>65B 1KBL ?>4>10NI8< >1@07>< >?@545;5=0. A00: !8@8= 2 A5@548=5 VII 25:0 A:070; >1 MB><: ""09=K 1C4CI53> 25:0 =5 8<5NB A>1AB25==>3> 8 ?@O<>3> =08<5=>20=8O.  =8E 2>7<>6=> ;8HL =5:>B>@>5 ?@>AB>5 2545=85..." = ?>2B>@O5B A;>20 8>=8A8O: "-B> =52545=85, ?@52>AE>4OI55 2AO:>5 2545=85"250. KA;L 8>=8A8O, CA2>5==0O 0:A8<><, 40;0 4>3<038G5A:>5 >A=>20=85 4;O B0:>3> <8AB8G5A:>3> CG5=8O, 2 :>B>@>< G5;>25: 25AL, 2> 2A59 ?>;=>B5 A2>53> ACI5AB20, 2E>48B 2 >1I5=85 A >3><. / =5 E>GC A:070BL, GB> MB8E 4CE>2=KE ?@54AB02;5=89 =5 ACI5AB2>20;> 4> A2. 0:A8<0: C65 C 804>E0 $>B8:89A:>3> (V 25:) <K >B<5G0;8 MB> A>548=5=85 2 <>;8B25 A5@4F0 8 C<0 (), :>B>@>5 O2;O5BAO >A=>2=>9 >B;8G8B5;L=>9 >A>15==>ABLN 4CE>2=>3> =0?@02;5=8O, 8725AB=>3> ?>4 =0720=85< 8A8E07<. A8E0ABK =5 ?>;L7CNBAO =0 0?045 4>1@>9 A;02>9. @8G8=0 MB>3> 70:;NG05BAO 2 =54>1@>A>25AB=>AB8 =5:>B>@KE A>2@5<5==KE :@8B8:>2, ?@8<5H02H8E :>=D5AA8>=0;L=K5 A?>@K : 8AA;54>20=8N >4=>3> 87 2>?@>A>2 8AB>@88 4CE>2=>9 687=8. / >AB5@53CAL A;54>20BL 8E ?@8<5@C 8 =5 AB0=C 2KABC?0BL A 0?>;>3859 8A8E07<0, B5< 1>;55 GB> MB>B 2>?@>A 8<55B ;8HL :>A25==>5 >B=>H5=85 : ?@54<5BC =0H53> :C@A0. > A;54C5B CAB@0=8BL =5:>B>@K5 A;8H:>< 2>?8NI85 701;C645=8O 2 >B=>H5=88 B0: =07K205<>9 <>;8B2K 8A8E0AB>2: A8E07< 5ABL =5 4CE>2=>5 42865=85, => ?@>AB> ;8HL >4=0 87 D>@< <>=0H5A:>9 687=8, 2A5F5;> ?>A2OI5==>9 <>;8B25.  ?@>B82>?>;>6=>ABL 2A5<C, GB> 3>2>@OB >1 8A8E0AB0E, MB>B 284 <>;8B2K =5 5ABL <5E0=8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA, 8<5NI89 F5;LN 2K720BL M:AB07; 40;5:85 >B AB@5<;5=8O : 4>AB865=8N <8AB8G5A:8E A>AB>O=89 <>=0E8-8A8E0ABK AB@5<OBAO : B@5725=8N (), : 2=CB@5==5<C 2=8<0=8N, A>548=5=8N C<0 A A5@4F5< 8 :>=B@>;N C<>< A5@4F0, "E@0=5=8N A5@4F0" C<><, "<>;G0=8N A5@4F0" (); MB> 5ABL ?>4;8==> E@8AB80=A:>5 2K@065=85 15AAB@0AB8O (), ?@8 :>B>@>< 459AB285 8 A>75@F0=85 =5 ?>=8<0NBAO :0: 420 @07;8G=KE ?>@O4:0 687=8, =>, =0?@>B82, A;820NBAO 2 >ACI5AB2;5=88 "4CE>2=>3> 45;0=8O"   . CE>2=>5 45;0=85 A2O70=> A >?@545;5==>9 B5E=8:>9 <>;8B2K, F5;L :>B>@>9  3>A?>4AB2> =04 B5;>< 8 4CH>9; MB> >B=N4L =5 >7=0G05B, GB> <5B>4 8A8E0AB>2 A2>48BAO : 2=5H=8< ?@85<0< 8 =0?@02;5= =0 <5E0=870F8N <>;8B2K. !>75@F0=85 1;03 1C4CI53> 25:0, 1>65AB25==KE @50;L=>AB59, =5B20@=>3> A25B0 5ABL =5 F5;L 8A8E0AB0, => 2K@065=85 >1I5=8O A >3><, >B>@>3> >= =5?@5AB0==> 27KA:C5B. 0:>=5F, 8A8E07< =5 5ABL A@02=8B5;L=> ?>74=55 87>1@5B5=85 2870=B89A:8E <>=0E>2; E0@0:B5@=K5 M;5<5=BK <>;8B2K, 8<5=C5<>9 <>;8B2>9 8A8E0AB>2, <K =0E>48< C 804>E0, C A2. >0==0 5AB28G=8:0, C A8E8O !8=09A:>3>. 5@2>5 8725AB=>5 =0< A8AB5<0B8G5A:>5 87;>65=85 B5E=8:8 2=CB@5==59 <>;8B2K ?@8?8AK205BAO A2. !8<5>=C >2><C >3>A;>2C. 065 5A;8 MB>B B@0:B0B =>A8B =0 A515 A;54K 1>;55 ?>74=53> @540:B8@>20=8O, >=, =5A><=5==>, >B@0605B 4@52=NN B@048F8N. * * * !2. !8<5>=, :>B>@><C 2870=B89A:0O B@048F8O 40;0 8<O >2>3> >3>A;>20 ("=>2>3>"  ?>A;5 A2. @83>@8O 0780=78=0, 8<5=C5<>3> "@83>@89 >3>A;>2"), 68; 2 :>=F5 X 8 ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=5 XI 25:0. 3> A<5@BL >B=>AOB, A> 7=0G8B5;L=>9 4>;59 25@>OB=>AB8, : 1022 3>4C. G5=L B@C4=> (0 2 =0AB>OI89 <><5=B 8 =52>7<>6=>) ?@>0=0;878@>20BL B2>@5=8O A2. !8<5>=0 >2>3> >3>A;>20 A F5;LN 2KOA=5=8O 53> CG5=8O > 28'45=88 >30. 740=85 53> B2>@5=89, ?>O282H55AO 2 !<8@=5 2 1886 3>4C, A>25@H5==> =54>ABC?=>; 4065 @C<10E5@ =5 A<>3 >7=0:><8BLAO A =8<. 5@52>4 =0 =>2>3@5G5A:89, A45;0==K9 8>=8A85< 03>@5>A>< 8 8740==K9 2 5=5F88 2 1790 3>4C, ?@5420@8; 8740=85 >@838=0;L=>3> B5:AB0. -B> 25=5F80=A:>5 8740=85 B>65 G@572KG09=> @54:>5, 8 @CAA:89 ?5@52>4 A =53> [A45;0==K9 5?8A:>?>< $5>D0=>< 0B2>@=8:><] =5 <>65B A;C68BL 4>AB>25@=K< 8AB>G=8:><. 8=L >?C1;8:>20; [2 A2>59 0B@>;>388] ;0B8=A:89 ?5@52>4 B2>@5=89 A2. !8<5>=0, A45;0==K9 >=B0=>< 2 1603 3>4C  33 A;>20 8 40 38<=>2, : :>B>@K< 4>1028; 5I5 420 ?@>872545=8O  <5=LH59 7=0G8<>AB8  A2. !8<5>=0 =0 3@5G5A:>< O7K:5. 0:>=5F, 5ABL =5A:>;L:> >@838=0;L=KE B5:AB>2 A2. !8<5>=0 C Holl'a 8 Hausherr'a251. >?KB05<AO 2A5 65 >7=0:><8BLAO A CG5=85< A2. !8<5>=0 >2>3> >3>A;>20 > 28'45=88 >30, ?>;030OAL =5 AB>;L:> =0 B>G=>ABL 2K@065=89 ?@5?>4>1=>3>, A:>;L:> =0 8E >1I89 4CE 8 E0@0:B5@. !2. !8<5>= @0728205B BC 65 845N    :>B>@CN <K 2AB@5G0;8 C 8>=8A8O, 0:A8<0 8 >0==0 0<0A:8=0. > 2 B> 2@5<O :0: A2. 0:A8< 8 A2. >0== 0<0A:8= 3>2>@OB > 28'45=88 >65AB25==>9 A;02K ?@58<CI5AB25==> 2 E@8AB>;>38G5A:>< :>=B5:AB5, 2 >B=>H5=88 >165==>3> G5;>25G5AB20 %@8AB0, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@>3> <K CG0AB2C5< 2 1>65AB25==>< >70@5=88, A2. !8<5>= ?>4E>48B : B>9 65 @50;L=>AB8 2 ?;0=5 ?=52<0B>;>38G5A:><. ;O =53> 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L @5GL 845B >1 >B:@>25=88 2 =0A !2OB>3> CE0, > 687=8 2 A>AB>O=88 1;03>40B8, :>B>@0O =5 <>65B >AB020BLAO A>:@>25==>9, => ?@>O2;O5BAO =0 2KAH8E 4CE>2=KE ABC?5=OE :0: A25B. !>2@5<5==K5 :@8B8:8 =0AB>;L:> >45@68<K 84559 <5AA0;80=AB20, GB> 3>B>2K =0E>48BL 53> 2AN4C, 345 B>;L:> 845B @5GL > 28'45=88 >65AB25==>3> A25B0. 4=0:> 3;02=K< 8AB>G=8:>< =0H8E A2545=89 > <5AA0;80=AB25 O2;O5BAO, 157 A><=5=8O, A2. >0== 0<0A:8=, :>B>@K9 @0728205B, 2 A2O78 A @5>1@065=85<, CG5=85 > ;8F57@5=88 >65AB25==>9 A;02K, : :>B>@><C =5:>B>@K5 :@8B8:8, 157 A><=5=8O, ?@825A8;8 1K O@;K: <5AA0;80=AB20, 5A;8 1K 2AB@5B8;8 53> C 02B>@0  "8A8E0AB0". > :>340 ;N48 8AE>4OB 87 ?@5427OB>3> <=5=8O, >=8 >1E>4OB <>;G0=85< =5C4>1=K5 4;O =8E B5:ABK, 2<5AB> B>3> GB>1K 2>A?>;L7>20BLAO 8<8 4;O CB>G=5=8O 2>7@065=89 0<0A:8=0 ?@>B82 <5AA0;80=.  2A5 65 >= OA=> A:070;: =5?@02>A;02=>9 O2;O5BAO 8<5==> 8E ?@5B5=78O =0 @50;L=>5 28'45=85 >65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8 B5;5A=K<8 GC2AB20<8. >72@0I0OAL : A2. !8<5>=C, <K <>65< A?@>A8BL A51O, :0:>20 ?@8@>40 MB>3> 28'45=8O >65AB25==>3> A25B0, A>AB02;ONI53> F5=B@0;L=CN B5<C 2A5E 53> B@C4>2? ABL ;8 MB> GC2AB25==>5 8;8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>5 2>A?@8OB85? !2. !8<5>= =8G53> =5 3>2>@8B >1 MB><; =>, 3>2>@O > ?5@56820=88 1>65AB25==>3>, =5B20@=>3> A25B0, >= C?>B@51;O5B 0=B8=><8G=K5 2K@065=8O. = CB25@6405B, GB> MB>B A25B 2848<, 8 2 B> 65 2@5<O =07K205B 53> "A25B>< =57@8<K<": "-B> ?>8AB8=5 >65AB25==K9 >3>=L, =5B20@=K9 8 =52848<K9, 25G=K9 8 =5<0B5@80;L=K9, A>25@H5==> =587<5==K9 8 15A:>=5G=K9, =5C30A8<K9 8 15AA<5@B=K9, =5?>AB868<K9, ?@51K20NI89 70 ?@545;0<8 2A53> B20@=>3>"252. -B>B A25B ">B45;8; <5=O >B 2A5E 2848<KE 8 =52848<KE ACI5AB2, A>>1I82 <=5 28'45=85 =5A>740==>3>... / A>548=8;AO A "5<, B> =5A>B2>@5=, =5B;5=5=, 15A:>=5G5= 8 =52848< 4;O 2A5E"253. 0: 8 C 8>=8A8O, MB> 2KE>4 70 ?@545;K B20@8, 548=5=85 2 =52545=88. >B ?>G5<C  :0: 8 C 8>=8A8O 8 0:A8<0  25G=K5 @50;L=>AB8, : :>B>@K< 745AL ?@8>1I05BAO G5;>25:, =5 O2;ONBAO 2 A>1AB25==>< A<KA;5 A;>20 =8 GC2AB25==K<8, =8 C<>?>AB8305<K<8; => 8<5==> ?>B><C, GB> >=8 ?@52>AE>4OB @07C<, B0: 65 :0: 8 GC2AB20, >=8 2>A?@8=8<0NBAO 2A5< ACI5AB2>< G5;>25:0, 0 =5 :0:>9-B> >4=>9 87 A?>A>1=>AB59. ">3 5ABL A25B,  3>2>@8B A2. !8<5>=,  8 = A>>1I05B !2>5 A8O=85 B5<, :B> A 8< A>548=O5BAO, 2 <5@C 8E >G8I5=8O. ">340 C30AH89 A25B8;L=8: 4CH8, B. 5. ?><@0G5==K9 @07C<, A>7=05B, GB> >= A=>20 2>73>@5;AO, ?>B><C GB> 53> 2>A?;0<5=8; >65AB25==K9 >3>=L.  GC4>! '5;>25: A>548=O5BAO A >3>< 4CE>2=> 8 B5;5A=>, ?>B><C GB> 53> 4CH0 =5 >B45;O5BAO >B 4CE0, 0 53> B5;> =5 >B45;O5BAO >B 4CH8. >3 A>548=O5BAO A> 2A5< ACI5AB2>< G5;>25:0"254. K 40;5:8 745AL >B 8=B5;;5:BC0;8AB8G5A:>9 <8AB8:8 @835=0 8 203@8O  MB>3> 153AB20 GC2AB25==>3> 2 C<>?>AB8305<>5. > <K B0: 65 40;5:8 8 >B GC2AB25==KE ?@54AB02;5=89 <5AA0;80=. @54AB028B5;8 ;5:A0=4@89A:>9 H:>;K A?8@8BC0;878@>20;8 GC2AB25==>5, <5AA0;80=5 <0B5@80;878@>20;8 4CE>2=>5. # !8<5>=0 >65AB25==K9 A25B O2;O5BAO 2A5<C G5;>25:C, G5;>25G5A:>9 ;8G=>AB8, :0: =5A>740==0O @50;L=>ABL, ?@52>AE>4O :0: <0B5@8N, B0: 8 4CE.  5A;8 2845BL 2 MB>< 4CE>2=>5 153AB2>, B> MB> 5ABL =5 153AB2> >B GC2AB25==>3>, => ?>;=K9 2KE>4 70 ?@545;K B20@=>3> 1KB8O : 548=5=8N >165=8O. ! 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, 5A;8 2 MB>< >?KB5 E>BOB 2845BL <0B5@80;870F8N 1>65AB25==>3>, A;54>20;> 1K 3>2>@8BL A:>@55 > ?@5>1@065=88 B20@=>9 ?@8@>4K, B5;0 8 4CE0, >65AB25==>9 1;03>40BLN, O2;ONI59AO :0: =5B20@=K9 A25B, : :>B>@><C G5;>25: ?@8>1I05BAO 2A5< A2>8< ACI5AB2><.  2 B>< 8 2 4@C3>< A;CG05 A25B C A2. !8<5>=0 >7=0G05B 2AB@5GC A >3><  157@07;8G=>, G5;>25: ;8 2>72KH05BAO : >3C 8;8 >3 =8AE>48B : G5;>25:C. "/ G0AB> 2840; A25B,  3>2>@8B A2. !8<5>=,  8 8=>9 @07 >= O2;O;AO 2=CB@L <5=O, :>340 4CH0 <>O 8<5;0 <8@ 8 B8H8=C, 0 :>340 A:@K20;AO, ?@8G8=O; <=5 G@57<5@=CN A:>@1L, ?>B><C GB> 8=>9 @07 O2;O;AO >= 2=5, 240;8, 8;8 4065 A>2A5< A:@K20;AO, 8 B>340 4C<0;>AL <=5, GB>, 25@=>, >= A>2A5< =5 E>G5B C65 1>;55 O2;OBLAO. > :>340 O =0G8=0; ?;0:0BL 8 ?@>;820BL A;57K, 8 ?>:07K20BL 2AO:CN >BGC645==>ABL >B 2A53> 8 2AO:>5 ?>A;CH0=85 8 A<8@5=85, B>340 >= O2;O;AO >?OBL, :0: A>;=F5, :>340 >=> @073>=O5B 3CAB>BC >1;0:0, 8 <0;>-?><0;C 2K:07K205BAO @04>AB>B2>@=>5, 1;5ABOI55 8 :@C3>284=>5. "0:, =0:>=5F "K, =587@5G5==K9, =52848<K9, =5>AO705<K9, ?@8A=>4286=K9, 25745, 2A5340 8 2> 2A5< ?@8ACI89 8 2A5 8A?>;=ONI89, 2848<K9 8 A:@K20NI89AO :064K9 G0A... 8 4=5< 8 =>GLN, C40;ONI89AO 8 ?@8E>4OI89, 8AG570NI89 8 2=570?=> >?OBL O2;ONI89AO, <0;>-?><0;C ?@>3=0; 1K2HCN 2> <=5 BL<C, @0AA5O; ?>:@K202H89 <5=O >1;0:, >G8AB8; 75=8FC C<=KE >G59 <>8E, >B:@K; 4CH52=K9 A;CE <>9, A=O; ?>:@K20;> =5GC2AB28O A A5@4F0 <>53>, 8 2<5AB5 A A8< CAK?8; ?;>BA:CN A;0ABL 8 A>2A5< 873=0; 87 <5=O 2AO:CN AB@0ABL. !45;02 <5=O B0:>2K<, "K >G8AB8; >B 2AO:>3> >1;0:0 =51> <>5, B. 5. 4CHC >G8I5==CN, 2 :>B>@CN ?@8E>4O =52848<>, =5 7=0N, :0:8< >1@07>< 8 >B:C40, "K, 25745ACI89, 2=570?=> >1@5B05HLAO 2 =59 8 O2;O5HLAO :0: 4@C3>5 A>;=F5.  =587@5G5==>5 A=8AE>645=85!"255 ";03>40@N "51O 70 B>, GB> "K, >65AB25==>5 !CI5AB2>, ?@51K20NI55 ?@52KH5 2A5E ACI5AB2, A>45;0;AO 548=K9 4CE A> <=>N, 157 A<5H5=8O, 157 87<5=5=8O... ;03>40@N "51O 70 B>, GB> "K >B:@K; <=5 !51O, :0: =525G5@=89 45=L, :0: =570E>4OI55 A>;=F5, >, "K, =5 8<5NI89 <5AB0, 345 "K <>3 1K C:@KBLAO; 81> =8:>340 "K =5 A:@K205HL !51O, =5 ?@578@05HL =8:>3>; =0?@>B82, MB> <K A:@K205<AO, =5 65;0O 84B8 : "515"256.  ?5@56820=88 >65AB25==>3> A25B0 C A2. !8<5>=0 =5B =8G53> >1I53> A >157;8G820NI8< M:AB0B8G5A:8< A>AB>O=85<, 2 :>B>@>< A>7=0=85 G5;>25:0 B>=5B 2 A>75@F0=88 =5:>53> 157;8G=>3> 1>65AB20. 0?@>B82, 8<5==> >1I5=85 A ;8G=K< >3>< 45;05B MB> ?5@56820=85 A25B0 =52K@078<K< 4;O G5;>25G5A:>3> O7K:0. ">, GB> ?KB05BAO 2K@078BL, 2 0=B8=><8G=KE B5@<8=0E, A2. !8<5>=, ?>72>;O5B =0< A>AB028BL =5:>B>@>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 >1 MB>< >1I5=88 A >3><, 682CI8< 2> A25B5 =5A>740==><: ">340 ?@8E>48< <K 2 A>25@H5==CN 4>1@>45B5;L,  3>2>@8B >=,  B>340 =5 ?@8E>48B C65 = 1>;55, :0: ?@5645, 157>1@07=K< 8 157284=K<... => ?@8E>48B 2 =5:>5< >1@075, 2?@>G5< 2 >1@075 >30; 81> >3 =5 O2;O5BAO 2 :0:><-;81> >G5@B0=88 8;8 >B?5G0B;5=88, => O2;O5BAO :0: ?@>ABK9, >1@07C5<K9 A25B>< 157>1@07=K<, =5?>AB868<K< 8 =587@5G5==K<. >;LH5 MB>3> O =5 <>3C =8G53> A:070BL. ?@>G5<, O2;O5B = !51O OA=>, C7=05BAO 25AL<0 E>@>H>, 2848BAO G8AB> =52848<K9, 3>2>@8B 8 A;KH8B =52848<>, 15A54C5B 5AB5AB2>< >3 A B5<8, :>8 @>645=K >B 53> 1>30<8 ?> 1;03>40B8, :0: 15A54CNB 4@C3 A 4@C3>< ;8F58 : ;8FC, ;N18B AK=>2 !2>8E :0: >B5F, 8 ;N18< 1K205B 8<8 G@57<5@=>, 8 1K205B 4;O =8E 482=K< =5:88< 28'45=85< 8 AB@0H=K< A;KH0=85<, > :>B>@KE =5 <>3CB >=8 3>2>@8BL :0: 4>;6=>, => >?OBL 8 <>;G0BL =5 <>3CB... (!2OB>9 CE) 1K205B 2 =8E 2A5, GB>, :0: A;KH8<, 2 >65AB25==KE 8A0=8OE 3>2>@8BAO > F0@AB25 =515A=><,  8<5==> 0@30@8B, A5<O 3>@G8G=>5, 70:20A:0, 2>40, >3=L, E;51, ?8B85 687=8, >4@, G5@B>3 1@0G=K9, 65=8E, 4@C3, 1@0B 8 >B5F.  GB> <=>3> 3>2>@8BL <=5 > =5873;03>;0==><? 1> G53> >:> =5 2840;>, > G5< CE> =5 A;KE0;>, 8 GB> =0 A5@4F5 G5;>25:C =5 2E>48;>, B> :0: <>65B 87<5@8BL O7K:, 8 :0: <>6=> A:070BL A;>2><?.. %>BO <K ABO60;8 2A5 A85 8 8<55< 2=CB@L A51O >B >30, 402H53> =0< B>, => =8A:>;L:> =5 <>65< =8 C<>< B>3> 87<5@8BL, =8 A;>2>< 87JOA=8BL"257. -B> @50;L=>AB8 1C4CI53> 25:0, :>B>@K5 <K 2848< >BG0AB8 2 MB>< <8@5  2=0G0;5 2 M:AB075, 0 =0 1>;55 2KA>:8E ABC?5=OE A>25@H5=AB20  2 ?>AB>O==>< >1I5=88 A >65AB2><. 1>, :0: 3>2>@8B A2. !8<5>=, M:AB07K 8 A>AB>O=8O 2>AE8I5=8O ?>4>10NB ;8HL =5>?KB=K<, B5<, GLO ?@8@>40 5I5 =5 ?@82K:;0 : ?5@56820=8N =5B20@=>3>258. 4=0:> MB0 =>20O @50;L=>ABL ?@8ACBAB2C5B 2> 2A5E E@8AB80=0E, 81> >=0 5ABL =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: 1;03>40BL :@5I5=8O. !2. !8<5>= G0AB> MB> ?>2B>@O5B. = >A>1> ?>4G5@:8205B 7=0G5=85 B08=AB2, 2 ?@>B82>?>;>6=>ABL B><C, GB> <>6=> 1K;> 1K >6840BL. > =04> =5 B>;L:> ?>;CG8BL 1;03>40BL 2 B08=AB25, => 8 "ABO60BL 55 <=>38<8 A:>@1O<8 8 B@C40<8"; >=0 4>;6=0 0:BC0;878@>20BLAO, 2K@060BLAO 2 687=8, A;54>20B5;L=>, ?@>O2;OBLAO 8 AB0=>28BLAO 2848<>9 2 =0H59 4CE>2=>9 687=8. "A;8 =5B>G=K9 :;NG 1L5B, B> =025@=>5 @5:0, 8AE>4OI0O 87 A53> 8AB>G=8:0 8 B5:CI0O, 2848<0 1K205B 4;O 8<5NI8E >G8. > 5A;8 8 MB> 459AB2C5BAO 2 =0A, 0 <K =8G53> B0:>3> =5 GC2AB2C5< 8 =5 A>7=05< 2 A515, B> O2=>, GB> <K A>2A5< =5 1C45< GC2AB2>20BL 8 687=8 25G=>9, :>B>@0O 1K205B A;54AB285< B>3>, 8 =5 C2848< A25B0 CE0 !2OB>3>, => ?@51C45< <5@B2K, A;5?K, 15AGC2AB25==K 8 2 1C4CI59 687=8, :0: ?@51K205< 2 =0AB>OI59"259. 5;L7O =0720BL 8AB8==K< E@8AB80=8=>< B>3>, :B> =5 8<55B MB>3> >?KB=>3> ?5@56820=8O A25B0, MB>3> A>7=0B5;L=>3> 1>3>>1I5=8O: "K =5 B>, G53> =5 7=05<, 3>2>@8<, => GB> 7=05<, > B>< A2845B5;LAB2C5<. !25B C65 2> BL<5 A25B8B, 8 2 =>I8, 8 2> 4=8, 8 2 A5@4F0E =0H8E, 8 2 C<5 =0H5<, 8 >A8O205B =0A =525G5@=5, =5?@5;>6=>, =587<5==>, =5?@8:@>25==>,  3;03>;5B, 459AB2C5B, 6825B 8 682>B2>@8B 8 45;05B A25B>< B5E, :>B>@K5 >A8O20NBAO <. >3 A25B 5ABL, 8 B5, :>B>@K5 A?>4>1;ONBAO C7@5BL 3>, 2A5 284OB 3> :0: A25B, 8 B5, :>B>@K5 ?@8O;8 3>, ?@8O;8 :0: A25B. 1> A25B A;02K 3> ?@54J845B ?@54 ;8F5< 3>, 8 157 A25B0 <C =52>7<>6=> O28BL !51O. "5, :>B>@K5 =5 2845;8 A25B0 3>, =5 2845;8 8 3>, ?>B><C GB> >3 A25B 5ABL; 8 B5, :>B>@K5 =5 ?@8O;8 A25B0 3>, =5 ?@8O;8 5I5 1;03>40B8, ?>B><C GB> ?@85<;NI85 1;03>40BL ?@85<;NB A25B >689 8 >30... > B5, :>B>@K5 =5 A?>4>18;8AL 5I5 ?@8OBL 8;8 2:CA8BL A53>, 2A5 =0E>4OBAO 5I5 ?>4 83>< 70:>=0, 5I5 A>AB>OB ?>4 A5=LN 8 >1@070<8, 5I5 ACBL G040 @01K=8=K. CABL MB> 1C4CB F0@8, ?CABL ?0B@80@E8, ?CABL 0@E85@58 8;8 85@58, ?CABL =0G0;L=8:8 8;8 ?>4=0G0;L=K5, ?CABL <8@O=5 8;8 <>=0E8. A5 >=8 5I5 2> BL<5 A84OB 8 2> BL<5 E>4OB, 8 =5 E>BOB, :0: 4>;6=>, ?>:0OBLAO. >:0O=85 5ABL 425@L, :>B>@0O 2K2>48B G5;>25:0 87 BL<K 8 22>48B 2 A25B. >G5<C, :B> =5 2>H5; 5I5 2 A25B, B>B >G5284=> =5 4>1@5 8 =5 :0: A;54C5B ?@>H5; G@57 425@L ?>:0O=8O. (0<5B8<: "425@L ?>:0O=8O" 70=8<05B <5AB> "425@8 3=>7K" @835=0)... "2>@OI89 65 3@5E @01 5ABL 3@5E0 8 =5=02848B A25B, GB>1 =5 >1=0@C68;8AL 45;0 53>"260. > A25B5 <K ?>7=0Q< >30, => B0:65 8 A0<8E A51O, 8 AC48< A0<8E A51O. > CG5=8N 203@8O, C< G5;>25G5A:89, A>75@F0O >30, ?@54AB02;O5BAO A0< A515 1>3>?>4>1=K< ACI5AB2><; ?> CG5=8N A2. !8<5>=0, 2 1>65AB25==>< A25B5 ?@5645 2A53> >B:@K205BAO =0H5 =5AE>4AB2> A >3><. "K=5, 2 =0AB>OI59 687=8, 2E>4O 2 A25B G@57 ?>:0O=85, A0<>>E>B=> 8 A0<>?@>872>;L=>, <K E>BO >1;8G05<AO 8 >AC6405<AO, =>, ?> 1;03>AB8 8 G5;>25:>;N18N >68N, >1;8G05<AO 8 >AC6405<AO B09=> 8 A>:@>25==>, 2 3;C18=5 4CH8 =0H59, 2> >G8I5=85 8 ?@>I5=85 3@5E>2 =0H8E.  B>;L:> >48= >3 2<5AB5 A =0<8 7=05B 8 2848B A>:@>25==>AB8 A5@45F =0H8E,  :B> 745AL, 2 =0AB>OI59 687=8 1K205B AC48< B0:8< AC4><, B><C =5G53> 1>OBLAO 4@C3>3> :0:>3> 8ABO70=8O. > B>340, 2> 2B>@>5 ?@8H5AB285 >A?>4=5, =0 B5E, :>B>@K5 =K=5 =5 E>BOB 2=8B8 2 A25B 8 1KBL 8< AC48<K 8 >AC6405<K, => =5=0284OB 53>, >B:@>5BAO A25B, A>:@KBK9 =K=5, 8 A45;05B O2=K<8 2A5 8E A>:@>25==>AB8.  2A5 <K, =K=5 C:@K20NI85 A51O 8 =5 E>BOI85 >1JO28BL A>:@>25==>AB8 A5@45F =0H8E G@57 ?>:0O=85, @0A:@KBK 1C45< B>340 459AB2>< A25B0 ?@54 ;8F5< >30 8 ?@54 2A5<8 ?@>G8<8,  GB> B0:>5 5A<K <K =K=5"261. B0:, A25B 5ABL AC4, >= 5ABL B0:65 ?0@CA8O [2B>@>5 ?@8H5AB285], C65 A>25@H0NI0OAO 4;O B5E, :B> 6825B 2 >1I5=88 A >3><, 81> >?KB=>5 ?>7=0=85 =5B20@=>3> A25B0 ?@52>AE>48B 3@0=8FK B20@=>3> ACI5AB20, 2KE>48B 70 ?@545;K ?@>AB@0=AB20 8 2@5<5=8 : ""09=5 2>AL<>3> 4=O". "0: C A2. !8<5>=0 <8AB8G5A:>5 A>75@F0=85 A>548=O5BAO A MAE0B>;>38G5A:8< ?@>7@5=85<.  A0<>< 45;5, "4;O B5E, :>B>@K5 A>45;0;8AL G040<8 A25B0 8 AK=0<8 1C4CI53> 4=O 8 <>3CB 2A5340 :0: 2> 4=8 E>48BL 1;03>>1@07=>, =8:>340 =5 ?@845B 45=L >A?>45=L, ?>B><C GB> >=8 2A5340 A =8< 8 2 =5< =0E>4OBAO. 1> 45=L >A?>45=L O28BAO =5 4;O B5E, :>B>@K5 C65 >A8O20NBAO 1>65AB25==K< A25B><, => >= 2=570?=> >B:@>5BAO 4;O B5E, :>B>@K5 =0E>4OBAO 2> BL<5 AB@0AB59, 682CB 2 <8@5 ?>-<8@A:8 8 ;N1OB 1;030 <8@0 A53>; 4;O =8E O28BAO >= 24@C3, 2=570?=>, 8 ?>:065BAO 8< AB@0H=K<, :0: >3=L =5AB5@?8<K9 8 =52K=>A8<K9"262.  A>AB>O=88 >165=8O, :>B>@>5 =0ABC?8B 2 1C4CI5< 25:5. !2OB>9 CE O28BAO 2> 2A5< :0: A25B, => 2845BL 1C4CB 8G=>ABL %@8AB0. ";03>40BL "2>53> A5A2OB>3> CE0,  3>2>@8B !8<5>=,  1C45B >70@OBL ?@0254=8:>2 :0: 72574K 8 A@548 =8E 2>AA8O5HL "K, > =54>AO305<>5 !>;=F5! ">340 2A5 >=8 ?@>A25BOBAO 2 <5@C A2>59 25@K 8 A2>8E 45;, A2>59 =04564K 8 ;N128, 2 <5@C >G8I5=8O 8 >70@5=8O "2>8< CE><, > 48=K9 >3 15A:>=5G=>9 :@>B>AB8!"263 "">340 %@8AB>A 1C45B 2848< 2A5<8, 8 !0< %@8AB>A 1C45B 2845BL 2A5 15AG8A;5==K5 <8@804K A2OBKE, =8 A :>3> 3;07 =5 A2>4O, B0: GB> :064><C 87 =8E 1C45B :070BLAO, GB> = =0 =53> A<>B@8B, 15A54C5B A =8< 8 ?@825BAB2C5B 53>; 8 =8:B> =5 1C45B >?5G0;5= B5<, 1C4B> %@8AB>A =5 >1@0B8; =0 =53> 2=8<0=8O 8 ?@57@5; 53>... @51K20O =587<5==K<, = 1C45B O2;OBL !51O 8=0:>2K< 4;O >4=>3>, 8 8=0:>2K< 4;O 4@C3>3>; 1C45B C45;OBL !51O :064><C, :0: ?>4>105B 8 :0: >= B>3> 4>AB>8="264. K A:070;8 1K, GB> MB> 28'45=85 >30, =5 O2;ONI55AO 28'45=85< ACI5AB25==K<, 8<55B E0@0:B5@ >1I5=8O M:78AB5=F80;L=>3>, 5A;8 ?>72>;8B5;L=> ?@8<5=8BL MB>B A>2@5<5==K9 B5@<8= : 2870=B89A:>9 4CE>2=>9 687=8 XI 25:0.  A0<>< 45;5, MB> =5 B>;L:> >1I5=85 B20@=>9 8 =5A>740==>9 ?@8@>4K, => 8 @0A:@KB85 :064>9 G5;>25G5A:>9 ;8G=>AB8, ?@8=8<05<>9 >3><, >B>@K9 >1@0I05BAO : :064><C 2 >B45;L=>AB8. !;>20 0?>AB>;0 02;0: "/ ?>7=0N 3>, :0: 8 O ?>7=0= <" ?>;CG0NB 745AL A<KA; ;8G=>3> >1I5=8O A 82K< >3><, >B>@K9 O2;O5BAO =5 B>;L:> C=825@A0;L=>9 ?@8@>4>9, => 8 >3>< :064>3>.  40;L=59H5< <K C2848<, :0: MB> CG5=85 > 28'45=88 >30 =0H;> A2>5 4>3<0B8G5A:>5 >B@065=85 2 4>:B@8=0;L=>< :>=D;8:B5 XIV 25:0. ;020 9 "! !"265  8AB>@8N 1>3>A;>2A:>9 <KA;8 2E>4OB @07;8G=K5 ?5@8>4K, :0: 1K 25@>CG8B5;L=K5 F8:;K, 2 :>B>@KE :0:>9-B> >48= 0A?5:B E@8AB80=A:>3> ?@540=8O >1@5B05B A@02=8B5;L=> A 4@C38<8 8A:;NG8B5;L=>5 7=0G5=85, 2 :>B>@KE 2A5 B5<K CG5=8O 2 8725AB=>9 AB5?5=8 B@0:BCNBAO A>>B=>A8B5;L=> A :0:8<-B> >4=8< 2>?@>A><, AB0=>2OI8<AO 4;O 4>3<0B8G5A:>3> A>7=0=8O F5=B@0;L=K<. !;8H:>< =570<5G5==K< >AB0;AO B>B G8AB> ?=52<0B>;>38G5A:89 0A?5:B, :>B>@K9, =0G8=0O A ?>;>28=K 452OB>3> 25:0, AB0=>28BAO 2A5 1>;55 8 1>;55 E0@0:B5@=K< 4;O 2870=B89A:>3> 1>3>A;>28O ?>A;5 53> >:>=G0B5;L=>9 ?>154K =04 8:>=>1>@G5AB2><, ?>A;5 B>9 M?>E8, :>B>@>9 7025@H05BAO F5;K9 25@>CG8B5;L=K9 F8:; 8 :>B>@CN <>6=> =0720BL E@8AB>;>38G5A:>9. >?@>AK, >B=>AOI85AO : CEC !2OB><C 8 1;03>40B8,  2>B B> O4@>, 2>:@C3 :>B>@>3> AB@>8BAO B5?5@L 1>3>A;>2A:0O <KA;L, 1>;55 G5< :>340-;81> =5>B45;8<0O >B 4CE>2=>9 687=8. K 2845;8, :0: 2A;54 70 8>=8A85< A2. 0:A8< A?>254=8: 8 A2. >0== 0<0A:8= @07@01>B0;8 1>3>A;>285 >165=8O, 2:;NG82 53> 2 @0<:8 E@8AB>;>388, A2O70==>9 A CG5=85< >1 M=5@38OE, 8 2 ?@54K4CI59 3;025 ?@>A;548;8, :0: MB> CG5=85 >1 >16820NI5< 548=5=88 ?@>O28;>AL 2 A2>5< ?=52<0B>;>38G5A:>< 0A?5:B5 C A2. !8<5>=0 >2>3> >3>A;>20 !2. !8<5>= 459AB28B5;L=> "=>2K9 1>3>A;>2": >= A0<K9 O@:89 2K@078B5;L B>3> ?=52<0B>;>38G5A:>3> B5G5=8O 2 2870=B89A:>< 1>3><KA;88, :>B>@>5, :0: 1K >1JOB>5 B09=>9 >18B0NI53> 2 =0A CE0 !2OB>3>, =5 8I5B A2>53> 2=5H=53> 2K@065=8O, :0: 1>3>A;>285 E@8AB>;>38G5A:>5, 0 A>A@54>B>G8205BAO 2 <>;G0=88, 2 8A8E88. ">;L:> 3@C1>5 2<5H0B5;LAB2> A> AB>@>=K =5:>B>@KE ?@54AB028B5;59 @0F8>=0;8AB8G5A:>3> 1>3>A;>28O, B>;L:> ?@>D0=0F8O A>:@KB>9, A>75@F0B5;L=>9 687=8 70AB028;8 MBC 4CE>2=CN 687=L <>=0ABK@59 8 A:8B>2 2K9B8 87 A2>53> C548=5=8O, ?@8=C48;8 55, ?>AB02;5==CN ?5@54 :>=D;8:B><, >B=>AOI8<AO : 25@>CG5=8N, 8A:0BL A2>53> 4>3<0B8G5A:>3> 2K@065=8O, :0: 1>3>A;>28O <8AB8G5A:>3> >?KB0.  1339 3>4C :0;01@89A:89 <>=0E 0@;00< =0?045B =0 0D>=A:8E 8A8E0AB>2. = =5 B>;L:> 2KA<58205B 8E 0A:5B8G5A:CN ?@0:B8:C, =>, >A=>2K20OAL =0 B><, GB> =5:>B>@K< 87 =8E O:>1K 40=> 1K;> >?KB=>5 28'45=85 =5B20@=>3> A25B0, 2 :>B>@>< >3 405B ?>7=0BL !51O 45;0B5;O< A>75@F0B5;L=>9 <>;8B2K  <K 2845;8, GB> CG5=85 MB> 1K;> C65 @0=55 2K@065=> A2. !8<5>=>< >2K< >3>A;>2><,  0@;00< >128=O5B 8E 2 <5AA0;80=AB25, 2 <0B5@80;L=>< 28'45=88 >30. !?>@ 745AL 845B > ?@8@>45 A25B0, 2 :>B>@>< %@8AB>A O28;AO CG5=8:0< =0 3>@5 $02>@A:>9. 0@;00< CB25@6405B, GB> MB> 1K; B20@=K9 D5=><5=, ?>@O4:0, B0: A:070BL 0B<>AD5@8G5A:>3>.  1341 3>4C 2 >=AB0=B8=>?>;5 A>7K205BAO !>1>@, =0 :>B>@>< 2>?@>A MB>B AB028BAO 2 G8AB> 4>3<0B8G5A:>< ?;0=5. 5GL 845B > ?@8@>45 >16820NI59 =0A 1;03>40B8. !N40 2E>4OB 2A5 2>?@>AK, >B=>AOI85AO : 2>7<>6=>AB8 =0H53> 459AB28B5;L=>3> ?@8>1I5=8O >3C: 2>?@>A =0H53> @50;L=>3>, 0 =5 B>;L:> "<5B0D>@8G5A:>3>" >165=8O, =0H53> 1>3>?>7=0=8O, 2>7<>6=>AB8 =0H53> <8AB8G5A:>3> >?KB0 8, =0:>=5F, 2>?@>A 28'45=8O >30.  B5G5=85 20 ;5B  A 1340 ?> 1360 3>4  A>7K20;>AL =5A:>;L:> !>1>@>2, 4>3<0B8G5A:>5 7=0G5=85 8 CG8B5;L=K9 02B>@8B5B :>B>@KE 4;O 2A59 @02>A;02=>9 &5@:28 =8 2 G5< =5 CABC?0NB 02B>@8B5BC 8 7=0G5=8N !>1>@>2, 8<5=C5<KE 2A5;5=A:8<8. K@078B5;5< 3>;>A0 MB8E !>1>@>2, 24>E=>28B5;5< 8E 4>3<0B8G5A:8E :>=B@>25@A89 1K; A2. @83>@89 0;0<0. = @>48;AO 2 1296 3>4C, ?>;CG8; A5@L57=>5 1>3>A;>2A:>5 8 D8;>A>DA:>5 >1@07>20=85, ?>A;5 G53> ?@8=O; <>=0H5A:89 ?>AB@83 =0 D>=5. K=C645==K9 ?@8=OBL CG0AB85 2 4>3<0B8G5A:>9 1>@L15, >= ?@>B82 A2>59 2>;8 >AB02;O5B 2 1339 3>4C A>75@F0B5;L=CN 687=L 8 2 1347 3>4C AB0=>28BAO 0@E85?8A:>?>< $5AA0;>=8:89A:8<; 2 1359  >= C<8@05B. !2. @83>@8O 0;0<C, :0=>=87>20==>3> 2A:>@5 ?>A;5 53> A<5@B8, @02>A;02=0O &5@:>2L ?>G8B05B >A>1K< >1@07><: 2B>@>5 2>A:@5A5=L5 5;8:>3> ?>AB0 ?>A2OI5=> 53> ?0<OB8. >3>A;>285 A2. @83>@8O 0;0<K 2A5 5I5 =5 ?>;CG8;> =04;560I59 >F5=:8 =0 0?045266. 8A02H85 > 4>:B@8=0;L=>< :>=D;8:B5 XIV AB>;5B8O >BFK N68, 8H0@45= 8 C0 CA<0B@820NB 2 "?0;0<87<5", :0: >1KG=> >=8 =07K20NB 53> 1>3><KA;85, >?0A=>5 8 5@5B8G5A:>5 =>20B>@AB2>, @07@K2 A 1>3>A;>2A:>9 B@048F859 870=B88.  B> 65 2@5<O >=8 AB0@0NBAO ?@54AB028BL ?@>B82=8:>2 0;0<K 70I8B=8:0<8 >1I53> 4;O >AB>:0 8 4;O 0?040 @540=8O.  ACI=>AB8 65, 5A;8 ?>?KB0BLAO 40BL :0:CN-B> E0@0:B5@8AB8:C ?@>B82=8:0< <8AB8G5A:>3> 1>3>A;>28O ?> B><C, :0:>5 <5AB> >=8 70=8<0;8 2 A>F80;L=>9 8 :C;LBC@=>9 687=8 870=B88, B> >=8 ?@54AB02;ONBAO =0< ?@8=04;560I8<8 : :0B53>@88 ;8F, 25AL<0 <0;> >701>G5==KE 70I8B>9 F5@:>2=KE 4>3<0B>2.  1>;LH8=AB25 A2>5< MB> 1K;8 ?@5?>4020B5;8 @8B>@8:8 87 A@54K B5E 3C<0=8AB>2, :>B>@KE =5<0;> B>340 1K;> 2 870=B88. A5 >=8 C2;5:0;8AL 0=B8G=>9 D8;>A>D859 8 8=>9 @07 70=8<0;8AL 2>?@>A0<8 1>3>A;>2A:8<8, => =5 AB>;L:> @048 ?>8A:>2 8AB8=K, A:>;L:> 87 CG5=>9 ;N1>7=0B5;L=>AB8. #65 2 IX 25:5 ;>38: 8E08; A5;; ?KB0;AO A>740BL A2>5>1@07=CN AE>;0AB8:C, => 53> CG5=8: >0== B0; 1K; >AC645= &5@:>2LN; @8B>@K A=>20 25@=C;8AL : 87CG5=8N D8;>A>D88 8 A25BA:8E =0C: 8 1>;LH5 =5 ?KB0;8AL ?@>=8:0BL 2 >1;0ABL G8AB> 1>3>A;>2A:CN. >60;C9, <>6=> A@02=8BL MBC 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=CN A@54C 870=B88 A ?@5?>4020B5;LA:>9 A@54>9 D0:C;LB5B0 8A:CAAB20 =0 0?045, ?@54AB02;5==CN B0:8<8 D8;>A>D0<8, :0: 15;O@, !835@ @010=BA:89 8 8;L35;L< E0<A:89. > 2 870=B88, =5 7=02H59 AE>;0AB8G5A:>9 D8;>A>D88, @0AAB>O=85, >B45;O2H55 D8;>A>D>2 >B 1>3>A;>2>2, 1K;> 1>;55 7=0G8B5;L=K<, =565;8 =0 0?045. !2. $><0 :28=0B, =0?@8<5@, 25; 1>@L1C A 025@@>87<>< 2> 8<O E@8AB80=A:>9 D8;>A>D88.  2 870=B88 8<5==> D8;>A>DK 2>7><=8;8 A51O 1>3>A;>20<8 8, =0?040O =0 >48= 87 0A?5:B>2 4CE>2=>9 687=8, AB>;:=C;8AL A 4>3<0B8G5A:8< @540=85<. 845BL 2 ?@>B82=8:0E A2. @83>@8O 0;0<K B>;L:> ;8HL ?@54AB028B5;59 @5;838>7=>9 70?04=>9 <KA;8, ?@8=8<0BL 8E 70 "2870=B89A:8E B><8AB>2" 1K;> 1K >G5=L 1>;LH>9 >H81:>9. 45AL A:>@55 2AB@5G0 A B><8ABA:>9 AE>;0AB8:>9 =0 C@>2=5 8725AB=>3> 8=B5;;5:BC0;87<0. > MB> 1K; 8=B5;;5:BC0;87< 2>AB>G=>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O: ?@527>945==K9 1>3>A;>285< 0=B8G=K9 M;;8=87< A=>20 ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 >1@075 <KA;59 MB8E 3C<0=8AB>2, 2>A?8B0==KE =0 87CG5=88 D8;>A>D88 8 65;0NI8E ?>MB><C A<>B@5BL =0 :0??04>:89F52 3;070<8 ;0B>=0, =0 8>=8A8O  3;070<8 @>:;0, =0 0:A8<0 A?>254=8:0 8 >0==0 0<0A:8=0  3;070<8 @8AB>B5;O. @>1;5<0 28'45=8O >30 4;O ?@>B82=8:>2 8A8E88 AB028BAO 2 ?;0=5 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=><: MB>  3=>A8A, ?>7=0=85; 4;O A2. 65 @83>@8O 0;0<K, :0: 8 4;O 2A53> <8AB8:>-1>3>A;>2A:>3> @540=8O, >3>2845=85 =5>B45;8<> >B >165=8O 8 5ABL >48= 87 53> 0A?5:B>2.  ACI=>AB8 A?>@ H5; > 2>7<>6=>AB8 @50;L=>3> >1I5=8O A >3><, 8=0G5 3>2>@O  > ?@8@>45 1;03>40B8. 0: ?@8<8@8BL =5?>7=0205<>ABL >30 A 3> ?>7=0205<>ABLN, =52>7<>6=>ABL >1I5=8O A >3>< A 2>7<>6=>ABLN 459AB28B5;L=>3> >1I5=8O A 8<? "!CI=>ABL >68O =5?@8G0AB=0 8 =5:>B>@K< >1@07>< ?@8G0AB=0",  3>2>@8B A2. @83>@89 0;0<0. "K ?@8>1I05<AO >65AB25==>3> 5AB5AB20, 8 2<5AB5 A B5< =8A:>;L:> 53> =5 ?@8>1I05<AO. B0: =0< =C6=> 45@60BLAO B>3> 8 4@C3>3> CB25@645=8O 8 ?>;030BL 8E :0: <5@8;> 1;03>G5AB8O"267. !2. @83>@89 0;0<0 @07@5H05B MBC 0=B8=><8N, =5 C?@074=OO 55 8 A>E@0=OO 70 =59 >A=>2=CN B09=C, :>B>@0O 2 =587@5G5==>< @07;8G5=88 ACI=>AB8 () 8 ?@8ACI8E 59 M=5@389 >AB05BAO =5?@8:>A=>25==>9. "70@5=85 8 1>65AB25==0O 8 >160NI0O 1;03>40BL =5 ACI=>ABL, 0 M=5@38O >68O268; "M=5@38O >1I0O 8 1>65AB25==0O A8;0 8 459AB285 "@88?>AB0A=>3> >30"269,  3>2>@8B A2. @83>@89 0;0<0. "0:8< >1@07><, ":>340 <K 3>2>@8<, GB> 1>65AB25==0O ACI=>ABL ?@8>1I8<0 =5 2 A0<>9 A515, 0 2 A2>8E M=5@38OE, <K >AB05<AO 2 3@0=8F0E 1;03>G5AB8O"270. -B> @07;8G5=85 <564C ACI=>ABLN 8 M=5@38O<8 =5 22>48B 2 >65AB2> =8:0:>9 A;>6=>AB8. !;>6=>ABL 1K;0 1K 2 B>< A;CG05, 5A;8 1K 459AB285 ?@>B82>?>AB02;O;>AL AB@040=8N 2 A<KA;5 ?0AA82=>AB8, 5A;8 1K M=5@38O ?@54?>;030;0 AB@040B5;L=>ABL ( ); => >3 "?@>O2;O5B 459AB285, => =5 AB@0405B ?> >B=>H5=8N : =5<C"271. ;O 0;0<K ACI=>ABL 8 M=5@38O  =5 425 "G0AB8" >30, :0: 2A5 5I5 2>>1@060NB =5:>B>@K5 A>2@5<5==K5 =0< :@8B8:8, 0 420 @07;8G=KE <>4CA0 1KB8O >68O, 2 !2>59 ?@8@>45 8 2> 2=5 !2>59 ?@8@>4K; MB> B>B 65 >3, ?@51K20NI89 01A>;NB=> =54>ABC?=K< ?> !2>59 ACI=>AB8 8 2A5F5;> !51O A>>1I0NI89 2 !2>59 1;03>40B8. >4>1=> 4>3<0BC "@>8G=><C, 4>3<0B > 1>65AB25==KE M=5@38OE =8:0: =5 =0@CH05B 1>65AB25==>9 ?@>AB>BK, 5A;8 B>;L:> MB0 ?@>AB>B0 =5 ?@52@0I05BAO 2 D8;>A>DA:>5 ?>=OB85, :>B>@K< ?KB0NBAO >?@545;8BL =5>?@545;8<>5. "AO:><C 1>3>A;>28N, 65;0NI5<C A>1;N40BL 1;03>G5AB85, A2>9AB25==> CB25@640BL B> >4=>, B> 4@C3>5, 5A;8 >10 CB25@645=8O 8AB8==K"272. "0: !025;;89, 1C4CG8 =5A?>A>1=K< CB25@640BL, GB> >3 548= 8 =5 548=,  >= 2845; >4=> B>;L:> 548=AB2> ACI=>AB8,  CB5@O; ?>=OB85 B@>8G=>AB8 8F273. "> 65 <>6=> A:070BL > ?@>AB>B5 1>65AB25==>9 ?@8@>4K 8 @07;8G5=88 <564C CA859 8 M=5@38O<8. ">3 =5 B>;L:> 2 B@5E 8?>AB0AOE, = 5I5 8 2A5<>3CI89, " (!>1>@ 1351 3>40). 07;8G5=85 <564C CA859 8 M=5@38O<8 8;8 459AB28O<8, @07;8G5=85, CB25@645==>5 !>1>@0<8 XIV 25:0, 5ABL 4>3<0B8G5A:>5 2K@065=85 @540=8O > ?>7=0205<KE A2>9AB20E >688E; 53> <K 2845;8 C :0??04>:89F52 8 ?>74=55 C 8>=8A8O 2 53> CG5=88 > 1>65AB25==KE A>548=5=8OE 8 @07;8G8OE, > A8;0E () 8;8 65 > ";CG5 1>65AB25==>3> <@0:0"; MB> @07;8G5=85 =0<5G05B 420 ?CB8 1>3>A;>28O  ?CBL CB25@645=89 8 ?CBL >B@8F0=89: >48= 87 =8E >30 >B:@K205B, 4@C3>9  2545B : A>548=5=8N A 8< 2 =52545=88. 0:>=5F, C A2. 0:A8<0 A?>254=8:0 8 A2. >0==0 0<0A:8=0 2848< <K B> 65 CG5=85 >1 M=5@38OE 2 53> ?@8;>68<>AB8 : E@8AB>;>388 8, 2 G0AB=>AB8, 2 A>>1I8<>AB8 1>65AB25==>9 A;02K G5;>25G5A:>9 ?@8@>45 %@8AB0, 2 8?>AB0A=>< 548=AB25 2>?;>B82H53>AO !;>20. A5 MB8 ?@54H5AB2CNI85 1>3>A;>2A:85 40==K5 ?>A;C68;8 !>1>@C 1351 3>40 >?>@>9 2 53> 25@>CG8B5;L=KE ?>AB0=>2;5=8OE, :>B>@K5 A>3;0A=> A2OB>>B5G5A:><C ?@540=8N ?>4B25@640;8 >?@545;5=85 1>65AB25==>9 8 =5B20@=>9 1;03>40B8 :0: M=5@388, >B B@>8G5A:>9 548=>ACI=>AB8 >B;8G=>9, => >B =55 =5>B45;8<>9. @>B82=8:8 0;0<K, CB25@640NI85 A>25@H5==>5 B>645AB2> 2 >35 ACI=>AB8 8 M=5@388, 70I8I0;8 D8;>A>DA:>5 ?>=OB85 1>65AB25==>9 ?@>AB>BK. >340 >=8 3>2>@8;8 >1 >B;8G=KE >B ACI=>AB8 459AB28OE 8;8 M=5@38OE, B> 8<5;8 2 284C B20@=K5 MDD5:BK 8;8 "A;54AB28O" 1>65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8. E ?>=OB85 > >35  :0: > ACI=>AB8 ?@>AB>9  =5 4>?CA:0;> 4;O >65AB20 8=>3> 1KB8O, :@><5 :0: 1KB8O ACI=>AB=>3>. ">, GB> =5 5ABL A0<0 ACI=>ABL, =5 ?@8=04;568B 1KB8N 1>65AB25==><C, =5 5ABL >3. "0:8< >1@07><, M=5@388 4>;6=> 8;8 A ACI=>ABLN >B>645AB2;OBL, 8;8 65 >B ACI=>AB8 A>25@H5==> >B45;OBL, :0: 55 459AB28O 2> 2=5, 8=0G5 3>2>@O, :0: A;54AB28O B20@=K5, 5N, ACI=>ABLN, "?@8G8=5==K5". 45AL @0F8>=0;8AB8G5A:>5 ?>=OB85 ?@8G8==>AB8 2B>@305BAO 2 CG5=85 > 1;03>40B8. ;O ?@>B82=8:>2 A2. @83>@8O 0;0<K 5ABL 1>65AB25==0O ACI=>ABL, 5ABL 55 B20@=K5 A;54AB28O 8;8 MDD5:BK, => =5 >AB05BAO <5AB0 4;O 1>65AB25==KE 459AB289 8;8 M=5@389.  >B25B =0 8E :@8B8:C A2. @83>@89 0;0<0 ?>AB028; 8E ?5@54 A;54CNI59 48;5<<>9: 8;8 >=8 4>;6=K 4>?CAB8BL @07;8G5=85 <564C ACI=>ABLN 8 55 459AB285<, => B>340 D8;>A>DA:>5 ?>=OB85 1>65AB25==>9 ?@>AB>BK ?@8=C48B 8E >B=5AB8 : B20@=><C A;02C >68N, 1;03>40BL, A25B @5>1@065=8O; 8;8 >=8 4>;6=K :0B53>@8G5A:8 >B@8F0BL MB> @07;8G5=85, GB> 70AB028B 8E >B>645AB2;OBL =5?>AB868<>5 A ?>AB868<K<, =5A>>1I05<>5 A A>>1I05<K<, ACI=>ABL A 1;03>40BLN.  2 B>< 8 2 4@C3>< A;CG05 >165=85 G5;>25:0 AB0=>28BAO =52>7<>6=K<, :0: AB0=>28BAO =52>7<>6=K< 8 2AO:>5 @50;L=>5 >1I5=85 A >3><274. <5==> MB> <K 8 2848<, =0?@8<5@ C 8:8D>@0 @83>@K. ;O =53> $02>@A:89 A25B 1K; B>;L:> ;8HL D>@<>9 (), >1@07>< (), <0B5@80;L=K< A8<2>;><, C:07K20NI8< =0 ?@8ACBAB285 >65AB20275. ;O =53> 0?>AB>;K 2845;8 =0 3>@5 $02>@A:>9 =5:CN @50;L=>ABL, ?@8=04;560ICN : >1;0AB8 ACI8E (  ) =5GB> ?>7=0205<>5, 0 7=0G8B  B20@=>5276. >4>1=0O 0AA8<8;OF8O @83>@>9 ?>7=0205<>3> A >1;0ABLN ACI53> 3>2>@8B > 53> 7028A8<>AB8 >B 8>=8A8O, => 8>=8A8O ?;0B>=878@>20==>3>, 2>A?@8=OB>3> G5@57 @>:;0 8 =5>?;0B>=>2A:CN B@048F8N, >B 8>=8A8O, 87 1>3><KA;8O :>B>@>3> 87JOB >A=>2=>9 53> AB5@65=L  CG5=85 >1 M=5@38OE, ?> :>B>@><C >3, ?> =587@5G5==><C @07;8G5=8N 2 !2>8E M=5@38OE (), !51O A>>1I05B 8 >B:@K205B B20@=><C <8@C. > <KA;8 @83>@K =5 B>;L:> ;N48, => 8 0=35;K <>3CB ?>7=020BL >30 =5 8=0G5, :0: G5@57 A8<2>;K 8 B5;5A=K5 7=0:8 (    )277.  745AL MB>B D8;>A>D, ?@>B82=8: 0;0<K, C4828B5;L=K< >1@07>< A1;8605BAO A 0=B8>E89A:>9 H:>;>9, A <KA;LN A2. >0==0 ;0B>CAB0, =0?@8<5@, ?>;0302H53>, GB> 0=35;K 4> >?;>I5=8O 7=0;8 >30 B>;L:> 2 >1@070E 8 ?@54AB02;5=8OE. > A2. >0== ;0B>CAB ?@8=8<0; 28'45=85 >30 2 1C4CI5< 25:5 2 8F5 %@8AB0 ?@>A;02;5==>3>, B>340 :0: 4;O @83>@K MB> 28'45=85 =02A5340 >AB05BAO 2 :0B53>@8OE   , B> 5ABL 28'45=8O <KA;5==>3>. -B> <KA;L, :>B>@0O 745AL, =0 75<;5 >?5@8@C5B A8<2>;8G5A:8<8 ?@54AB02;5=8O<8, GB>1K 2K25AB8 87 =8E A>>B25BAB2CNI85 ?>=OB8O278. 5?>A@54AB25==>5 >1I5=85 A >3><, :0:>9 1K B> =8 1K;> <8AB8G5A:89 >?KB 2 75<=>9 =0H59 687=8 =52>7<>6=K, 0 2 25:5 1C4CI5< MB> 1C45B A>25@H5==K<, G8AB> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K< 7=0=85<, 1;065=AB2>< ?>7=020B5;L=>9 A?>A>1=>AB8 G5;>25:0. 45AL @83>@0 G5@57 D8;>A>D8N :0: 1K 2>72@0I05BAO : 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=><C 3=>A8AC ;8<5=B0 8 @835=0. >, @0F8>=0;878@CO 8 B5< A0<K< ;8H0O MB>B 8=B5;;5:BC0;87< A2>9AB25==>9 5<C <8AB8:8, @83>@0 53> >154=O5B. 065 :>340 >= >1@0I05BAO : 8>=8A8N, B> 45;05B MB> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K, ?>;L7COAL 48>=8A852A:8< B5@<8=>< , 1>3>?>4@060=85, 4>:070BL B20@=K9 E0@0:B5@ >165=8O, :>B>@>5 5ABL A:>@55 1;03>G5AB820O <5B0D>@0, =565;8 @50;L=>5 A>548=5=85 B20@=>3> A =5B20@=K<. 15 AB>@>=K >128=ONB 4@C3 4@C30 2 <5AA0;80=AB25. @>B82=8:8 0;0<K 2:;NG0NB 2 MB> >128=5=85 28'45=85 =5B20@=>3> A25B0. 0I8B=8:8 1>65AB25==KE M=5@389 =07K20NB <5AA0;80=AB2>< ?>7=0=85 1>65AB25==>9 ACI=>AB8 B20@=K< C<>< 2 1C4CI5< 25:5; 5A;8 =5 ?@8=8<0BL @07;8G5=8O ACI=>AB8 8 1>3>?@>O28B5;L=KE M=5@389, >AB05BAO 2K18@0BL <564C 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K< <5AA0;80=AB2>< 8 >B:07>< >B 2AO:>3> =5?>A@54AB25==>3> >1I5=8O A >3><. 'B> 65 B0:>5 MB>B =5B20@=K9 A25B, 2>:@C3 :>B>@>3> 2 XIV 2. @0725@=C;8AL 1>3>A;>2A:85 A?>@K? =  A0<0 @50;L=>ABL <8AB8G5A:>3> >?KB0, > :>B>@>9 A B0:>9 =0AB>9G82>ABLN B@5<O 25:0<8 @0=LH5 3>2>@8; A2. !8<5>= >2K9 >3>A;>2; >= >ICB8<0O 1;03>40BL, 2 :>B>@>9 >3 405B !51O ?>7=020BL B5<, :B>, ?5@594O 70 3@0=8 B20@=>3> 1KB8O, 2E>4OB A 8< 2 548=5=85. !2. @83>@89 0;0<0 ?8H5B >1 MB>9 <8AB8G5A:>9 @50;L=>AB8 =0 "B5E=8G5A:><" O7K:5 1>3>A;>28O, 1;03>40@O G5<C >=0 =587156=> B5@O5B A2>N 381:>ABL. ">3 8<5=C5BAO A25B>< =5 ?> !2>59 ACI=>AB8, 0 ?> !2>59 M=5@388",  3>2>@8B >=279. > 5A;8 M=5@388 8<5=CNBAO A25B><, B> MB> =5 B>;L:> ?> 0=0;>388 A> A25B>< <0B5@80;L=K< (M=5@38O, @0A?@>AB@0=ONI0OAO >B O@:> 3>@OI53> >G030), => ?>B><C, GB> >=8 O2;ONBAO A>75@F0=8N =5:>9 =587@5G5==>9 @50;L=>ABLN, :>B>@>9 1>;LH5 2A53> A>>B25BAB2C5B =08<5=>20=85 "A25B". >A:>;L:C >3 !51O ?@>O2;O5B 8 405B > !515 ?>7=0=85 2 !2>8E  8;8 M=5@38OE, 2 !2>8E 48=0<8G5A:8E A2>9AB20E, = 5ABL !25B. "-B>B >65AB25==K9 >?KB 405BAO 2 <5@C 8 A?>A>15= 1KBL 1>;LH8< 8;8 <5=LH8<, =545;8<> 45;8<K9 2 A>>B25BAB288 A 4>AB>8=AB2>< 2>A?@8=8<0NI8E 53>"280. !>25@H5==>5 65 28'45=85 >30, 28'45=85, >ICB8<>5 :0: =5B20@=K9 A25B, :>B>@K9 8 5ABL >3,  MB> "B09=0 2>AL<>3> 4=O", 8 >=0 ?@8=04;568B 1C4CI5<C 25:C, 2 :>B>@>< <K C7@8< >30 ;8F>< : ;8FC. 4=0:> B5, :B> 4>AB>9=K, B5, :B> A>548=ONBAO A >3>< C65 2 MB>9 687=8, A?>4>1;ONBAO 2845BL "&0@AB2> >685, ?@8H54H55 2 A8;5", :0:8< 2845;8 53> CG5=8:8 =0 3>@5 $02>@A:>9. !25B, C2845==K9 CG5=8:0<8 =0 $02>@5, =5 1K;, :0: CB25@640; 0@;00<, B20@=K< <5B5>@>;>38G5A:8< D5=><5=><, A25B><, ?> ?@8@>45 A2>59 =87H8<, G5< G5;>25G5A:>5 <KH;5=85. -B> 1K; A25B, ?@8ACI89 >3C ?> 3> ?@8@>45: 25G=K9, 157=0G0;L=K9, 2=52@5<5==K9 8 2=5?@>AB@0=AB25==K9, ACI5AB2CNI89 2=5 B20@=>3> 1KB8O. = O2;O;AO 2 25BE>7025B=KE B5>D0=8OE :0: A;020 >68O, AB@0H=0O 8 =5AB5@?8<0O 4;O B20@=>3>, ?>B><C GB> 4> %@8AB0 >=0 1K;0 4;O G5;>25:0 "2=5H=59". >MB><C 025;, :>340 1K; 5I5 G5;>25:>< "2=5H=8<", GC64K< 25@K 2> %@8AB0, 1K; >A;5?;5= ?> ?CB8 2 0<0A: O2;5=85< MB>3> A25B0. > 0@8O 0340;8=0 A<>3;0 C2845BL A25B >A:@5A5=8O, =0?>;=82H89 3@>1 8 >A25I02H89 2A5, GB> 2 =5< =0E>48;>AL, E>BO "A25B GC2AB25==K9" 5I5 8 =5 >A25B8; 75<;N281.  <><5=B >?;>I5=8O >65AB25==K9 A25B :0: 1K A>A@54>B>G8205BAO 2 >3>G5;>25:5, 2 >B>@>< >18B0;0 2AO ?>;=>B0 >65AB20 B5;5A=>, ?> A;>2C 0?>AB>;0 02;0 [>;.2:9]. <5==> MB>B A25B >65AB20, MBC A;02C, ?@8ACICN %@8ABC ?> 3> >65AB25==>9 ?@8@>45, 8 <>3;8 C7@5BL 0?>AB>;K 2 <><5=B @5>1@065=8O. 8:0:>3> 87<5=5=8O =5 ?@>87>H;> 2 >3>G5;>25:5 =0 3>@5 $02>@A:>9, => 4;O 0?>AB>;>2 MB> 1K;> 2KE>4>< 87 2@5<5=8 8 ?@>AB@0=AB20, >A>7=0=85< @50;L=>AB59 25G=KE. "!25B @5>1@065=8O >A?>4=O =5 =0G8=0;AO 8 =5 :>=G0;AO,  3>2>@8B A2. @83>@89 0;0<0.  = 1K; =5 >3@0=8G5= ?@>AB@0=AB2>< 8 =5 2>A?@85<;5< GC2AB25==>, E>BO 8 1K; B>340 7@8< >G0<8 B5;5A=K<8... > 87<5=5=85< A2>8E GC2AB2 B08==8:8 >A?>40 ?5@5H;8 >B ?;>B8 2 CE"282. 45AL <K A=>20 AB>8< ?5@54 0=B8=><859, >B=>AOI59AO : ?@8@>45 MB>3> 28'45=8O: A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, "=5 2>A?@85<;5< GC2AB25==>" A25B >A?>4=O @5>1@065=8O, A 4@C3>9  "7@8< >G0<8 B5;5A=K<8". !2. @83>@89 0;0<0 A =53>4>20=85< >B25@305B ?>?KB:8 B>;:>20BL 2 <0B5@80;L=>< 0A?5:B5 53> CG5=85 >1 MB>< 28'45=88. ">65AB25==K9 A25B =525I5AB25=,  3>2>@8B >=,  =5B =8G53> GC2AB25==>3> 2 A25B5, >A8O2H5< =0 $02>@5 0?>AB>;>2"283. > 2<5AB5 A B5< 1K;> 1K B0:8< 65 01AC@4>< CB25@640BL, GB> >48= B>;L:> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K9 3=>A8A 70A;C68205B "<5B0D>@8G5A:>3>" =08<5=>20=8O A25B0284. !25B MB>B  =5 <0B5@80;L=K9 8 =5 4CE>2=K9, => 1>65AB25==K9 8 =5B20@=K9.  "38>@8B8G5A:>< "><>A5"  B>9 0?>;>388 8A8E0AB>2, :>B>@0O 1K;0 =0?8A0=0 ?>4 @C:>2>4AB2>< A2. @83>@8O 0;0<K,  <K >1=0@C68205< G@572KG09=> OA=>5 @07;8G5=85 A25B0 GC2AB25==>3>, A25B0 C<>?>AB8305<>3> 8 A25B0 >65AB25==>3>: ?>A;54=89 ?@52>AE>48B 420 4@C38E, >48=0:>2> ?@8=04;560I8E >1;0AB8 B20@=>3>. "=>9 A25B,  G8B05< <K 2 ""><>A5",  A2>9AB25==> 2>A?@8=8<0BL C<C 8 8=>9 GC2AB2C: GC2AB25==K< A25B>< >1=0@C6820NBAO GC2AB25==K5 ?@54<5BK, 0 A25B>< C<0 O2;O5BAO 70:;NG5==>5 2 <KA;OE 7=0=85. !;54>20B5;L=>, 7@5=8N 8 C<C A2>9AB25==> 2>A?@8=8<0BL =5 >48= 8 B>B 65 A25B, => :064>5 87 =8E 459AB2C5B A>>1@07=> A> A2>59 ?@8@>4>9 8 2 ?@545;0E 55. > :>340 4>AB>9=K5 ?>;CG0NB 4CE>2=CN 8 A25@EJ5AB5AB25==CN 1;03>40BL 8 A8;C, >=8 8 GC2AB2><, 8 C<>< 284OB B>, GB> ?@52>AE>48B 2AO:>5 GC2AB2> 8 C<. 0:  MB> 25405B >48= >3 8 8A?KBK20NI89 B0:85 459AB28O"285.  MB>< =0< >B:@K205BAO 8AB8==0O ?@8@>40 8A8E0ABA:>3> A>75@F0=8O, B0: 65 :0: 8 <5AB>, :>B>@>5 70=8<05B 1>3>A;>285 A2. @83>@8O 0;0<K, C25=G02H55 4;8B5;L=CN B@048F8N A2OB>>B5G5A:>9 1>@L1K 70 ?@5>4>;5=85 ?;0B>=>2A:>3> 4C0;87<0, 4C0;87<0 <564C GC2AB25==K< 8 C<>?>AB8305<K<, GC2AB2>< 8 @07C<><, <0B5@859 8 4CE><. >B><C 8<5==>, GB> >3 ?@52>AE>48B B20@=>5 1KB85, ?>B><C, GB> ?> ACI=>AB8 !2>59 = 01A>;NB=> =54>ABC?5=, GB> =5B =8:0:>9 A>-?@8@>4=>AB8 () <564C 1>65AB25==K< 8 C<AB25==K<, :>B>@><C ?@8=04;568B :0: C< 0=35;0, B0: 8 C< G5;>25:0, >3 405B ?>7=020BL !51O 2A5<C G5;>25:C 2 53> F5;><, >BG53> <K =5 <>65< 3>2>@8BL > 28'45=88 G8AB> GC2AB25==>< 8;8 65 G8AB> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=><. >A:>;L:C 3@0=L ?@>E>48B 745AL <564C B20@=K< 8 =5B20@=K<, 0 =5 <564C >1;0ABLN GC2AB2 8 >1;0ABLN @07C<0, :>B>@K9 @0AA<0B@820;AO :0: @>4AB25==K9 1>65AB2C, ?>AB>;L:C 548=AB25==K9  8>=8A85< C:070==K9  ?CBL 4>AB865=8O 8AB8==>3> ?>7=0=8O >30 82>3> 5ABL @048:0;L=K9 2KE>4 87 2A53>, GB> B20@=>.  MB>B 2KE>4  C65 =5 ?;0B>=>2A:89 "?>153", =5 A?8@8BC0;870F8O G5;>25G5A:>3> ACI5AB20, ?@52@0I0NI53>AO 2 , :0: C @835=0 8 203@8O. -B> B0:65 8 =5 "GC2AB25==0O" <8AB8:0 <5AA0;80=F52. 45AL =5B =8 @54C:F88 GC2AB25==>3> : C<>7@8B5;L=><C, =8 <0B5@80;870F88 4CE>2=>3>, => ?@8>1I5=85 2A53> G5;>25:0 : =5B20@=><C (GB> <K C65 2845;8 2 >1@075 <KA;59 8>=8A8O 8 0:A8<0 A?>254=8:0), >1I5=85, ?@54?>;030NI55 A>548=5=85 G5;>25G5A:>9 ;8G=>AB8 A >3><, A>548=5=85, ?@52>AE>4OI55 2AO:>5 ?>7=0=85, "?@52>AE>4OI55 " ?CB5< ?@5>4>;5=8O >3@0=8G5=89, A2>9AB25==KE B20@=>9 ?@8@>45. 45AL <K >G5=L 40;5:8 >B 0;5:A0=4@89A:>3> A?8@8BC0;87<0, => >G5=L 1;87:8 : A2. @8=5N 8>=A:><C. "0:0O 0=B@>?>;>38O ?@82>48B : ?>;>68B5;L=><C 0A:5B87<C, : 0A:5B87<C =5 >B@8F0NI5<C, 0 ?@5>4>;520NI5<C: "A;8 B5;>,  3>2>@8B 0;0<0,  ?@8720=> 2<5AB5 A 4CH>9 CG0AB2>20BL 2 =587@5G5==KE 1;030E 1C4CI53> 25:0, >=>, =5A><=5==>, 4>;6=> 1KBL ?@8G0AB=> 8< 2 <5@C 2>7<>6=>3> C65 8 B5?5@L... 81> 8 C B5;0 5ABL >?KB=>5 ?>AB865=85 25I59 1>65AB25==KE, :>340 4CH52=K5 A8;K =5 C<5@I2;5=K, => ?@5>1@065=K 8 >A2OI5=K"286. ">;CG82H89 2 1;03>9 C45; 1>65AB25==>5 459AB285... A0< 5ABL :0: 1K !25B 8 A> !25B>< =0E>48BAO 8 2<5AB5 A> !25B>< A>7=0B5;L=> 2848B B>, GB> 157 B0:>2>9 1;03>40B8 A:@KB> 4;O 2A5E, 2>72KA82H8AL =5 B>;L:> =04 B5;5A=K<8 GC2AB20<8, => 8 =04 2A5<, GB> =0< 254><>... 81> >30 284OB >G8I5==K5 A5@4F5<, >B>@K9, 1C4CG8 !25B><, 2A5;O5BAO 8 >B:@K205B !51O ;N1OI8< 3> 8 2>7;N1;5==K< <"287. "0:8< >1@07><, >48= 8 B>B 65 =5B20@=K9 !25B A>>1I05BAO 2A5<C G5;>25:C, 4020O 5<C A?>A>1=>ABL 68BL 2 ?@8>1I5=88 !2OB>9 "@>8F5. -B> ?@8>1I5=85 >3C, 2 :>B>@>< ?@0254=8:8 2>AA8ONB :0: A>;=F5, 8 5ABL 1;065=AB2> 1C4CI53> 25:0  B> >165==>5 A>AB>O=85 B20@=KE ACI5AB2, 2 :>B>@>< >3 1C45B "2A5< 2> 2A5<", =5 ?> !2>59 ACI=>AB8, 0 ?> !2>59 M=5@388, 8=0G5 3>2>@O, ?> 1;03>40B8 8;8 =5B20@=><C !25BC, =587@5G5==><C 25;8:>;5?8N B@88?>AB0A=>9 548=>9 ?@8@>4K"288. "38>@8B8G5A:89 "><>A" CA<0B@8205B 2 5BE>< 025B5, =0@O4C A 4>3<0B0<8 70:>=0 >8A5520, ?@>@>G5A:85 ?@>7@5=8O 1C4CI8E 4>3<0B>2, 4>3<0B>2 M@K 520=35;LA:>9; >=8 ?@54AB02;O;8AL 25BE>7025B=><C G5;>25:C, G5;>25:C 4> ?@8H5AB28O %@8AB>20 5I5 =5 OA=> 2K@065==K<8 B09=0<8. "0: 65 8 4;O =0A, 682CI8E 2 520=35;LA:>9 M@5, 25I8 1C4CI53> 25:0, &0@AB2> >685, ?@54AB02;ONBAO B09=0<8. "09=K MB8 <>3CB 1KBL =0 75<;5 ?>7=0=K, 8;8, 25@=55, >?KB=> ?>AB83=CBK B>;L:> A2OBK<8, B5<8, :B> 6825B 2 A>25@H5==>< 548=5=88 A >3><, :B> ?@5>1@065= 1;03>40BLN 8 ?@8=04;568B, A:>@55, 687=8 1C4CI53> 25:0, =565;8 =0H59 75<=>9 687=8289. "0:8< >1@07><, <K A=>20 2AB@5G05<AO, B>;L:> 2 =>2>9 55 D>@<C;8@>2:5, A <KA;LN A2OB>3> @8=5O, A 53> "28'45=85<->B:@>25=85<", ?>A;54>20B5;L=> @0A:@K20NI8<AO 2 B@5E MB0?0E: 4> %@8AB0, ?>A;5 >?;>I5=8O 8 ?>A;5 ?0@CA88. > A2. @8=59 2845; "!25B BG89" 2 MAE0B>;>38G5A:>9 ?5@A?5:B825 "BKAOG5;5B=53> F0@AB20 A2OBKE". K 2845;8, :0: MB> MAE0B>;>38G5A:>5 28'45=85 2 III 25:5 A<5=8;>AL 0;5:A0=4@89A:8< 8450;>< A>75@F0B5;L=>9 687=8, :>B>@0O C ;8<5=B0 8 @835=0 8=>9 @07 ?@8=8<0;0 D>@<C =5:>9 D8;>A>DA:>9 CB>?88: "3=>AB8:" ;8<5=B0, "4CE>2=K9 G5;>25:" @835=0; :0: >4=>, B0: 8 4@C3>5 5ABL A2>53> @>40 4CE>2=>5 "153AB2>" 8 ?>4>1=0O "4CE>2=>ABL" ?@>8AE>645=8O >B=N4L =5 E@8AB80=A:>3>. -B>B 0A?5:B 8 ?>1C48; =5:>B>@KE A>2@5<5==KE :@8B8:>2 (?@5645 2A53>, 83@5=0 8 >BG0AB8 8 >. $5ABN6L5@0) CB25@640BL, GB> 2AO:>5 <8AB8G5A:>5 A>75@F0=85 E0@0:B5@=> A2>53> @>40 87<5=>9 548=AB25==><C 28'45=8N >30, A>>B25BAB2CNI5<C CEC !2OI5==>3> 8A0=8O, B> 5ABL 28'45=8N MAE0B>;>38G5A:><C, ?0@CA89=><C. >A;5 F5;KE 25:>2 1>@L1K ?@>B82 8=B5;;5:BC0;8AB8G5A:>8 <8AB8:8 <K =0E>48< C 2870=B89A:8E 8A8E0AB>2  A22. !8<5>=0 >2>3> >3>A;>20, @83>@8O 0;0<K 8 53> CG5=8:>2  28'45=85-A>75@F0=85, A>2?040NI55 A 28'45=85< MAE0B>;>38G5A:8<, :0: 2KE>4>< 87 8AB>@88 : 25G=><C A25BC "2>AL<>3> 4=O". , 70:0=G820O =0H5 8AA;54>20=85, <K <>65< A45;0BL 5I5 >4=> 70:;NG5=85. / C65 3>2>@8; > 1C@=>9 :@8B8:5, :>B>@>9 ?>425@3;>AL 1>3><KA;85 A2. @83>@8O 0;0<K A> AB>@>=K 8>=8A8O 5B028O. 5 :0A0OAL 3@5G5A:8E >BF>2 ?@54H5AB2CNI8E M?>E, C65 ?>425@3H8EAO >AC645=8N 01@8M;O 0A:570 [Gabriel Vasquez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habitus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existentielle) ?@8G0I5=85 %@8ABC, ?@8>1I5=85 >3C, 2 >B>@>< :064K9 =0E>48B 2AN A2>N ?>;=>BC, ;8G=>AB=> 7=0O >30 8 1C4CG8 ;8G=>AB=> >3>< 7=05<K< 8 ;N18<K<. -B> ;8F57@5=85 A25B>70@=>3> 8F0 >68O, >1@0I5==>3> : :064><C 87 =0A, MB> 28'45=85 %@8AB0 ?@5>1@065==>3> >1@5B05B A2>N 1>3>A;>2A:CN AB@C:BC@C 2 CG5=88 A2. @83>@8O 0;0<K 8 2 >?@545;5=88 !>1>@>2 XIV 2. > ?@8@>45 1;03>40B8. >A;5 <=>38E 25:>2 <K 2=>2L AB>8< ?5@54 B5< 65 28'45=85< ?@5>1@065==>3> %@8AB0, G5@57 >B>@>3> B5F A>>1I05B 2 CE5 !2OB>< !25B !2>59 =54>ABC?=>9 ?@8@>4K, AB>8< ?5@54 B5< 1>3>28'45=85<, :>B>@>5 <K =0H;8 2 =0G0;5 =0H53> >G5@:0 C A2. @8=5O 8>=A:>3>, MB>3> >BF0 E@8AB80=A:>3> @540=8O, CG5=8:0 >;8:0@?0, 1K2H53> CG5=8:>< A2. 0?>AB>;0 >0==0 >3>A;>20, A:0702H53>: ">30 =5 2845; =8:B> =8:>340; 48=>@>4=K9 !K=, ACI89 2 =54@5 BG5<, = O28;". @8<5G0=8O Gabriel Vasquez, Bellomontanus theologus, S.J. Commentaria ac disputationes in primam partem S, Thomae, t.1. Antverpiae, 1621. P.195-200: Disputatio XXXVII: An visio Dei sicuti est, intellectui create possit a Deo communicari. De Deo 1. II, A.VII, ?.15-19, 0C5nc5, 1607. Didace (= Diego) Ruiz. De scientia Dei, disput. VI, sect.VII. Paris, 1629 De theologicis dogmatibus. De Deo Deique proprietatibus. L.VII, cap.VII: Deum in futura vita clare, et secundum essentiam videri primum ex antiquorum Patrum auctoritate colligitur, tarn graecoram quam latinorum; turn ex Scriptoris Graeci et Armeni contra sentientes refutati, et eorum firmamenta discussa. Ed. Bar-le-duc 1864, t.I, p.571-576. !@.>2.3:5; 36:29; 37:16. !@.A.35:6; 56:11; 107:5; A.14:14; >2.20:6; !8@.35:20-21. !@.'8A;.12:5; A.98:7, 103:3; A.19:1; 0C<1:3; B>@.33:26; AE.16:10; 19:9; 52.16:2; >2.22:11; 0=.7:13; 20:.2:8 8 4@. !@.AE.13:21; 14:19; B>@.31:15. 55<.9:12. @5<.19:7. !@. AE.19:9-25; 24:9-18; 33:11-23; 34:4-8, B>@.5:4. A.4:7; 30:17; 66:2; 79:4,20; 89:8. PG6, col.1024-1036. @>B82 5@5A59, IV,20,4. PG.7, col.1034. "0<. 65, IV,6,3-6, col.988. "0< 65, V,16,2, col.1167-1168. "0< 65, V,6,1, col.1137-1138. "0< 65, V,9,1, col.1144. "0< 65, V,8,1, col.1141. @>B82 5@5A59, IV,20,5, col.1035. "0< 65. "0< 65, IV,20,5, col.1035-1036. "0< 65, IV,20,7, col.1037.  53> ">:070B5;LAB25 0?>AB>;LA:>9 ?@>?>2548", 0@<O=A:89 B5:AB. "Patrologia orientalis", t.12, p.771, 31. @>B82 5@5A59, IV,20,7, col.1037. "0< 65, IV,20,10, col.1038. @>B82 5@5A59, IV,20,9, A>l.1038. "0< 65, IV,20,2, col.1033. "0< 65, V, 22545=85, col.1035. "0< 65, IV,2,5, col.1035. "0< 65, II,28,2-3, col.805. "0< 65, V,32, col.1210. "0< 65, V,35,1, col.1218. "0< 65, V,36,1, col.1222. "0< 65, V,36,2, col.1223. Festugiere L'enfant d'Agrigente Pans, 1941, p.131-146. "0< 65, A.38. "0< 65, A.38. "0< 65, A.139. !B@><0BK, V,11. PG9, coll.101-108. 5403>3, I,8, PG 8, col.336. !B@><0BK, II,2. PG 8, coll. 936-937. "0< 65, V,12. PG9, col.116. "0< 65, V,12. PG9, col.116. "0< 65, V,II. PG9, col.112. "0< 65, V,II. PG9, col.112. "0< 65, V,11. PG9, col.112. "0< 65, V,12. PG9, col.116. "0< 65, V,12. PG9, col.109. "0< 65, V,13, coll.124-125. "0< 65, II,22. PG8, col.1080. "0< 65, II,10. PG8. col.984. "0< 65, IV,22. PG8, col.1345. "0< 65, VII,10. PG9, coll.480-481. "0< 65, VII,11. PG9, col.496. "0< 65, V,1.PG9, col.17. 5403>3, I,6. PG , col.293. !B@><0BK, VI,8. PG9, coll.289-292. !B@><0BK, VI,3. PG9, coll.289-292. !B@><0BK, VI,3. PG9, coll.289-292. "0< 65, IV,22. PG8, coll.1345-1348. Corpus Hermeticum, collection Bude,I, Traite X, p.112s. "0< 65, Traite XII, 173s. !B@><0BK VI,4. PG9, col.253. 0 52., XIII,3. PG12, col.547. 0 =.1:7,43. PG14, coll.36-37. $@03<5=BK B>;:, =0 =., !80, CGS,10,547. 0 A.CXXXIII. PG12, col.1652. 0 A.CXVII, PG11, col.1581.  =0G0;0E, III,6,I. PG11, col.333. "0< 65, III.6,3, col.356. "0< 65, I,3,8, col.155. 5A540 =0 KB85, 2. Sources chretiennes,7, p.65.  =0G0;0E, II,6, 3. PG11, col.11. "0< 65, II,8,3. PG11, coll.222-223. "0< 65, IV,36. PG11, coll.411-412. "0< 65, II,6,3. PG11, col.211. ">;:. =0 =.10:41. 5A540 VII =0 52.2.  =0G0;0E, I,1,8. PG11; col.129 !. @>B82 &5;LA0. PG11, col.749 . !<. Rahner. Le debut d'une doctrine des cinq sens spirituals chez Origene. RAM. 1932. p. 113-145.  =0G0;0E, I,1,9. PG11, coll.129-130. "0< 65, 8, coll.128-129. "0< 65, I,1,5. PG11, col.124. @>B82 &5;LA0, VI,20. PG11, coll.1320-1321. 0 >0=., XXXII, 17. PG14, col.817 .  =0G0;0E, III, 6,3. PG11, coll.335-336; =0 =.I,16. PG14,coll.49-52. 0 =., I,16. PG14, coll.49-52. Lieske. Theologie der Logosmystik bei Origenes, Munster, 1938. 0 =., II,2. PG14, col.109. "0< 65, 19,I, col.536!.  =0G0;0E, I,1.6. PG11, coll.124-126. "0< 65, 2, U, coll.240-248. 87=L ;>B8=0, 8740==0O 2 2845 ?@548A;>28O : -==5040< !>1@0-N45, I, A.15-16. "0< 65, A.26-27. @>B82 O7KG=8:>2, 2. PG25, coll.5C-8.  2>?;>I5=88, 4. PG25, col.104C. "0< 65, 43. PG25, col.172B.  2>?;>I5=88 ?@>B82 0@80=, 8. PG26, col.991C. 8AL<> : 5?8A:>?0< 38?B0 8 8288, I. PG25, col.540 . De Trinitate, I,16. PG39, col.332!. In Io., PG39, col.1645!. De Trin., IV,4, col.484. De Trin., I, 36, col.440A; II,4, col.481A. Lettre 234. PG32, col.869. I, 6. PG29, col.521-524; II, 4, col.577-580; II,32, col.648. Apologje. PG30, col.859. Hom, quod est Deus, 6. PG31, col.344. Contra Eun., III,5. PG29, col.665BC. De Spiritu Sancto, IX,23. PG32, col.109. >M<K > A0<>< A515, 11. PG37. col.1165-1167. Or. XXI, 9. PG35, col.945C. Or. XXVIII ( 1>3>A;>288 2-5). PG36, col.48-49. Ibid., col.29. In Theophan. or. XXXVIII, 8. PG36, col.320BC. Or. XXXII, 16. PG36, col.193. Or. XXIII, 11. PG35, col.1164. Or. XXIII, 4. PG36, col.32 In sanctum baptisma, Or. 40,41. PG36, col.417. In Cant. Cant. XII. PG44, col.1028. !;>2> 6-5 > 1;065=AB20E. PG44, col.1269. Ibid., col.1272!. !;>2> 6-5 > 1;065=AB20E. PG44, col.893. Danielou. Platonisme et theologie mystique. Paris, 1944. !;>20 >3;0A8B5;L=K5, VI,2 8 VII,11  PG33, col.540 et 617 LXX, 7 et 8 PG42, coll.349-353  =5?>AB868<>< ACI5AB25 >685< / @>B82 0=><552, V,4. PG48, col.740. 5A540 =0 >0==0 15-O,1. PG59, col.98.  =5?>AB868<><, III,3. PG48, col.722. "0< 65, I, 6,. col 707. 5A540 =0 >0==0 15-O,1. PG59, col.98. 5A540 =0 >0==0 15-O,2. PG59, col.100.  $5>4>@C ?04H5<C 25I0=85 1-5, 11. PG61, col.292. ">;:>20=85 =0 >A;0=85 : 30;0B0<, I,15. PG66, col.928 !. PG83, col.45. "0< 65, col.49. "0< 65, col.52. "0< 65. "0< 65, col.48. ">;:>20=85 =0 1 >@8=D. %(.PG82, coll.336-337. ">;:>20=85 =0 >A;0=85 : 5D5AO=0<, 2. PG82, col.521. Thesaurus de Trinitate, 5. PG75, col.65-68. "0< 65, col.189. ">;:>20=85 =0 >0==0. PG74, col.541. Thesaurus... 34, op.cit., col.598. ">;:>20=85 =0 >0==0, op.cit., col.545A. "0< 65, col. 284-285. ;0D8@0 =0 AE>4, II. PG69, col.432. ">;:>20=85 =0 >0==0, VI,54. PG73, col.577 -578 . 0 0;0E8N, IV,2-3. PG72, col.360! ">;:>20=85 =0 >0==0, XVI,25. PG73, col.464. "0< 65. Tixeront, Histoire des dogmes, t.III, p.4. !>B=8F0 #, 50. Ed.W.Frankenberg, p.293. !>B=8F0 I,86. Frankenberg, p.123. Cap. practica, 2 et 3, PG40, col.1221. !;>2> > <>;8B25, 60. Trad.I.Hausherr, RAM. !57, p.90. "0< 65, 55-57. Hausherr, p.86. !>B=8F0 VII, 26. Frankenberg, p.481. !;>2> > <>;8B25, 52. Hausherr, p.84. "0< 65, 35, @.70. "0< 65, 340, @.70. !>B=8F0 III, 28. Frankenberg, p.207. !>B=8F0 V,79. "0< 65, @.355. !>B=8F0 VII, B0< 65, @.425. !;>2> > <>;8B25, 150. Hausherr, RAM, ! 58, p.166. !>B=8F0 VI,56. Antirrhetikos, 475. !>B=8F0 III,6. "0< 65, @.193. !>B=8F0 III,88. "0< 65, @.257. Cap. practica, 59. PC40, col.1236. !>B=8F0 V,63. 8AL<> : 5;0=88, D@03<5=B 619. !>B=8F0 I,35. Frankenberg, p.79. !>B=8F0 II,11. Frankenberg, p.140. 8AL<> 29. Frankenberg, p.587. !;>2> > <>;8B25, 114. PG79, col.1192. !;>2> > <>;8B25, 72-3. Hausherr, p.120s. 5A540 40,1. PG34, col.761. 5A540 7,5-6. "0< 65, col.527.  A2>1>45 C<0, 22. PG 4, col.956. !;>2> > ;N128, 28. PG34, col.932. 5A540 5,8. PC34, col.513 . 5A540 1,2. PG34, coll. 449-452. 5A540 2,5, coll.465-468. 5A540 5,4, col.497. 5A540 4,12, col.481. 5A540 34,1, col.724. 5A540 12,6 8 7, coll.560-561. 5A540 49,4, col.816. 5A540 17,4, col.625. 5A540 34,2, col.745. !;>2> 0A:5B8G5A:>5, 1. Dialoque de Photice, OEuvres spirituelles. Sources chretiennes 5 bis, p.85. "0< 65, 91, @.153. "0< 65, 90, @.152. "0< 65, 60, @.120. "0< 65, 94, @.155. "0< 65, 89, @.149 "0< 65, 40, @.108. "0< 65, 36, @.105. 845=85, 12, @.172. "0< 65, 14-15, @.173. "0< 65, 21, @.175. !;>2> 0A:5B8G5A:>5, 59, @.119. Cesias Pera. Denys le Mystique et la  .  "Revue des Sciences phitosophiques et theologiques", 1936, p.62. H.Ch.Puech. La tenebre mustique chez Je Pseudo-Denys I'Areopagite et dans la tradition patristique.  "Etudes carmelitaines", 1938, p.33-53. " 1>65AB25==KE 8<5=0E", VII, 1.  PG3, col. 868 A. @8<. ?5@52.: ..>AA:89 8A?>;L7>20; 745AL :0: >@838=0;L=K5 A2OB>>B5G5A:85 B5:ABK =0 3@5G5A:>< O7K:5, B0: 8 8E ?5@52>4K =0 D@0=FC7A:89. ;O A>E@0=5=8O 02B>@A:>3> :>=B5:AB0 AB0BL8 2A5 F8B0BK 87 A2. BF>2 40NBAO =0<8 2 >1@0B=>< ?5@52>45 A D@0=FC7A:>3>. !>2@5<5==K5, 1>;55 B>G=K5 ?5@52>4K 3@5G5A:8E B5:AB>2 A<.: 8>=8A89 @5>?038B.  1>65AB25==KE 8<5=0E.  <8AB8G5A:>< 1>3>A;>288. !1., ";03>;J", 1994 [?5@52>4 ..@>E>@>20]; "2>@5=8O ?@5?. 0:A8<0 A?>254=8:0. =830 I. >A:20, "0@B8A", 1993 [?5@52>4 ..!84>@>20  2 G0AB=>AB8, "!>B=8FK (3;02K) > ;N128" 8 "!>B=8FK 3=>AB8G5A:85" (";02K > 1>3>A;>288 8 ><>AB@>8B5;LAB25 >?;>I5=8O !K=0 >68O"). " <8AB8G5A:>< 1>3>A;>288", I, 3.  PG3, col.1001. " 1>65AB25==KE 8<5=0E", I, I, col. 588. 0: 3>2>@8B ;>B8=, "48=>5 45@68B !0<> !51O" 8 5ABL "B>645AB25==>5 !CI55", ";03>, >B>@>5 !0<> !51O B2>@8B", "B@0=AF5=45=B=>5 !51O !0<>3>".  @8<. ?5@52. " 1>65AB25==KE 8<5=0E", XII, 3, col. 981 . "0< 65, II, 5, col. 641. "0< 65, II, 11, col. 649 D (02B>@>< 745AL =5B>G=> C:070=0 col. 652.  @8<. ?5@52.) "0< 65, col. 649. "0< 65, II, 4, col. 641; II, 5, col. 644. A524>-8>=8A89 @5>?038B. 8AL<> HI. PG 3, col. 1069 . " 1>65AB25==KE 8<5=0E", I, 4, col. 592. "!>B=8FK 3=>AB8G5A:85" (";02K > 1>3>A;>288 8 > ><>AB@>8B5;LAB25 >?;>I5=8O !K=0 >68O"), I, 66. PG90, col. 1108 . !2. 0:A8< A?>254=8: "<18320" (" @07;8G=KE B@C4=KE <5AB0E C A2OBKE 8>=8A8O 8 @83>@8O"), PG91, col. 1392. 45AL  :0: B5>@8O A>25@H5=AB2>20=8O; ?> @8AB>B5;N, 7=0=8O 8 =0C:8, =0?@02;5==K5 =0 A>25@H5=AB2>20=85 G5;>25G5A:>9 ;8G=>AB8: "?>;8B8:0", "MB8:0" 8 4@. (=5 A<5H820BL A   45;0=85, 459AB285).  @8<. ?5@52. .Viller. Aux sources de la spirituahte de S.Maxime. Les oeuvres d'Evagre le Pontique.  "Revue d'Ascetique et Mystique", 1930, L 11, p.153-184, 239-268, 331-336. "!>B=8FK (3;02K) > ;N128", III, 99.  [?> 8740=8N: Maxime le Confesseur. Centuries sur la charite. Introduction et traduction de J. Pegon.  "Sources chretiennes", 9. Paris, 1845, p.151]. "0< 65, II, 26, p. 101. "0< 65, II, 27, p.101-102. "0< 65, IV, 7, p.153. "0< 65, I, 96, @.91. "0< 65, I, 97, @.91. "0< 65, I, 100, @.91-92. "0< 65, III, 24, @.130. "0< 65, III, 25. "0< 65, III, 46, @.137. J. Pegon. #:07.A>G., @.55. "0< 65, col.1364. "0< 65, col.1308. "0< 65, col.1273!. "0< 65, col.1088!. !2. 0:A8< A?>254=8:, ">;:>20=8O (AE>;88) : :=835 " 1>65AB25==KE 8<5=0E", IV, 3. PG4, col.55. "0< 65, I,4, col.197. "0< 65. -B> ?>A;54=89 @0745; :C@A0, ?@>G8B0==>3> ;. >AA:8< 2 1945/46 CG51=>< 3>4C 2 Ecole des Hautes Etudes ?>4 >1I8< 703;0285< "845=85 >30". >H;> 2 2845 ?@54?>A;54=59, VIII 3;02K (?>4 =0720=85< Saint Jean Damascene et la spiritualite byzantine) 2 :=83C Vision de Dieu. Neuchatel, 1962, pp.113-125.  @8<. ?5@52. ;. 8: PG, t.89, col.132. Antirrhetica, III: PG, t.99, col.405B. ;. IV: PG, t.94, col.800. Ibid., 3;. XVIII: PC, t.94, col.1188BC. PG, t.96, coll.564-565. Ibid., col.564. Ibidem. Ibid., col.565. ">G=>5 87;>65=85 ?@02>A;. 25@K, #, 27: PG, t.94, col.1228. Ed. Wensinck, H, @. 8-9.  A5@88 "Sources chretiennes" (! 51) 8740=K 2 19573. ";02K 1>3>A;>2A:85, 3=>AB8G5A:85 8 ?@0:B8G5A:85", 8 3>B>28BAO : 8740=8N, ?@8 CG0AB88 @5>A2OI5==>3> 0A8;8O @82>H58=0, 0B8E878A ?@5?. !8<5>=0. !<8@=A:>5 8740=85 1886 3., II, 1,1. "0< 65. !;>2> 25: 874. D>=A:>3> 0=B5;58<>=>20 <>=0ABK@O, I, A.228. !;>2> 90, B0< 65, II, cc.487-488. $@0=F.?5@. 2 Vie spirituelle, !28 (1931), pp.76-77. 2545=85 : 38<=0< > >65AB25==>9 ;N128: PC, t.120, col.509. !;>2> 90. &8B. 874. 0D>=A:. <>=0ABK@O, 2K?.II, cc.488-489. !;>2> 45. "0< 65, I, cc.414-416. !;>2> 57, 4. "0< 65, II, cc.47-48. !;>2> 79, 2 "0< 65, II, cc.318-319 3 !;>2> 79, 2. "0< 65, II, cc.318-319. !;>2> 57, 2. "0< 65, II, A.37. !;>2> 27, D@0=F. ?5@. 2 Vie spirituelle, !27(1931), p.309. !;>2> 52, 1: 874. D>=A:>3> <>=0ABK@O, 2K?.I, A.479. 0:;NG8B5;L=0O, IX 3;020 87 :=838 Vision de Dieu Neuchatel, 1962, A.127-140. >;LH8=AB2> F8B0B 87 B2>@5=89 A2. @83>@8O 0;0<K 40=K 745AL ?> ?5@52>4C >. 0A8;8O @82>H58=0 2 53> AB0BL5 "A:5B8G5A:>5 8 1>3>A;>2A:>5 CG5=85 A2. @83>@8O 0;0<K".  Seminariwn Kondakovianum, VIII, @030, 1936, A.99-154. "B:@KB85" 8 1>;55 ?@028;L=0O >F5=:0 A2. @83>@8O 0;0<K B5?5@L >ACI5AB2;O5BAO 1;03>40@O B@C40< >. >0==0 595=4>@D0: Introduction a l'etude de Palamas, Paris, 1959, 8 :@8B8G5A:>3> 8740=8O @83>@8O 0;0<K A 22545=85<, D@0=FC7A:8< ?5@52>4>< 8 ?@8<5G0=8O<8: Defense des saints hesychastes, Louvain, 1959, 2vol.  @8<. ?5@52. $5>D0=: PG, t.150, col.932D. ;02K D878G5A:85 8 1>3>A;>2A:85, 68-69: ibidem, col.1169. $5>D0=: ibidem, col.941!. Ibidem, col.937D. ;02K D878G5A:85 8 1>3>A;>2A:85, 128 8 149: ibidem, coll.1212 8 1221! Ibidem, 121, col.1205. $5>D0=: ibidem, col.917 . $5>D0=: ibidem, col.929 !. PG, t.149, col.377. Ibidem, col.384. Ibidem, col.323. Ibidem, col.393. @>B82 :8=48=0: PG, t.150, col.823. !;>2> 35: PG, t.151, col.448. ;02K D878G5A:85 8 1>3>A;>2A:85, 67: PG, t.150, col.1169. !;>2> 35: PG, t.151, col.433. @>B82 :8=48=0: PG, t.150, col.818. Ibidem, col.826. PG, t.150, col.1233D. 38>@8B8G5A:89 "><>A: PG, t.150, col.1233BD. !;>2> =0 2545=85 2> E@0< @5A2OB>9 >3>@>48FK, ed Sophocles, pp.176-177. !;>2> 35: PG, t.151, col.448. PG, t.150, col.1225-1227. hfl|""6Xl\ZnL`l|b r  &gd}]gd7gd}]NT*0"(\bpvr   T6Z6,929==@@4B:BpFvFJJJJdKjKh7B*phdPh7)h76B*CJOJQJ]^JaJphh}]B*ph hh7B*CJH*aJphh}]h}]B*phh7B*phFr  2 -0=.IOXkrszH~l*^@TV& &&gd7gd}]gd}]jKLLPP,R2R0S6SSSTTXX$]*]ffnnppfslsvv||}}<~B~>Dx~ܡ<B&,ְܰ$\bTZBHLRbhJP# *hh7B*CJH*aJph *hh7B*ph hh7B*CJH*aJphh7B*phNv|28npx~|      dj$$3399@@__ddeehipimmttTvZvzz6<lr|إPV$)h76B*CJOJQJ]^JaJphh7B*phdPh7 hh7B*CJH*aJphh7B*phNFZBpxx.39@JRPtXXltqx"J& &&gd}]gd7gd}]$*>DFBH ֿܿ4:FL*0,##44T6Z6<<NNQQ__*b0bhhttP}V}RXnh7B*OJQJ^Jphh7B*phdPhh7CJH*aJh7hB*phh7B*ph hh7B*CJH*aJphE *, :~ B%* 0`6bDQ_t&&&&& & & Fdd[$\$^gd}]gd}]gd7gd7t\} ^nΙV*jHP-38XBYZ\gd7gd7gd}]bh4:.4TZ$DJV\  <BD-J-<0B033x8~8vvwwxxxxy yyyyy|rιh7CJOJQJ^JaJ(h7h7CJOJQJ^JaJmH sH h7 hh7B*CJH*aJphh7B*phh7B*phdPh}]h7CJH*aJCZ\_krsvvwx$yyj||}~~~:d0nր.p & Fdd[$\$gd}]$a$gd}]gd}]pƂF~.`̄r΅R؆L4n & Fdd[$\$gd}]n&nb< b8t$Ўbʏ & Fdd[$\$gd}]r<BDHV̗ΗbJ:КVj:HN@BD\ֲ .02ڴBZ0Hh$<B.~TVh76CJ]aJ(h7h7CJOJQJ^JaJmH sH h7CJOJQJ^JaJSʏ>Hʑb><n NVԗ b & Fdd[$\$gd}]J:К2V2jʜhV̞ 6h p & Fdd[$\$gd}]p&HZ|ܢHȣ\ޤ,<N@>֨ & Fdd[$\$gd}]$pLlԪ\zH֬*d0l@n & Fdd[$\$gd}]ܯ 8(PxƱ@nֲڴTLܼvʾ & Fdd[$\$gd}]ʾ@4l&X|6^Hv.~: & Fdd[$\$gd}]:\n >*TFj"r$Z@x & Fdd[$\$gd}]Vn~hE.h7B*ph(h7h7CJOJQJ^JaJmH sH h7CJOJQJ^JaJh76CJ]aJx$HL*Z$a$gd}]gd}] & Fdd[$\$gd}]< 00&P1A:p7/ =!n"n#n$n% DdxP  3 3"<((B@B 1KG=K9CJ_HaJmHsHtHX`X  03>;>2>: 1 $@&a$5B* CJ0KH$\aJ0phf`@` 7 03>;>2>: 2$<@& 56CJOJQJ\]^JaJ^`2^  03>;>2>: 3$dd@&[$\$a$CJOJQJ^JaJ\`B\  03>;>2>: 4$dd@&[$\$a$5OJQJ\^JD`RD  03>;>2>: 5 $@&a$CJaJBA@B A=>2=>9 H@8DB 0170F0XiX 1KG=0O B01;8F04 l4a .k. 5B A?8A:0PU`P  8?5@AAK;:0!7>*OJQJS*Y(^Jo(phdPP^`P  1KG=K9 (251)dd[$\$ OJQJ^JBoB 7ap$dd[$\$a$6CJ]aJJo"J 7fndd[$\$^CJOJQJ^JaJ^  =*pu c y =dlH#-(34DoLgSTZ[\8dfAiRl2qx{{3|{~!τ.׊ ]s}8)Fm Q!#N(.2(;<BGKK QV;W\^>fYh4mnv}s7ȇszHR޾(Gi<nnAK:u   '5,4/14457c;m; ?*?ABHORS TVx]]?_Hafiknqtttkuy||ЅPiYB  r|E}0s   @0 C%'4:?IwO Q(QTQ7RWVT[^[d)hkkhvvyyzN|X|sփ؆4ܮװN VK}gG(vz T$(F*Q**6+d++-"-_--.J.o..... /#/=/`/i///050R0u000001181S1111111!2>2[2x22222 3(3F3e333334'4K4p44445$5N5n555556:6_6666667v77778*8q8888 909M99999:E:}::::;;];w;;;;<:<k<}<<<<=7=\=====8>X>>>>?.?W???????@@@v@@@@A*AAAhAAAAA%BOBrBBBBC=CPCdCCCCCDD]P]g]]]]^^^(0080 H0H0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00000000000 00 0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l00lp0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l0l 0l0 0{0{0{0{0{0{0{p0{0{0{0{(0{00000(0{0s0s0sp0s0s0s0s@0sp0s(0{0 0000p(000000p0 0 0p0(0008080(00KH0KH0K0KP0KP0KX0Kp0K`0Kh0K0Kp0K@0Kp0K0K0K0K0K0K0K0K(00H 00 00p0000000(00000@00(00A0A0A0A0A0A(00 @0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  00 0404(040c;8(040 ?8(040A@0Ap0A0Ap(040SP0SP(040x]0x]X0x]X0x]`0x]`0x]p0x]0x](040 0t0t0t(0t0|0|0|0|0|p0|0|00|p0|0|00|(0t000p00@0p(0t0r0r0r0r0r0r0rp0rp0r 0t0 0000p000p00000(00 @0 p0 @0 p0 00 80 p0 (00 P0(Q0(QP0(Q(0(Q0T[X0T[p0T[(0(Q0k0 0k 0k 0k 0k 0k(0(Q0N|0N|0N|0N|0N|00N|p0N|0N|p0N|p0N|0N|0N|0N|(0(Q0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @0 0 0 p0 0 0 0 0 @0 p0 0 p0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0F* 0F* 0F* 0F* 0F* 0F* 0F* 0F* 0F* 0 F* 0 F* 0 F* 0 F* 0 F* 0F* 0F* 0F* 0F* 0F* 0F* 0F* 0F* 0F* 0F* 0F* 0F* 0F* 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0 U 0!U 0"U 0#U 0$U 0%U 0&U 0'U 0(U 0)U 0*U 0+U 0,U 0-U 0.U 0/U 00U 01U 02U 03U 04U 05U 06U 07U 08U 09U 0:U 0;U 0<U 0=U 0>U 0?U 0@U 0AU 0BU 0CU 0DU 0EU 0FU 0GU 0HU 0IU 0JU 0KU 0LU 0MU 0NU 0OU 0PU 0QU 0RU 0SU 0TU 0UU 0VU 0WU 0XU 0YU 0ZU 0[U 0\U 0]U 0^U 0_U 0`U 0aU 0bU 0cU 0dU 0eU 0fU 0gU 0hU 0iU 0jU 0kU 0lU 0mU 0nU 0oU 0pU 0qU 0rU 0sU 0tU 0uU 0vU 0wU 0xU 0yU 0zU 0{U 0|U 0}U 0~U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0U 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0  0  0  0  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0@0 =*pu c y =dlH#-(34DoLgSTZ[\8dfAiRl2qx{{3|{~!τ.׊ ]s}8)Fm Q!#N(.2(;<BGKK QV;W\^>fYh4mnv}s7ȇszHR޾(Gi<nnAK:u   '5,4/14457c;m; ?*?ABHORS TVx]]?_Hafiknqtttkuy||ЅPiYB  r|E}0s   @0 C%'4:?IwO Q(QTQ7RWVT[^[d)hkkhvvyyzN|X|sփ؆4ܮװN VK}gG(vz T$(F*Q**6+d++-"-_--.J.o..... /#/=/`/i///050R0u000001181S1111111!2>2[2x22222 3(3F3e333334'4K4p44445$5N5n555556:6_6666667v77778*8q8888 909M99999:E:}::::;;];w;;;;<:<k<}<<<<=7=\=====8>X>>>>?.?W???????@@@v@@@@A*AAAhAAAAA%BOBrBBBBC=CPCdCCCCCDD]P]g]]]]^^^(0080 J00=0=0= 0= 0= 0= 0= 0= 0= 0= 0= 0=0 00000000000(00 0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z0Z(0Z0 00000000000(00z0z0z0z0z(0000000000(00 0u$0u$0u$0u$(0u$06060606060606060606060606(0u$0ŀ0ŀ0ŀ0ŀ0ŀ0ŀ0ŀ0ŀ0ŀ0ŀ0ŀ0ŀ0ŀ0ŀ0ŀ0ŀ0ŀ0ŀ0ŀ0ŀ0ŀ(0u$0(0u$0 0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|(0|010101010101(0|0)U0)U0)U0)U0)U0)U(0|0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q(0|0 00(00:(00 (00Ƭ0Ƭ0Ƭ0Ƭ(00q0q(00.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.(00 0=0=0=(0=0`0`0`0`0`0`0`0`0`0`0`(0=0I0I0I0I0I0I(0=0p0p0p0p0p0p0p0p0p(0=0 000000000000(000000000(00 0@0@0@(0@0'0'0'(0@0G> 0G> 0G> 0G> 0G> 0G>(0@0O0O0O0O0O0O0O0O0O0O0O0O0O(0@0 00000000000000000000000000  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0  0  0  0  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0! 0" 0# 0$ 0% 0& 0' 0( 0) 0* 0+ 0, 0- 0. 0/ 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0: 0; 0< 0= 0> 0? 0@ 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 0G 0H 0I 0J 0K 0L 0M 0N 0O 0P 0Q 0R 0S 0T 0U 0V 0W 0X 0Y 0Z 0[ 0\ 0] 0^ 0_ 0` 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 0g 0h 0i 0j 0k 0l 0m 0n 0o 0p 0q 0r 0s 0t 0u 0v 0w 0x 0y 0z 0{ 0| 0} 0~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0  0  0  0  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 @0 ~[uHjK$rV48:<>?qstvy}6pRΟҘhfr tZ\pnʏpʾ:x579;=@pruwxz{|~6l,R$%Q KCݕ3n @0(  B S  ?^# ?@548A;>285 ?@540=85>8A123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210211212213214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231232233234235236237238239240241242243244245246247248249250251252253254255256257258259260261262263264265266267268269270271272273274275276277278279280281282283284285286287288289lQ**6+d++-"-_--.J.o..... /#/=/`/i///050R0u000001181S1111111!2>2[2x22222 3(3F3e333334'4K4p44445$5N5n555556:6_6666667v77778*8q8888 909M99999:E:}::::;;];w;;;;<:<k<}<<<<=7=\=====8>X>>>>?.?W???????@@@v@@@@A*AAAhAAAAA%BOBrBBBBC=CPCdCCCCCDD]P]g]]]]^  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"lQ**6+d++-"-_--.J.o..... /#/=/`/i///050R0u000001181S1111111!2>2[2x22222 3(3F3e333334'4K4p44445$5N5n555556:6_6666667v77778*8q8888 909M99999:E:}::::;;];w;;;;<:<k<}<<<<=7=\=====8>X>>>>?.?W???????@@@v@@@@A*AAAhAAAAA%BOBrBBBBC=CPCdCCCCCDD]P]g]]]]^ǯ-ȯ-܋8ɯ-888^888^9*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsState8*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsCity9*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplace  DOQ\)KR1:LVox@G fnry M T  p { 4 B k u E K r%)BRDJ{@G19 %1XZ[aBNz#crPZ DL{ !!!!'"/"~""""##$$%%&&Y(m(w(())))))************.+6+r+y+++++++++++++++++++ ,*,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,-- -3-:-2.:.>.J.K.O.^.d.f.n.o.t.u.y.z............................./// / //////#/%/-/./4/5//B/C/M/N/Q///////////A0F0G0M0N0Q0R0V0X0]0^0h0j0o0p0v0x0{0|00000001B1w111111111111111112k2t22222'313f3n333445(5)515555555555555555555.696:6C6667%7&7)7*71727?7A7D7E7J7K7M7N7P7Q7Z7*82838?8N8S888 9999999#9$9*9+93949;9?9J9T9\9_9e9g:n:r::::E<L<<<Z=`===!>(>>>??CAJAuA}AAAAAAAeBlBBBBBBCCCC%CRCXC{CCD$D@DHDJDTDDDwEEEE FFZFfFFFFFFF0G8GtG|G9HEHFHOHPHRHSH^H_HgHHHHHII J#JNJ[J\JbJeJkJKKKKLKSKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMfMiMMM}NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN!O)O}OOOOOOOOOOOOOOxPPPPZQbQhQsQtQvQwQ{Q|QQQQQQQQQRDRPRXR^RRRSS)S0STSYS]SdSSSSSSSgTtTTTTTTTTTUU&U*UUUTV]ViVrVsVVVVVVVVWW@WHWWW5XBX^XfXgXoXqXxXyXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYY2Y:YGYTYUYYY{YYZZZZZZ[[N[Q[[[\\\\\\\\] ]%]5]L]]]]]]]]]^^^*^G^T^^^^^^^(_5___________`````aa aaa2b9bQb`bb c~ccccccccccccccd ddd>dEddde e"e%e&e0eIeQef%f+f4fffffIgKgLgXgYgbgkgoggggghhhhhhiiiiiijjLjWjjk kkkkkkkkkkkkl"l#l+l,l2l4l6l7l^fpvŮͮ(2OT *KS.7KY;J=I  ,.5$ڹ޹6<>HKNzz~ż˼7>u| +-.56;Ϳҿx{|>FGS]g EQ(+-2&_e eoqxy|&)/05 ^egmny"( *2389DEGHSTVW[\abh'  JPgoqy-9 9Asvw#*IOER?ECJr !+HVKMNPQVW`abcfgkmuvzUbjp w~[aJX^f!#$,z .4  $%,ag $(1@H_jmnosnw'/v[c %AIJTU[\`acefgl!(1[bovx~ muepu~ck    Q b   s|HY  ,36?ABCNu{U\gnw!-7? -6EQPXfn^gkrdijrCQmtmxHNQUV[\d$+mtz  !!!!7"A"C"F"z""""$$$$$$ %%C%J% &&`&p&r&u&v&x&#'-'/'9':'='P'['''''(((() ) ))));)A)** +'+++,,- -------......Y/c/d/l///000000001111222222137393=3>3I3`3f3h3s3t3z333333333444#4$4,444556$616A6V6^677Z8f88899999!9"9&9'9/999:$:&:1:2:7:a:m:::::::::; ;=;F;;;;;;;;;o<{<}<<<<<<<< === >'>->>>>>E?L?N@V@@@BBBBBBBB5C;CCCCCCCCC'D,D?DMDNDUDyDDD EFEMEOESEEEEEEEEEFFFFyFFFFG%G&G.GGGGHHHJJKKKKL"L[LeLLLLLMMNNNNNNPPPPWP`PQQR.R0R^I`O`````a"a$a,a-a5a%b,b]bhbbbgcxcccdd(e/e0e6e8e:e;e?eoeseye}eee7fCIU^ZpKQ[fiwǐs{֔BFqyȖЖGXbh#()4Wabeflmu#%'(+,67:;DEKLNPW$+awҜ؜&,4:Ġ͠Рؠգܣio٧ƨǨʨ") /|LSzĮ֮s} DLSYp1=вܲ .:ajij˳7Cдݴ޴!)IUWXY^ٷDJֹ%'+,2rx&Ӿ۾)3gwMRLQ/9:@ry"[beky-58?9DGKLO[aelWi}'/Vc{<H6>PYcj_kryKR~ 8ADO^kt")+8Ub %6O\!jvSk29q}+,234NYZ_`e nuahkt7>z{ ho6=?G[d FMr~wy$, en%')+7:Fv}BLq{}   !'U\&7Za    {                B N        6=t{/9?LRZplv #BJv~ bjAFs~   {nt  O V X ^ _ e       ! !A!H!!!!!3#=#####+$2$$$$$''''''''''Z(f(m(u())2):)<)A))))))////444a<b<i<j<n<o<<<<<==!="=\=^=`=a=l=m=t=v=>> > >>>>>>>>>>>>>? ?!?$???????@@@@DDDD0E2E5E6E FFFFGGGGHHHHiLkLpLqLxLyL`ObOeOfOSSSSSSTT$T%T&T'TTTTTUUUU2V4VAVCVOVQV^V`VbVcVVVVV6X8X?X@XYY%Y&YZZ Z!ZZZZZEaHaNaOa\c^c`caccccc8d:d+@+B+D+I+K+R+T+[+]+a+d+j+k+m+n+t+u+y+{+}+~+++++++++++++,,,,,,]1^1f1g1r1s1w1y1}1111111111v4w444444444444444447777!7"7'7(7-7.76777:7;7?7@7D7E7O7P7T7U7\7^7a7c7g7i7j7k7s8t8v8y8}8888888888888888888888888888::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;; ; ; ;;;; ;";#;%;);+;6;8;:;<;=;?;J;L;Q;S;Z;];e;g;k;m;t;u;z;|;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<!<$<&<'<)<-</<7<:<<<><D<E<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< = ====== =%='=+=-=4=7=9=:=>=@=D=F=I=K=O=Q=Y=\=a=b=e=f===============@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@BB B BBBBBBB"B%B,B-B/B1B3B5BEBGBLBOBVBWB[B]BhBiBuBwBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFFGGGG GGGGGG!G"G.G0G7G8GCGDGCHDHHHJHOHPHRHSH[H\H^H_HaHbHiHjHkHmHAIBINIOIVIWIOOOPPP P P PPPPPP%P'P*P+P2P3P;PP?PGPIPJPKPQPRP]P^P`PaPjPlPpPrPsPtPvPxPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQQQ QQQQQQQQ!Q"Q#Q+Q,Q8Q:Q;Q=QBQDQHQJQPQQQuTwTzT|T~TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTVVVVVVVVVVVVVVWWWWYYY0Z:Z]D]g]u]v]{]]]]]^".   19\b*4 { !!##$$%%%%:'B'w(())**++++,-<-A---=.\...//01k2t2?4A45566779I;<<>>@@uA}AEEgFFGGKKMMnNpNO#OP PZQbQQQQWRSS}UU(V*VVVWWZZZZZZ^^````~ccIeQeggjjjkrkQl"m>mMoToqq&u.uyyzzi}q}~~R\ \^*+%'Dш#%\^׊>By{֒ؒ֓ړ7FegіemҘۘNSߜLMן2:V^C!(7ƫȫ"^fŮͮΰ.7Lb&IJPTx5@sھyv T >@(VXEGgo9A!, R`KL>^f st$nw[cymuepA    s|DFbu;=4!!!""""U#\#((3)4)**q+s+. .4/6/1188p9r999::\=a=>>/?;?jBBBVCCCDDEEyFFIIKLZLMMzO{OPQ~RRSzTTTYYZZ\\4]]]^-_6_``bbddke=f*g,g-g0gggDhMhkkllhnknooOpq ttuvwxxx{{|!|||C~E~Ԁ4<'w ƊNJȊΊAI6>s{—ٙڥFìŬ[1=WEISm )+ebd*-p;E^`TVtuE_{[dJLen mVX    * ,       QUcn.0BJ bj={|{!!#####%&&I&K&D'F'm(u())7*I**,,,,,--//00L3W3:4B4I5K5@8F888 99e9r9::q<s<<<==^?f?[@]@@@lAnAAABB[CcCCCLDNDDDEEFFFFHHIIIIK KKKDLELzLL N NyN{NO&OOOQQQQRR TTVVVV'W)W5Z7Z[[\]__aabbacccdchc=d?d@dDdreweff>gPgcijjjnkpkkkklllIlKmnmpmmm{nn8oGoooppttttuuowtwvywyyyzzzz{{||@BOTUW[g? ZiPU 1Ң8:!~uwϨبDL "  =Ӵ),Ĺҹſ[_UWY\+- pHc576<?D13ZbU^c,/Odqvw)+i)3OQ{!#q/F !eqit    D`u}T\n!5DYc   !###$&&')))* +,,v-?.f283w568899.=/=0=8====>@>E>?AAAkBlBEEvGHIIIIAJJJJz>>>??6?;?@@ AAtAyAAAwBB\H^HHHII_J`JJKK|L~LLL@MMMMNNOOOO^P`PPPPPQQ=QRQ7R9R>S@SFTKTTTVVWWYY[[]]^333333333333333333333333*p"p009&:]SS]]HREFZZ5%%)*78(QTQC|X|7 8vF*Q***++,"-...//00S11!22 33K4445$55666^7v777_8q809M999;;];w;Y<}<<=====8>X>>>>?z???@f@v@@@@A*AAAAAOBrBBC=CCCD\DEgEEEF0G=H&M@MMMM NNNOO=Q)RERRRS!TiTTUWUqU/VgVzYYd[[[v\\\\]>]g]]^^^ ;5:A0=4@pW RZIiqUuL=L^`.^`.pp^p`.@ @ ^@ `.^`.^`.^`.^`.PP^P`.^`o(. ^`hH. pLp^p`LhH. @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PLP^P`LhH.^`.^`.pp^p`.@ @ ^@ `.^`.^`.^`.^`.PP^P`.^`.^`.pp^p`.@ @ ^@ `.^`.^`.^`.^`.PP^P`.pW IiUu s e U7  Z  W *  * bF raZ &@l _qD|w  +cF$E.dh2k}]7@**E=**@//^fUnknowngz Times New RomanTimes New RomanCSymbolSymbol3& z Arial"1 hKM:;:;!nnA24d[[2QK)?cF$ ;5:A0=4@ ;5:A0=4@    Oh+'0p  , 8 DPX`hss  Normal.dot 6Microsoft Word 10.0@ @@*V :՜.+,0 hp|  =;[A     !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEGHIJKLMOPQRSTUbRoot Entry F;M dData 1Table1jWordDocument> SummaryInformation(FDocumentSummaryInformation8NCompObjj  F Microsoft Word MSWordDocWord.Document.89q